COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Athey and Chaney UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
KEVIN TYLER MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0888-21-1 JUDGE CLIFFORD L. ATHEY, JR. AUGUST 2, 2022 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK Mary Jane Hall, Judge
Kristin Paulding (7 Cities Law, on brief), for appellant.
Mason D. Williams, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Kevin Tyler (“Tyler”) appeals his conviction in the Circuit Court of the City of Norfolk
(“trial court”) for strangulation. On appeal, Tyler argues that the prior testimony of the victim
was erroneously admitted and that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of strangulation.
For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On appeal, “[w]e . . . view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party,
the Commonwealth, with all inferences fairly deducible from that evidence accorded to the
Commonwealth.” McArthur v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 352, 359 (2020) (citing Hill v.
Commonwealth, 297 Va. 804, 808 (2019)).
Tyler was accused of committing domestic violence against Tishayla Moore (“Moore”),
his ex-girlfriend who was pregnant with their child. Tyler’s trial, initially scheduled for January
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 27, 2021, on charges of strangulation, abduction, and attempted malicious wounding of a
pregnant woman, was continued to March 4, 2021. Although subpoenas were issued for the new
trial date, the new date apparently never made it onto the trial court’s docket. As a result, the
trial was continued again to March 17, 2021. Moore was subpoenaed again but failed to appear
for either of the continued trial dates. When several witnesses failed to appear on the March 17
trial date, the trial court suggested that her failure to appear at the March 17 trial date may have
resulted from faulty service of the subpoena, but later found that the Commonwealth had posted
service for every trial date.1 The Commonwealth proffered that Moore indicated in her last
conversation with the Commonwealth that she was planning to continue cooperating and
appearing in court as a witness, but following that conversation the Commonwealth had been
unable to contact her. The Commonwealth further proffered that it had made several calls to
Moore’s phone but only secured “a busy signal or a message that it was unable to receive the
call.” It had also filed a domestic violence information request to try to locate her.
Based on this information, the trial court continued the trial again to April 5, 2021. The
Commonwealth posted service to Moore’s last known residence, sent police officers to her last
known residence to attempt to see if she still lived there, called the phone number it previously
used to communicate with Moore, reached out to victim’s advocates for information on her
whereabouts, and requested that investigators check their databases for any updated contact
information—all to no avail. Before the April 5 trial date, fearing Moore would be unavailable
to testify, the Commonwealth filed a motion to admit the transcript of Moore’s testimony from
the preliminary hearing. The Commonwealth asserted in its motion that it had made “numerous
1 On March 17, the clerk indicated that returns of service had only been filed in the clerk’s office for the subpoenas issued for the January 27 date, not for the March 4 or March 17 date. However, in the letter opinion the trial court eventually issued, it recited as a factual matter that the Commonwealth had posted service for the March 4, March 17, and April 5 trial dates. -2- attempts to locate this witness without success” through “victim witness advocates, the
prosecutor, and through the Commonwealth investigators.”
Tyler opposed the motion, arguing that the Commonwealth’s attorney had failed to show
that Moore’s social media had been checked, or that any attempt had been made to contact
Moore through an individual who had accompanied her to the hospital (whose name and phone
number were available through the 911 transcript) or through Moore’s mother. The defense also
criticized the police for only attempting to contact Moore at her home once and the
Commonwealth for not even knowing what time of day the police had gone to her residence.
The Commonwealth responded that a previous attempt to contact her that way had been
successful in that it had prompted Moore to contact the Commonwealth shortly thereafter. The
Commonwealth further proffered that it was unaware of anything that would have indicated
Moore was “going to withdraw her cooperation.” Tyler also raised a Confrontation Clause
argument, disputing whether Moore had been adequately cross-examined at the preliminary
hearing. The trial court took the issue of admission of the preliminary hearing testimony into
evidence under advisement and proceeded to trial.2 Neither the Commonwealth nor Tyler
requested a continuance of the trial to permit further attempts to secure the witness’s presence at
the trial.
In the transcript of Moore’s prior testimony at the preliminary hearing, she testified that
she and Tyler argued one night because she wanted to break up with Tyler. She was six months
pregnant with his child at the time. She further testified that the next day, while she was talking
to a friend on her phone, Tyler came into the room, got mad, hit her, punched her in the stomach
four times, and choked her for about one minute. She also testified that she could “not really”
2 The trial court considered the transcript during the trial but told the parties it would not make a final ruling on admissibility until it had time to consider the legal arguments more thoroughly. -3- breathe and demonstrated how he had choked her by placing “her hand around the front of her
throat.” She said that she tried to speak to Tyler while being choked, but she could not;
nevertheless, at some point she screamed for help. She further stated that while he was punching
her, he said she was going to have a miscarriage. Eventually, she escaped to a friend’s house and
called the police, but only after Tyler initially refused to let her leave.
