Riddick, J.,
(after stating the facts.) The question presented in this case is whether a husband is liable for the ante -. nuptial debts of his wife. It is conceded that the husband was, at common-law, liable for such debts (Harrison v. Trader, 27 Ark. 288), but the contention is made that the effect of our statute, which excludes the marital rights of the husband in the wife’s property during coverture, and confers upon married women power to acquire and hold property, is to abrogate this rule of the common law.
It is plain that this statute does not expressly change or affect the liability of the husband, but appellants argue that the reasons upon which the rule was based have, by virtue of such statute, ceased to exist, and that therefore the rule itself should cease. It will be admitted that if a rule of law be based upon certain specific reasons, which can be enumerated, and upon no others, and these reasons are all taken away, then the rule must fall; but if some of the reasons for the law remain, the law itself remains, and the courts must enforce it until changed by the legislature. 2 Bishop, Married Women, § 65. Now it is difficult to state precisely all the reasons upon which was based the rule of law making • the husband responsible for the antenuptial debts of his wife. It is probably true, as stated by the supreme court of New York, that an inquiry into the reasons of such rule “involves the consideration of all the rights, obligations, duties, liabilities and disabilities given by the common law to the marital relation. And, so far as observed, no writer has yet authentically furnished all the reasons which may have influenced the various conditions of coverture imposed by the common law.” Fitzgerald v. Quann, 33 Hun, 652.
At common law the husband and wife were regarded as one person; the wife’s legal existence was merged in that of her husband. “Upon this principle of a union of person in husband and wife,” says Blackstone, “depends almost all the legal rights, duties and disabilities that either of them acquire by marriage.” 1 Blackstone, Comm. 442. Among the duties imposed by the law upon the husband was the duty to pay the debts of the wife contracted dum sola, for, says the same learned author, “he has adopted her and her circumstances together.” 1 Blackstone, Comm. 443.
But if the liability of the husband rested in any degree upon the legal unity of the husband and wife, that reason still exists to some extent; for, notwithstanding the important changes wrought by our statute concerning the powers and rights of married women, many of the rules of law resting upon* this unity of the husband and wife are still enforced by the courts of this state. This court, since the passage of the statute above referred to, has held that, byreason of such unity, the husband and wife cannot contract with each other (Pillow v. Wade, 31 Ark. 678), nor become partners in business (Gilkerson-Sloss Com. Co. v. Salinger, 56 Ark. 294), nor sue each other in a court of law (Countz v. Markling, 30 Ark. 17). By reason of this legal unity, land in this state conveyed to the husband and wife jointly vests in them an estate by entirety, so that the survivor takes the whole, whereas, but for this theory of legal unity, they would take as tenants in common. Robinson v. Eagle, 29 Ark. 202; Kline v. Ragland, 47 id. 116; Branch v. Polk, 61 ib. 388. It will be seen, by reference to these and other decisions of this court, that the common-law unity of husband and wife still exists in this state, except so far as the legislative purpose to modify and change it has been expressed by statute.
But it is contended that the husband’s liability rested upon the common-law principle, now abrogated by statute, that the personal property of the wife, the use of her real estate, the right to her labor and earnings, passed to the husband upon marriage. She was, it is said, by marriage deprived of the use and disposal of her property, and could acquire none by her industry; and it was, therefore, necessary at common law to impose upon the husband the duty of paying her debts, otherwise her creditors would be remediless.
It is true that at common law the creditor had, after mar - riage, no means of collecting his debt by action against the wife alone, so the common law solved the difficulty by requiring the husband to pay such debts. But the marriage of a femmesole may still place many obstructions in the way of her creditor who attempts to collect his debt by process of law. If there be issue of the marriage born alive, then, at the wife’s death, the husband’s title by curtesy attaches to her land as at common law, and this may result in postponing the rights of her creditors until after the termination of such life estate, as was held in the recent case of Hampton v. Cook (64 Ark. 353). The husband is still entitled to the benefit of her labor and services, except when “performed on her sole or separate account.” Sand. & H. Dig., § 4995.
