Kevin Hoffman v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

• Court: Indiana Court of Appeals
• Decided: March 21, 2017
• Docket: 46A03-1606-CR-1497
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Mar 21 2017, 9:31 am

court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Barbra A. Stooksbury Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Howes & Howes, LLP Attorney General of Indiana La Porte, Indiana Eric P. Babbs Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Kevin Hoffman, March 21, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 46A03-1606-CR-1497 v. Appeal from the LaPorte Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Michael S. Appellee-Plaintiff Bergerson, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 46D01-1501-FA-1

Crone, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 1 of 12 Case Summary [1] Kevin Hoffman appeals his conviction following a jury trial for class A felony

child molesting. He also appeals the fifty-year sentence imposed by the trial

court. He raises several issues, including that the trial court erred in denying his

pretrial motion to dismiss the charge against him and that the trial court abused

its discretion in admitting certain photographic evidence. He further asserts

that his fifty-year sentence is inappropriate in light of both the nature of the

offense and his character. Finding no error or abuse of discretion, and

concluding that he has not met his burden to demonstrate that his sentence is

inappropriate, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History1 [2] Between September 2012 and August 2013, then thirty-nine-year-old Hoffman

lived in an apartment with then six-year-old A.K.2 and her mother (“Mother”).

Hoffman was Mother’s boyfriend and A.K. considered him “pretty much like a

dad.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 139.3 Other members of the household included A.K’s

older sister H.K., H.K.’s girlfriend Ashley, and A.K.’s two young cousins.

1 We remind Appellant’s counsel that an appellant’s statement of facts “shall be in narrative form and shall not be a witness by witness summary of the testimony.” Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(6)(c). 2 The child-victim is referred to in the transcript by her nickname rather than by her birth name. We use the initials of her birthname, A.K., for purposes of our discussion. 3 We note that the transcript was submitted to this Court in multiple volumes that were mislabeled and not consecutively numbered in violation of Indiana Appellate Rule 28(A) (“The Court Reporter shall prepare an electronic Transcript in accordance with Appendix A,” which provides “Each volume of the Transcript shall be independently and consecutively numbered at the bottom.”). For purposes of our discussion, we will refer to each volume in chronological order rather than how they were labeled.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 2 of 12 Mother worked long hours and Hoffman, H.K., and Ashley would take turns

babysitting A.K. and her cousins while Mother was working.

[3] When Mother was away, A.K. would spend time alone with Hoffman in his

bedroom. Hoffman would remove his clothes and instruct A.K. to remove her

clothes and kneel on the bed. He would then instruct A.K. to move her hands

back and forth on his penis and he would also place his penis in her mouth.

A.K. testified that “it was weird,” sometimes “went too far” into her throat and

made her “choke,” and sometimes a liquid “like syrup” would come out of his

penis and go into her mouth. Id. at 156, 159. Other times Hoffman would

make A.K. lie back on the bed with her “legs up” and he would put “his private

in between [her] legs and go back and forth.” Id. at 160. He told her that this

was “practice” for her. Id. One time Hoffman had A.K. shower with him and

told her to put her mouth on his penis after the shower. Hoffman, who suffered

from diabetes, convinced A.K. that she needed to perform sexual acts with him

to help his diabetes, and she believed that he “could probably die” if she did not

do what he wanted. Id. at 147.

[4] In August 2013, Hoffman moved with Mother and her family to a house.

Around that time, Mother purchased a new cell phone for Hoffman. Because

Ashley did not own a cell phone, she was permitted to use Hoffman’s phone

whenever needed. On September 5, 2013, Hoffman was sitting in his bedroom

when Ashley came in and asked to borrow his phone. A.K. had just exited the

bedroom wearing a bathing suit. Hoffman obliged and gave Ashley his phone,

and Ashley walked to the kitchen to use the phone. When she flipped open the

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 3 of 12 phone, “pictures popped up of [A.K.].” Tr. Vol. 1 at 50. The pictures were a

“chest picture” and “one of her laying straight down with her hands flat on the

side.” Id. A.K. was naked in the pictures. Ashley screamed and asked A.K.

about the pictures. A.K. became extremely upset and ran back toward the

bedroom and exclaimed to Hoffman that Ashley had “seen the x-rays.” Id. at

52. Hoffman immediately came to the kitchen, grabbed the phone from

Ashley, and started “pressing buttons.” Id. at 56. A.K. was crying when

Hoffman instructed her to “tell the truth” that she “took these pictures.” Id.