Moore also identified several exhibits introduced at the preliminary hearing. Those
exhibits included photographs of her injuries, which she testified were accurate and showed
bruising and scratches on her chest. They also included photographs of texts from Tyler
indicating he tried to apologize and wanted to give up his parental rights in exchange for her
dropping the charges. Moore also testified that she had marks and bruises on her neck.
Following opening statements, the Commonwealth called Detective Joshua Miller
(“Detective Miller”) who testified that he was called to DePaul Hospital to investigate potential
domestic violence. Detective Miller interviewed Moore at the hospital and said that she was
“confused,” “sad,” and “out of it.” Although defense counsel objected when Detective Miller
testified to some of what Moore told him, it later came out during cross-examination—without
objection from either side—that Moore told Detective Miller that Tyler strangled her, punched
her in the stomach more than six times, and said he would “cause her to have an abortion.”
Detective Miller also said that he saw irritation on her belly that a photograph would not have
accurately captured or portrayed. Lastly, he testified that Moore told him that Tyler had
prevented her from leaving the apartment.
Detective Miller also noticed “some scratches around her neck, on her chest, and that’s
basically it,” before taking several photographs that were introduced into evidence at the trial.
The photographs showed some bruising and scratches on Moore’s neck and chest and one
photograph showed that Moore’s top was slightly torn. Detective Miller next testified that he
-4- saw fingerprints on and around the injuries even though they did not appear in the photographs,
and he said that the injuries were such that “[a]nybody . . . would know that something had
happened and some sort of an assault may have taken place.” Detective Miller then ordered the
performance of a forensic strangulation exam and testified that the exam produced additional
photographs of Moore’s neck injuries. Those photographs were also introduced into evidence
and showed bruising on the side and back of Moore’s neck. Finally, Detective Miller took a
second statement from her several days later and confirmed that her story then was consistent
with what she had told him during the initial interview.
The trial court took the entire case under advisement at the end of the trial and issued a
written ruling three days later. The trial court later admitted the transcript into evidence,
convicted Tyler of strangulation, and dismissed the remaining charges. The trial court also
specifically held that “the Commonwealth has exercised due diligence to secure Ms. Moore’s
presence at trial, with multiple subpoenas posted at her residence and several attempts to reach
her using the same telephone that they have used quite recently as well as an attempted personal
visit to her home.” The trial court rejected Tyler’s Confrontation Clause argument.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We “review[] a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.” Graves v.
Shoemaker, 299 Va. 357, 361 (2020) (citing Hyundai Motor Co. v. Duncan, 289 Va. 147, 155
(2015)). “Only when reasonable jurists could not differ can [an appellate court] say an abuse of
discretion has occurred.” Grattan v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 602, 620 (2009) (quoting Thomas
v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 753, adopted upon reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811 (2005)).
“[T]he phrase ‘abuse of discretion’ means that the circuit court ‘has a range of choice, and that
its decision will not be disturbed as long as it stays within that range and is not influenced by any
-5- mistake of law.’” Ellis v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 706, 711 (2018) (alteration in original)
(quoting Sauder v. Ferguson, 289 Va. 449, 459 (2015)).
Although the admission of evidence is normally subject to abuse of discretion review, the
higher de novo standard is applied in the context of alleged violations of constitutional rights.
See Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Smit, 279 Va. 327, 335 (2010). When a criminal defendant
challenges the admission of evidence on Confrontation Clause grounds, we review the alleged
violation of constitutional rights de novo. Robertson v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 554, 559
(2013) (en banc) (citing Crawford v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 84, 97 (2011)).
In a sufficiency case, we defer to the trial court’s factual findings unless they are “plainly
wrong or without evidence to support [them].” Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)
(quoting Code § 8.01-680). The trier of fact is required “to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to
weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.”
Brown v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 44, 55 (2017) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319 (1979)). There was sufficient evidence if “any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Dietz v. Commonwealth, 294 Va.
123, 132 (2017) (quoting Bowman v. Commonwealth, 290 Va. 492, 496-97 (2015)). Just because
another trier of fact “might have reached a different conclusion” about what the evidence showed
does not mean that this “[C]ourt [can] say that the evidence does or does not establish [the
defendant’s] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 327
(2018) (first alteration in original) (quoting Cobb v. Commonwealth, 152 Va. 941, 953 (1929)).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Introduction of the Transcript of Prior Testimony
Tyler argues that the transcript of Moore’s testimony was admitted erroneously. First, he
argues that Moore was not unavailable as required by Virginia Rule of Evidence 2:804(a) for
-6- former testimony to be admissible under Virginia Rule of Evidence 2:804(b)(1). Second, he
argues that his right of confrontation was violated when the trial court admitted the transcript of
Moore’s preliminary hearing testimony. We disagree.