“The true construction of the statute,” says the court of appeals of New York, “is that she may elect to labor on her own account, and thereby entitle herself to her earnings, but, in the absence of such an election, or of circumstances showing that she intended to avail herself of the privilege and protection conferred by the statute, the husband’s common-law right to her earnings remains unaffected.” Birkbeck v. Ackroyd, 74 N. Y. 356.
Now while, under our statute, a married woman may acquire property by engaging in business, or by performing labor and services upon her sole and separate account, yet, as the creditor has no means of compelling her to engage in such business, or to perform service upon “her sole and separate account,” and as it is the rare exception that a married woman does engage in business or perform services for her separate account, we can easily see that marriage may still leave the creditor without a remedy unless the husband be held liable. The woman may be the earner of valuable wages, and may have been credited on that account; yet if, after marriage, she chooses to labor for her husband only, the creditor can do nothing as against her, for, however valuable her earnings may be, they belong, under such circumstances, not to her, but to bier husband. Birkbeck v. Ackroyd, 74 N. Y. 356; S. C. 30 Am. Rep. 304; Birkbeck v. Ackroyd, 11 Hun (N. Y.), 265; McCluskey v. Provident Institution, 103 Mass. 300, 304.
Again, it seems that the statute has made no provision for an action against the wife alone upon her antenuptial contracts. At common law the wife could not be sued alone, This was one reason for making the husband liable for the wife’s antenuptial debts; and if the statute has made no change in the law in this respect, it must follow that the husband is still liable for such debts. 2 Bishop, Married Women, §§ 312, 322.
The language of our statute is that “a married woman may bargain, sell, assign and transfer her separate personal'property, and cai’ry on any trade or business, and perform any labor or services, on her sole and separate account, * * and she may alone sue or be sued in the courts of this state, on account of said property, business or services.” Sand. & H. Dig., § 4946.
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Riddick, J.,
(after stating the facts.) The question presented in this case is whether a husband is liable for the ante -. nuptial debts of his wife. It is conceded that the husband was, at common-law, liable for such debts (Harrison v. Trader, 27 Ark. 288), but the contention is made that the effect of our statute, which excludes the marital rights of the husband in the wife’s property during coverture, and confers upon married women power to acquire and hold property, is to abrogate this rule of the common law.
It is plain that this statute does not expressly change or affect the liability of the husband, but appellants argue that the reasons upon which the rule was based have, by virtue of such statute, ceased to exist, and that therefore the rule itself should cease. It will be admitted that if a rule of law be based upon certain specific reasons, which can be enumerated, and upon no others, and these reasons are all taken away, then the rule must fall; but if some of the reasons for the law remain, the law itself remains, and the courts must enforce it until changed by the legislature. 2 Bishop, Married Women, § 65. Now it is difficult to state precisely all the reasons upon which was based the rule of law making • the husband responsible for the antenuptial debts of his wife. It is probably true, as stated by the supreme court of New York, that an inquiry into the reasons of such rule “involves the consideration of all the rights, obligations, duties, liabilities and disabilities given by the common law to the marital relation. And, so far as observed, no writer has yet authentically furnished all the reasons which may have influenced the various conditions of coverture imposed by the common law.” Fitzgerald v. Quann, 33 Hun, 652.
At common law the husband and wife were regarded as one person; the wife’s legal existence was merged in that of her husband. “Upon this principle of a union of person in husband and wife,” says Blackstone, “depends almost all the legal rights, duties and disabilities that either of them acquire by marriage.” 1 Blackstone, Comm. 442. Among the duties imposed by the law upon the husband was the duty to pay the debts of the wife contracted dum sola, for, says the same learned author, “he has adopted her and her circumstances together.” 1 Blackstone, Comm. 443.