A.K. responded, “I didn’t take these pictures, you took them.” Id. at 58. When

Hoffman took the pictures of A.K., he told her that they were playing “doctor”

and that the pictures were “x-rays.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 175.

[5] The State charged Hoffman with two counts of class A felony child molesting.

Hoffman filed a motion to dismiss alleging that he had already been convicted

on federal charges involving the same conduct. The State responded and the

trial court subsequently denied Hoffman’s motion to dismiss. On January 27,

2016, the State filed an amended information charging a single count of class A

felony child molesting. A jury trial began on February 22, 2016. At the close of

the evidence, the jury found Hoffman guilty as charged. Following a sentencing

hearing, the trial court imposed a fifty-year sentence and ordered that the

sentence be served consecutively to the sentence previously imposed by the

federal court. This appeal ensued.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 4 of 12 Discussion and Decision

Section 1 – The State’s prosecution of the current charge was not barred by statutory double jeopardy principles. [6] Hoffman first asserts that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion to

dismiss the charge against him. Specifically, he argues that because he was

convicted and sentenced in the United States District Court for the Northern

District of Indiana on two counts involving the same conduct giving rise to the

current class A felony child molesting charge, prosecution of him on the current

offense was barred by statutory double jeopardy principles. We disagree.

[7] As a general matter, we review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss a

charging information for an abuse of discretion. Delagrange v. State, 951 N.E.2d

593, 594 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. However, whether a prosecution is

barred by double jeopardy is a question of law. State v. Allen, 646 N.E.2d 965,

972 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), trans. denied. In cases where the issue is a question of

law, we apply a de novo standard of review. Austin v. State, 997 N.E.2d 1027,

1039 (Ind. 2013).

[8] This Court has recognized that federal and state governments are considered

separate or dual sovereigns. Smith v. State, 993 N.E. 2d 1185, 1189 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2013) (citing Allen, 646 N.E.2d at 968), trans. denied (2014). While the

Indiana and United States Constitutions provide no protection from double

jeopardy as between “dual sovereigns,” Indiana has provided statutory

protection against double jeopardy in such situations. See Allen, 646 N.E.2d at

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 5 of 12 967-68. “Therefore, the double jeopardy question involved in this case is one of

statutory construction, rather than constitutional construction.” Id. at 968.

[9] Indiana Code Section 35-41-4-5 provides:

In a case in which the alleged conduct constitutes an offense within the concurrent jurisdiction of Indiana and another jurisdiction, a former prosecution in any other jurisdiction is a bar to a subsequent prosecution for the same conduct in Indiana, if the former prosecution resulted in an acquittal or a conviction of the defendant or in an improper termination under section 3 of this chapter.

“The plain language of the statute requires a comparison of the conduct alleged

to constitute an offense in Indiana with the conduct alleged to constitute an

offense in another jurisdiction, here, in federal district court.” Smith, 993

N.E.2d at 1190.

[10] Here, the State’s amended charge alleged that Hoffman committed class A

felony child molesting in that he, an adult over the age of twenty-one years,

“did perform deviate sexual conduct with a child under age 14, to-wit: A.K.

d/o/b 1/5/2007, being six (6) years of age, to-wit: sex organ of one person and

the mouth of the other.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 231. Count 1 of Hoffman’s

federal indictment, of which a jury found him guilty, alleged that Hoffman had

committed sexual exploitation of a child in that he:

did knowingly employ, use, persuade, induce, entice, and coerce any minor, specifically [A.K.], to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct, using materials that have been mailed, shipped, and Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 6 of 12 transported in and affecting interstate and foreign commerce by means, including by computer.

Id. at 60, 124. Count 2 of the federal indictment, also of which a jury found

him guilty, alleged that Hoffman had committed possession of child

pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) in that he:

did knowingly possess, one (1) or more books, magazines, periodicals, films, videos, tapes, or other matter which contained visual depictions … which was produced using materials which have been mailed or so shipped or transported by any means including by computer, the production of which involved the use of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct, and which visual depictions were of such conduct.