First, Tyler argues that the transcript was not admissible under Virginia Rule of Evidence
2:804 because the Commonwealth did not exercise due diligence in attempting to secure
Moore’s presence at the April 5 trial date. Certain hearsay statements can be admitted at trial,
including former testimony, if “the declarant is dead or otherwise unavailable as a witness.” Va.
R. Evid. 2:804(a). “Where unavailability is premised upon a witness’[s] absence from trial, the
party offering the prior testimony must demonstrate the exercise of due diligence and reasonable
efforts to obtain the presence of the witness.”3 Morgan v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 369, 375
(2007). The trial court must determine, in its discretion, whether the party seeking to introduce
the evidence satisfied its burden of showing it exercised due diligence to secure the witness’s
attendance. Cooper v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 537, 542 (1998) (citing McDonnough v.
Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 120, 127 (1997); Wise Terminal Co. v. McCormick, 107 Va. 376,
379 (1907); Doan v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 87, 102 (1992)). In a particular case, we may
“agree that the efforts of the [party offering the statement] do not measure up to a high degree of
diligence, but it is well settled that the sufficiency of the proof to establish the unavailability of a
witness is largely within the discretion of the trial court.” Burton v. Oldfield, 195 Va. 544, 550
(1954).
“Due diligence is that amount of prudence ‘as is properly to be expected from, and
ordinarily exercised by, a reasonable and prudent man under the particular circumstances.’”
McDonnough, 25 Va. App. at 128 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 457 (6th ed. 1990)). “Due
3 We do not consider whether a subpoenaed witness who deliberately absents herself from trial can be deemed “unavailable” for purposes of the prior testimony exception to the hearsay rule because this issue was not raised in this appeal. -7- diligence requires only a good faith, reasonable effort; it does not require that every possibility,
no matter how remote, be exhausted.” Cooper, 26 Va. App. at 542 (quoting McDonnough, 25
Va. App. at 129). “We hold, however, that due diligence requires, at a minimum, that a party
attempt to subpoena the witness or provide a reasonable explanation why a subpoena was not
issued.” McDonnough, 25 Va. App. at 129. Relying on the other side to subpoena a witness is
not due diligence. Dean v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 49, 57 (1999).
We have upheld the rulings of various trial courts finding that a witness was unavailable.
In one such case, “the Commonwealth promptly issued a subpoena to [the victim-witness] at his
last known address that was returned ‘not found’ and a notation on the subpoena indicated [he]
no longer resided at the address.” Harris v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 735, 749 (2008).
Officers “repeatedly visited [the victim-witness’s] last known address,” “question[ed] the
residents and family members as to [his] whereabouts and whether he planned to return to
Virginia,” and contacted international authorities to try to learn the victim-witness’s
whereabouts. Id. Under those circumstances, we held that the facts proved the victim-witness
was unavailable. Id. at 750. In another case, we affirmed a ruling that a witness was unavailable
because she was deported before trial despite the Commonwealth’s efforts to delay her
deportation. Morgan, 50 Va. App. at 375-79.
Other decisions provide examples of cases in which the unavailability of a witness was
not proved. For example, we upheld a trial court’s finding that a defendant failed to prove a
witness was unavailable because he failed to subpoena her, “never made any attempt to locate
[her] in person at her place of employment,” and “relied on [her] to contact him rather than
attempting to locate her in [another] area.” Bennett v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 335, 349
(2000) (en banc). In another case, we reversed a trial court’s finding of unavailability where the
-8- Commonwealth failed to subpoena the witness even though the police attempted to locate the
witness many other ways. McDonnough, 25 Va. App. at 127-31.
Here, the Commonwealth first learned it might have trouble securing Moore’s presence at
trial around March 4. Moore spoke with the prosecutor on March 1 and “did not indicate any
reluctance about continued participation.” Moore’s absence on the January 27 trial date did not
alarm the Commonwealth because it knew in advance that the trial would be continued, and
Tyler admits on appeal that before the March 4 date, Moore “did not miss any court dates.”