But if the liability of the husband rested in any degree upon the legal unity of the husband and wife, that reason still exists to some extent; for, notwithstanding the important changes wrought by our statute concerning the powers and rights of married women, many of the rules of law resting upon* this unity of the husband and wife are still enforced by the courts of this state. This court, since the passage of the statute above referred to, has held that, byreason of such unity, the husband and wife cannot contract with each other (Pillow v. Wade, 31 Ark. 678), nor become partners in business (Gilkerson-Sloss Com. Co. v. Salinger, 56 Ark. 294), nor sue each other in a court of law (Countz v. Markling, 30 Ark. 17). By reason of this legal unity, land in this state conveyed to the husband and wife jointly vests in them an estate by entirety, so that the survivor takes the whole, whereas, but for this theory of legal unity, they would take as tenants in common. Robinson v. Eagle, 29 Ark. 202; Kline v. Ragland, 47 id. 116; Branch v. Polk, 61 ib. 388. It will be seen, by reference to these and other decisions of this court, that the common-law unity of husband and wife still exists in this state, except so far as the legislative purpose to modify and change it has been expressed by statute.
But it is contended that the husband’s liability rested upon the common-law principle, now abrogated by statute, that the personal property of the wife, the use of her real estate, the right to her labor and earnings, passed to the husband upon marriage. She was, it is said, by marriage deprived of the use and disposal of her property, and could acquire none by her industry; and it was, therefore, necessary at common law to impose upon the husband the duty of paying her debts, otherwise her creditors would be remediless.
It is true that at common law the creditor had, after mar - riage, no means of collecting his debt by action against the wife alone, so the common law solved the difficulty by requiring the husband to pay such debts. But the marriage of a femmesole may still place many obstructions in the way of her creditor who attempts to collect his debt by process of law. If there be issue of the marriage born alive, then, at the wife’s death, the husband’s title by curtesy attaches to her land as at common law, and this may result in postponing the rights of her creditors until after the termination of such life estate, as was held in the recent case of Hampton v. Cook (64 Ark. 353). The husband is still entitled to the benefit of her labor and services, except when “performed on her sole or separate account.” Sand. & H. Dig., § 4995.
“The true construction of the statute,” says the court of appeals of New York, “is that she may elect to labor on her own account, and thereby entitle herself to her earnings, but, in the absence of such an election, or of circumstances showing that she intended to avail herself of the privilege and protection conferred by the statute, the husband’s common-law right to her earnings remains unaffected.” Birkbeck v. Ackroyd, 74 N. Y. 356.
Now while, under our statute, a married woman may acquire property by engaging in business, or by performing labor and services upon her sole and separate account, yet, as the creditor has no means of compelling her to engage in such business, or to perform service upon “her sole and separate account,” and as it is the rare exception that a married woman does engage in business or perform services for her separate account, we can easily see that marriage may still leave the creditor without a remedy unless the husband be held liable. The woman may be the earner of valuable wages, and may have been credited on that account; yet if, after marriage, she chooses to labor for her husband only, the creditor can do nothing as against her, for, however valuable her earnings may be, they belong, under such circumstances, not to her, but to bier husband. Birkbeck v. Ackroyd, 74 N. Y. 356; S. C. 30 Am. Rep. 304; Birkbeck v. Ackroyd, 11 Hun (N. Y.), 265; McCluskey v. Provident Institution, 103 Mass. 300, 304.
Again, it seems that the statute has made no provision for an action against the wife alone upon her antenuptial contracts. At common law the wife could not be sued alone, This was one reason for making the husband liable for the wife’s antenuptial debts; and if the statute has made no change in the law in this respect, it must follow that the husband is still liable for such debts. 2 Bishop, Married Women, §§ 312, 322.