Id. at 61, 124.

[11] It is clear from a comparison of both the state and federal charges that, although

the same victim was involved, the charges do not arise from the same conduct.4

The federal charges revolved around Hoffman’s conduct of inducing and

photographing a six-year-old A.K. engaged in “sexually explicit conduct”

which is defined in relevant part as “actual or simulated … (v) lascivious

exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person[.]” See 18 U.S.C. § 2256.

The state charge was based upon Hoffman’s conduct of performing deviate

sexual conduct with A.K. by placing his penis in her mouth. Accordingly, the

conduct that Hoffman was prosecuted for and convicted of in the federal

4 See United States v. Hoffman, 847 F.3d 878 (7th Cir. 2017) (explaining that federal charges arose “out of events occurring on one day” and state charges covered “18 months of repeated abuse” of the victim).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 7 of 12 proceedings was not the same as the conduct forming the basis of his class A

felony child molesting charge. We conclude that Hoffman’s prosecution for

class A child molesting was not barred by Indiana Code Section 35-41-4-5 and

therefore the trial court properly denied the motion to dismiss.

Section 2 – The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting certain evidence. [12] Hoffman next asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting, over

his objection, certain photographic evidence. During the testimony of

Detective Matthew Barr, the trial court admitted without objection two exhibits

containing three photographs “of a nude A.K.” that were recovered from

Hoffman’s cell phone.5 Appellant’s Br. at 20. At the conclusion of Detective

Barr’s testimony, the jury submitted written questions to clarify the testimony.

Specifically, a juror asked Detective Barr, “[C]ould the victim have taken

pictures herself?” Tr. Vol. 3 at 226. Detective Barr responded, “The answer to

that … would be, no. You can see her hands in the majority of the pictures.

Some of them they’re to her side. Most of ‘em, you can see ‘em just kind of

tight to her side, but you can actually see her hands in the pictures.” Id.

Thereafter, the State moved to admit State’s Exhibit 83, which Detective Barr

identified as a photograph of A.K. in which “[h]er body is straight, her hands

are to her side and they’re in the photo” and she is “unclothed.” Id. at 231.

5 We note that, for unknown reasons, this Court was not supplied with a copy of the exhibits admitted at trial. However, the parties do not appear to disagree as to the content of those exhibits.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 8 of 12 Hoffman objected to the admission of the additional photograph as being

prejudicial and needlessly cumulative of the prior exhibits. The trial court

overruled his objection, and Hoffman now challenges that decision. 6

[13] It is well settled that the admission and exclusion of evidence is within the trial

court’s discretion. Jackson v. State, 973 N.E.2d 1123, 1127 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012),

trans. denied. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Id.

Relevant evidence is generally admissible and is defined as evidence that has

any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the

evidence and the fact is of consequence in determining the action. Ind.

Evidence Rules 401, 402. A trial court may exclude relevant evidence,

including photographic evidence, only if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading

the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence. Ind.

Evidence Rule 403; Swingley v. State, 739 N.E.2d 132, 133 (Ind. 2000).

[14] Hoffman concedes the probative value and relevance of the photographic

evidence, and we do not disagree with him that the admission of Exhibit 83

may well have been generally cumulative in that it was an additional

photograph of A.K. that was recovered from Hoffman’s phone. However,

6 Without citation to the transcript, Hoffman argues that “it was irrelevant and unnecessary” for the trial court to admit “a dozen photographs” of “a nude A.K.” during Detective Barr’s testimony. Appellant’s Br. at 20-21. Our review of the record reveals that only three photographic exhibits were admitted during Detective Barr’s testimony, two of which were admitted without objection. Thus, we address only the admission of State’s Exhibit 83, a single photograph, which was admitted over Hoffman’s objection.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 9 of 12 Exhibit 83 depicted A.K. with her hands to her side and was offered and

admitted in response to a specific juror question regarding whether A.K. could

have taken the photographs herself. Thus, Exhibit 83 was probative and

relevant to that specific inquiry. Moreover, even if it were cumulative, the

admission of cumulative evidence alone is insufficient to warrant a new trial.