Following her absence on the March 4 trial date, the Commonwealth called her three times but
received “a busy signal or a message that [the phone] was unable to receive the call.” The
Commonwealth also posted service to her residence. After the March 17 trial date, it again
posted service to her residence. Before March 17, it filed a domestic violence information
request and sent police officers to make contact with her at her house. When the officers did not
make contact with her directly, the Commonwealth still expected her to respond if she still lived
there because she had previously been prompted to reach out to the Commonwealth after police
visited her residence to re-establish contact. After March 17, it again subpoenaed her by posting
service to her residence, attempted to call her, and asked investigators to access their government
databases to discover any updated contact information.
These efforts demonstrate that the Commonwealth met the most basic requirement of
requesting service of process, which it attempted three times. See McDonnough, 25 Va. App. at
129. It also employed additional methods that were reasonably calculated to try to secure
Moore’s presence, including sending the police to her last known address, see Harris, 52
Va. App. at 749, calling her last known telephone number, cf. id., asking investigators to search
their government databases for any new contact information for the witness, cf. id. (questioning
-9- family members concerning a witness’s whereabouts), and filing a domestic violence
information request, cf. id.
Tyler argues that these efforts were not enough because the Commonwealth never
contacted the friend who accompanied Moore to the hospital, did not employ social media in its
search, and never contacted the Virginia Employment Commission in hopes of finding a current
work address. The question is whether, given all the other steps the Commonwealth took, it was
reasonably diligent despite these unexplored avenues. It is irrelevant whether these proposed
steps would have actually revealed Moore’s location or if she would have been willing to testify
once found and notified of the court dates. All that matters is whether the trial court, when it
considered the circumstances as they existed on the day of trial, abused its discretion.
Tyler’s argument rests on the proposition that despite efforts to locate a witness and
secure her attendance at trial, the failure to employ additional, viable investigative steps prevents
the trial court from finding that the Commonwealth exercised due diligence. There is some
support for this position. The use of a subpoena is considered so basic and yet so powerful that
failure to issue a subpoena is almost a per se failure to exercise due diligence. McDonnough, 25
Va. App. at 129. The issuance of a subpoena to a witness’s last known address which is later
returned marked “not found” is sufficient to show due diligence if the party seeking to introduce
the hearsay takes whatever additional investigatory steps a reasonable and prudent person would
take under the circumstances to secure the witness’s attendance at trial. See Harris, 52 Va. App.
at 749.
- 10 - Under Harris, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion4 because “[d]ue
diligence requires only a good faith, reasonable effort; it does not require that every possibility,
no matter how remote, be exhausted.” McDonnough, 25 Va. App. at 129. The Commonwealth
sought to find Moore “where it is most likely [she] would [have been] found”: at her residence
and through the phone number she previously used to communicate with the Commonwealth.
See Wise Terminal Co., 107 Va. at 379. The Commonwealth also made reasonable efforts to
discover through investigators and victim advocates whether she had relocated.
Second, Tyler also contends that the cross-examination of Moore at the preliminary
hearing that yielded the transcript introduced at trial was inadequate and that the resulting
testimony was unreliable. Tyler cites Fisher v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 808 (1977), which
involved a Confrontation Clause challenge. We therefore treat both his argument below and on
appeal, as well as his assignment of error, as adequately raising a Confrontation Clause
argument. Reviewing the trial court’s decision de novo, Robertson, 61 Va. App. at 559, we do
not agree with Tyler that the prior testimony was inadmissible under the Confrontation Clause.
The Confrontation Clause generally5 forbids testimonial hearsay from being introduced
against the defendant in a criminal trial unless the declarant is subject to cross-examination about
it or the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant about it. Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68-69 (2004) (overruling Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980)). After
4 The defendant requested a continuance to allow the trial court to make a final determination on whether the preliminary hearing transcript was admissible, but neither the defendant nor the Commonwealth requested a continuance to allow more time to secure Moore’s presence at trial. When asked, the defendant specifically said he wanted a continuance only to allow more time for the trial court to make a decision about the admissibility of the transcript, not for the purpose of securing Moore’s attendance. 5 The United States Supreme Court has recognized exceptions for dying declarations and held that a defendant can forfeit the right to raise the Confrontation Clause by wrongfully procuring the witness’s unavailability. Giles v. California, 554 U.S. 353, 358-59 (2008) (citations omitted). - 11 - Crawford, there is no place for a reliability analysis as an end run around the Confrontation
Clause.6 Hodges v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 418, 434 (2006); cf. Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S.
836, 845-47 (1990). All that is required under the Confrontation Clause is that the defendant
have an adequate opportunity to cross-examine the witness. Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15,
20 (1985) (citing Roberts, 448 U.S. at 73 n.12). “Generally speaking, the Confrontation Clause
guarantees an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective
in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Id. (citing Roberts, 448 U.S.
at 73 n.12); see also Alvarez Saucedo v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 31, 45 (2019) (quoting
Abney v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 337, 350 (2008)). The opportunity to examine a witness
during a preliminary hearing satisfies this requirement, even if the defendant later wishes the
questioning had been more thorough. Longshore v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 3, 3-4 (2000).