The language of our statute is that “a married woman may bargain, sell, assign and transfer her separate personal'property, and cai’ry on any trade or business, and perform any labor or services, on her sole and separate account, * * and she may alone sue or be sued in the courts of this state, on account of said property, business or services.” Sand. & H. Dig., § 4946. There are other sections of the statute providing that the contracts of a married woman in reference to her sole and separate estate or business shall not be binding upon her husband, and that judgments recovered against her may be enforced by executions against her sole and separate property, etc.; but these and other sections of the statute relating to actions against married women seem to refer to the actions mentioned in the section above quoted,— that is, to those on account. of her separate property, business or services, or upon her contracts in connection therewith. The reform undertaken by the legislature was to empower a married woman to hold property and make contracts, and in effecting this purpose it provided that she could be sued upon such contracts, and that her husband should not be liable therefor. But the question of her antenuptial -debts does not seem to have been considered by the legislative mind, and there is in the statute nothing indicating an intention to change the law in reference thereto, or to relieve the husband of his liability therefor. Our statute under consideration was copied, or seems to have been copied, from the New York statute, and the courts of that state hold that the statute does not permit the wife to be sued alone in all eases, but simply enacts that she may be sued alone in actions having reference to her separate estate. Fitzgerald v. Quann, 109 N. Y. 441; id. 33 Hun, 652.
The legislature of New York, by act of 1853, relieved the husband of liability for the antenuptial debts of his wife, but previous to the passage of that act he was held to be liable for such debts notwithstanding statutes there similar to our statute, Berley v. Rampacher, 5 Duer, 183.
The liability of the husband at common law for the torts of the wife not committed in his presence rests upon substantially the same reason as his liability for her antenuptial debts. Quann v. Fitzgerald, 33 Hun (N. Y.), 657; 2 Bishop, Married Women, §§ 254, 312. But the New York courts, under the same statute that we have, hold that the husband is still liable for such torts, and base their decision upon the ground that the wife cannot be sued alone for such torts, and, further, that a statute should never be construed as abolishing a rule of common law, unless the intention to repeal is made known by express words or necessary implication. Fitzgerald v. Quann, 109 N. Y. 441.
The courts of many other states have arrived at the conclusion that these acts emancipating married women from the disabilities imposed by common law do not of themselves relieve the husband of his common-law liabilities, unless so expressed in the act. While some courts hold to the contrary, the weight of judicial opinion seems to be decidedly in favor of the view adopted by the New York courts, on the ground that the repeal of settled principles of law by mere implication should not be favored. Alexander v. Morgan, 31 Ohio St. 546; Platner v. Patchin, 19 Wis. 333; McElfresh v. Kirkendall, 36 Iowa, 224; Ferguson v. Brooks, 67 Me. 251; Morgan v. Kennedy, 62 Minn. 348; S. C. 54 Am. St. Rep. 647; Gill v. State, 39 W. Va. 479; S. C. 45 Am. St. Rep. 928; Seroka v. Kattenberg, 17 Q. B. D. (Eng.) 177; Mangam v. Peck, 111 N. Y. 401; 9 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 822.
The question as to whether the statute conferring enlarged powers upon married women has impliedly repealed the rule of law making the husband liable for the wife’s antenuptial debts has never been decided by this court. . That question was hot involved in the case of Gill v. Kayser, 60 Ark. 266, for the debt there was contracted during marriage, and had reference to the wife’s separate property. It came within the provision of the statute which exempted the husband, and did not stand on the same footing as her debts contracted dwrn sola. But in Stowell v. Grider, 48 Ark. 223, the question was incidentalljreferred to by Judge Smith, who said that the husband was still liable for such debts. The same learned judge in Kosminsky v. Goldberg, 44 Ark. 401, discussing the question of the liability of the husband for the torts of the wife, said that the husband was liable for such torts, although he was absent, and had no knowledge of the intended act; and he placed the husband’s liability upon the ground that the wife could not be sued alone. But there is no more reason for saying that a wife could be sued alone for her ante-nuptial debts than that she could be sued alone. for her torts committed in the absence of her husband. If these two opinions by Judge Smith stood alone, we should attach no great importance to them, for the question as to the effect of the legislation giving enlarged powers to married women upon the common-law liability of the husband does not seem to have been raised in these eases. But these expressions of the learned judge are in harmony with many other expressions of opinion by this court, some of them quite recent, to the effect that the courts of this state will riot move in advance of the clearly expressed legislative purpose to remove the disabilities, rights and liabilities of coverture.