Helsley v. State, 809 N.E.2d 292, 296 (Ind. 2004). As stated above, an appellant

must establish that the probative value of the evidence was substantially

outweighed by the unfair prejudice flowing from it. Id. Hoffman has not

established how the danger of unfair prejudice in the admission of a single

additional photograph substantially outweighed the probative value of the

evidence. The trial court did not abuse its discretion.

Section 3 – Hoffman has not met his burden to demonstrate that his sentence is inappropriate. [15] As a final matter, Hoffman claims that his sentence is inappropriate and invites

this Court to revise his sentence pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), which

provides that we may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due

consideration of the trial court’s decision, we find that the sentence “is

inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the

offender.” The defendant bears the burden to persuade this Court that his or

her sentence is inappropriate. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind.

2006). Indiana’s flexible sentencing scheme allows trial courts to tailor an

appropriate sentence to the circumstances presented, and the trial court’s

judgment “should receive considerable deference.” Cardwell v. State, 895

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 10 of 12 N.E.2d 1219, 1222 (Ind. 2008). The principal role of appellate review is to

attempt to “leaven the outliers.” Id. at 1225. Whether we regard a sentence as

inappropriate at the end of the day turns on “our sense of the culpability of the

defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to others, and myriad

other facts that come to light in a given case.” Id. at 1224.

[16] Regarding the nature of the offense, the advisory sentence is the starting point

that the legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime

committed. Fuller v. State, 9 N.E.3d 653, 657 (Ind. 2014). The sentencing range

for a class A felony is between twenty and fifty years, with the advisory

sentence being thirty years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4. The trial court here

imposed the maximum sentence of fifty years to be served consecutive to his

previously imposed twenty-five-year federal sentence. Hoffman argues that the

maximum sentence should be reserved for the very worst offenders, see Hamilton

v. State, 955 N.E.2d 723, 727 (Ind. 2011), and that he is not one of them. We

disagree.

[17] The nature of the current offense is, to say the least, heinous. Hoffman

repeatedly molested his girlfriend’s six-year-old daughter. He was a father

figure to the young victim, shared a home with her, and was often responsible

for her care. He used his position of trust to manipulate his victim, even

convincing her that he might die unless she performed various sexual acts

which included oral sex on him. The victim feels “bad” and is “mad” about

what Hoffman did to her, and she “doesn’t really trust that many people right

now.” Sentencing Tr. at 69-70. She feels “gross” about what happened and is

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 11 of 12 “scared” that Hoffman might do things to her again. Id. In short, Hoffman has

caused unspeakable damage to this child. Nothing about the nature of this

offense convinces us that the maximum sentence is inappropriate.

[18] Regarding Hoffman’s character, he fares no better. He has an extensive

criminal history spanning four decades, including two juvenile adjudications

involving violent sexual behavior and at least fifteen adult misdemeanor

offenses. He has expressed zero remorse for his current crime and continues to

deny any culpability. The trial court aptly described Hoffman as “a heartless

and gutless pedophile.” Id. at 79. Contrary to Hoffman’s assertion, he is one of

the very worst offenders and has not persuaded us that his fifty-year sentence is

inappropriate in light of both the nature of his offense and his character. 7 We

affirm the trial court in all respects.

[19] Affirmed.

Riley, J., and Altice, J., concur.

7 Within his inappropriate sentence argument, Hoffman briefly mentions that “the trial court did not properly weigh aggravating and mitigating circumstances” during sentencing. Appellant’s Br. at 21. However, a sentencing court cannot be said to have abused its discretion by failing to properly weigh aggravating and mitigating factors. Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 491 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218. Moreover, “inappropriate sentence and abuse of discretion claims are to be analyzed separately.” King v. State, 894 N.E.2d 265, 267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citing Anglemyer, 868 N.E.2d at 491). Because Hoffman failed to present a separate, cogent argument with the appropriate standard of review regarding the trial court’s sentencing discretion, he has waived the issue for our review. See Foutch v. State, 53 N.E.3d 577, 580 n.1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (citing Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a)-(b)).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 46A03-1606-CR-1497 | March 21, 2017 Page 12 of 12