Because Moore was present at the preliminary hearing and subject to cross-examination by
Tyler’s attorney, his right of confrontation was fully protected and he cannot now complain
because he wishes the attorney would have probed Moore’s testimony more thoroughly.7 See
Massey v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 108, 128-31 (2016).
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Tyler next argues that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of strangulation. He
primarily maintains that Moore’s testimony was inherently incredible and that the
6 A reliability analysis is appropriate where the defendant raises a due process right of confrontation in probation proceedings. See Johnson v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 266, 275-76 (2018) (citing Black v. Romano, 471 U.S. 606, 610, 612 (1985); Henderson v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 318, 327-28 (2013)). 7 Tyler has not raised a challenge to his attorney’s effectiveness, and even if he had done so we could not address it here. See Vay v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 236, 260 (2017) (citation omitted); Lenz v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 451, 460 (2001) (“Claims raising ineffective assistance of counsel must be asserted in a habeas corpus proceeding and are not cognizable on direct appeal.” (citations omitted)). - 12 - Commonwealth did not “corroborate her story through further investigation.” We disagree and
conclude the trial court’s decision was neither plainly wrong nor without evidence to support it.
Although on appeal Tyler argues that Moore’s testimony was inherently incredible, he
did not raise this argument to the trial court. Under Rule 5A:18, to be preserved, an objection
must be “stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown
or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.” Neither exception applies.8 Defense
counsel argued that Moore’s testimony was impeachable by inconsistent statements. But, as we
have held, “the mere fact that a witness’[s] testimony may have been impeached does not
necessarily render the testimony inherently incredible.” Ray v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App.
291, 306 (2022) (citing Juniper v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415 (2006)). “Thus, pointing
out that [Moore’s] testimony had been impeached” or was inconsistent with prior statements and
physical evidence “is not the same as arguing that the testimony was inherently incredible as a
matter of law such that it was ‘unworthy of belief or that the jury should not be permitted to
weigh [Moore’s] credibility.’” Id. at 306-07 (quoting Commonwealth v. Bass, 292 Va. 19, 33
(2016)).
Tyler’s sufficiency argument, though properly raised, fails. The Commonwealth is not
required to produce all the evidence that it has—it only needs to present enough to justify the
8 Even if we concluded this argument was properly preserved or an exception applied, we would reject it. Testimony is inherently incredible if it is “so manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to believe it” or if it is “shown to be false by objects or things as to the existence and meaning of which reasonable men should not differ.” Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 487 (2018) (quoting Juniper v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415 (2006)). Internal contradictions do not necessarily render a witness’s testimony inherently incredible. Kelley v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 617, 626 (2019). The original lead detective testified that he took two statements from Moore several days apart and the statements were consistent with each other. Although there were parts she left out of her original statements—or, perhaps more accurately, more details were elicited during the questioning by counsel at the preliminary hearing—such gaps and minor discrepancies as are evident in the record are just small gaps and minor discrepancies, not major inconsistencies that would allow us, on appeal, to find that Moore’s preliminary hearing testimony was inherently incredible. - 13 - conviction. See Holloway v. Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 609, 618 (2010) (citing Dukes v.
Commonwealth, 227 Va. 119, 122-23 (1984)). Just because the Commonwealth did not
subpoena the friend who allegedly overheard the entire incident over the phone does not mean
that there was insufficient evidence.
Despite the inconsistencies and discrepancies, which must be resolved in favor of the
Commonwealth as the party that prevailed below, there was sufficient evidence of strangulation.
Moore’s testimony was that Tyler put his hands around Moore’s neck and choked her to the
point she could “not really” breathe. The photographs showed bruises and scratches on her neck
and chest. Together, the photographs and testimony provided enough evidence for the trial court
to conclude that Tyler “impede[d] the . . . respiration of another person by knowingly,
intentionally, and unlawfully applying pressure to the neck of such person resulting in the
wounding or bodily injury of such person.” Code § 18.2-51.6.
IV. CONCLUSION
We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the Commonwealth
exercised due diligence to locate Moore and secure her attendance at trial. Therefore, the
preliminary hearing transcript was admissible under Virginia Rule of Evidence 2:804 and not
barred by the Confrontation Clause. Further, the evidence was sufficient to convict Tyler of
strangulation. Accordingly, we affirm.
Affirmed.
- 14 -