The rule of law making the husband liable for the debts of the wife contracted dum sola was well known, and had often been enforced by the courts of this state. As the legislature which enacted the married women’s act did not, either by express words or by clear implication, express an intention to repeal such law, the presumption should be that they intended the rule should remain. Force is added to this argument when we consider that the act in question was copied from the New York law, but that our statute omits the provision found in the New York statute relieving' the husband of the liability for his wife’s antenuptial debts. Our conclusion is that the husband should be joined with the wife in actions against her for debts contracted by her dum sola, and that he is still liable for such debts as at common law.
We admit that, as the husband has been deprived of the legal ownership and control of the wife’s property during coverture, it would seem logically to follow that he should be relieved of some portion of his common-law liability for her antenuptial debts, but that is a question for the legislature, and not the courts. While, theoretically, the position of the husband is much worse now than at common law, still, as a matter of actual fact, this is not altogether true. The statute permits the wife to hold and use her property as her own, but the close relationship that exists between husband and wife, and the love of a wife for her husband, potent now as of old, generally results in placing at his disposal all her worldly goods. The statute enabling married women to acquire and hold property does not, and no statute can, to any great extent, protect the wife’s property against the aggressions of the husband, for it is generally her will that he should use such property as he pleases. But the statute does protect her property against the. creditors of her husband. At the common law, if the husband became insolvent, the wife’s personal property and the use of her real estate during his life could be seized by his creditors. If she acquired property by her earnings, that also could be seized, for it belonged to her husband. All this has been changed by the statute conferring upon married women power to acquire and hold property, and in this way these statutes frequently operate to the advantage of the husband. Many an insolvent husband has regained his financial footing by the use of his wife’s property, protected against his creditors by the operation of such statutes.
It is, indeed, possible under our statute that a woman in debt, but with considerable money, should marry, and then hide away her money, and allow her creditors .to force her husband to pay her debts. Yet, considering the nature of woman, we think the case would be rare when this would be done against the husband’s will. But if the husband was exempt from liability, a woman in debt, but with money, might, upon marriage, bestow her money upon her husband, and he might squander or conceal it, and refuse to pay her creditors, and leave them with a very doubtful remedy. The worst effect of statutes enabling married women to acquire and hold property is that when the husband and wife are dishonest, they place the creditor at a great disadvantage. Mr. Bishop, who has given much thought to this' question, says that under these statutes “husband and wife, if in due accord, and mutually inclined to defraud the rest of mankind, have it well in their power to live in wealth procured by lawful cheating from confiding creditors.” If the debts are hers, the property can be shifted to him. If he be the one in debt, he can so arrange his affairs “that all the earnings shall be hers, and all the expenses, his, whereby, in a short time, his estate is indirectly, but effectually, transferred to her, while apparently it remains his.” Bishop, Contracts, § 951.
Considerations of this kind furnish additional answer to the argument that the courts should hold, as a matter of law, that all reason for the rule making the husband liable for the wife’s antenuptial debts has passed away. Notwithstanding the statutes depriving the husband of his marital rights in the wife’s property during coverture, it is still rare that a man marries a rich woman without receiving pecuniary benefit from her estate, and he should at least be held liable to the extent of such benefit; but these matters cannot be adjusted by the courts, and should be left to the legislature, where they belong. The hardship in this case is, not that the law allows the wife to retain her separate property, but in the fact that she had no property. The position of the husband here is not worse than it would have been had the statute in question never been passed. As such statute does not expressly or by clear implication relieve him of liability for the antenuptial debts of his wife, we must hold that the judgment of the circuit court against him is in accordance with the law, and it is therefore affirmed.