Judgment rendered April 13, 2022. Application for rehearing may be filed within the delay allowed by Art. 2166, La. C.C.P.
No. 54,397-CA
COURT OF APPEAL SECOND CIRCUIT STATE OF LOUISIANA
*****
KEVIN BELCHER Plaintiff-Appellant
versus
KAWANNA LATRELL Defendant-Appellee PACE
Appealed from the First Judicial District Court for the Parish of Caddo, Louisiana Trial Court No. 532,132
Honorable Brady O’Callaghan, Judge
HARRIS LAW FIRM, LLC Counsel for Appellant By: Courtney N. Harris
KAWANNA LATRELL PACE In Proper Person, Appellee
Before PITMAN, COX, and ROBINSON, JJ. ROBINSON, J.
Kevin Belcher (“Belcher”), the father, appeals a judgment designating
the mother, Kawanna Pace (“Pace”), as domiciliary parent of their minor
child, C.P., and awarding shared custody of C.P. to Belcher and Pace, with
exchanges made on a week-on and week-off basis.
FACTS
Belcher and Pace have one minor son together, C.P., whose date of
birth is November 15, 2007. Belcher became aware that he was the
biological father of C.P. in 2009 when DNA testing conducted as part of
child support proceedings confirmed by 99% that Belcher was the biological
father of C.P.
Judgment was rendered in May 2010 reflecting Belcher’s paternity
and ordering child support, which Belcher appealed. Another judgment was
rendered in September 2010 setting the child support amount. Belcher first
asserted a right to visitation or custody six years later by filing a petition to
establish custody in October 2016. A series of petitions was filed by
Belcher since October 2016, all of which were resolved with consent
judgments providing for shared custody, but containing no designation of
domiciliary parent. Compliance with those judgments has been imperfect on
both sides.
A mental health evaluation was conducted by Dr. Shelly Booker in
June 2017, as agreed to by Belcher and Pace in their most recent consent
judgment. After the completion of the evaluation, the court issued an
interim order on August 14, 2017, granting temporary custody of C.P. to
Belcher and awarding supervised visitation with Pace one day a week. Pace was further ordered to submit to a ten-panel drug test with Belcher bearing
all costs.
On November 20, 2017, a second interim order without prejudice was
issued whereby Belcher and Pace were awarded shared custody of C.P. with
exchanges on a week-on and week-off basis.
Interim orders issued thereafter maintained the shared custody of C.P.,
but Belcher was ordered to pay more child support and all expenses
associated with C.P.’s counseling, tutoring, and private school. Later
petitions requested to modify custody and name Belcher as the domiciliary
parent, but they were met with Pace’s allegations of Belcher’s contempt for
failure to adhere to the provisions of the previous orders.
Belcher filed a petition to modify custody on August 12, 2020, when
C.P. was twelve years old, alleging defects in Pace’s parenting, that the
minor child would prefer to live with him, and his superiority as a parent.
The matter was scheduled for hearing, and after testimony was adduced on
multiple occasions, was submitted for a considered decree to be entered.
Belcher was represented by counsel, while Pace no longer had counsel at the
time of the hearing. On November 16, 2020, the trial court denied Belcher’s
petition to modify custody and designated Pace as the domiciliary parent,
while continuing the shared custody arrangement. It is from this judgment
that Belcher now appeals.
Dr. Booker Evaluation
On June 21, 2017, Dr. Booker provided the results of her mental
health evaluation of Belcher and C.P. and her recommendations. Pace never
contacted Dr. Booker or submitted to the mental health evaluation. In part,
2 the evaluation report stated that C.P. expressed confusion over the number of
men that his mother had relationships with and introduced him to, and their
role and relationship with him. C.P. further expressed that his mother did
drugs and smoked weed, and he knew what “dope” was, explaining how his
mother rolled the weed in brown papers and smoked weed with friends.
C.P. further described to Dr. Booker about going to various homes and
seeing his mother buying marijuana and putting it in her bra to take back
home, and that she often drank beer and wine to the point that she would
vomit or pass out. He stated that he and his brother were in and out of
several homes in which marijuana was smoked, bought, or rolled, and that
Pace would drink more than she smoked. C.P. further stated that he would
take care of his mother when she was intoxicated or vomiting and described
vomit in the toilet that he would clean.
Dr. Booker further described, regarding the parent/child session with
Belcher and C.P., that it was noticeable that C.P. was responsive to the
direction of his father, Belcher, and that Belcher was calm but firm, and that
C.P. presented seeking and responding to a relationship with a father figure.
C.P. further expressed in detail to Dr. Booker hearing negative statements
from his mother about his father and communication from his mother about
the court case.
In the evaluation of Belcher only, Dr. Booker stated that Belcher
expressed understanding and supported the importance of C.P. having an
active, stable father. She acknowledged Belcher’s background of being a
local owner of a home repair business with over thirty-five rental properties.
Belcher also has two adult children, both successful, college graduates, who
3 maintain a strong bond with Belcher. Belcher’s youngest child resides with
him and is doing well in school, is active, and is overall, a happy child.
In the final recommendation, Dr. Booker expressed that Belcher is an
active father to his other children, who have been successful, and that he has
adapted his schedule to accommodate the needs of C.P. Due to the history
and other issues, C.P.’s behaviors and attitudes were initially challenging for
Belcher, but Dr. Booker noted that Belcher remained committed to
developing a relationship with C.P. Dr. Booker further noted that the
extended family of Belcher wanted to help and get to know C.P., which in
Dr. Booker’s opinion, was in the best interest of C.P.
Dr. Booker expressed concerns about the information C.P. presented
during his evaluation and the detailed reports of his mother’s alcohol and
drug abuse and recommended that the court further investigate the issues and
order a comprehensive drug screen to ascertain the validity of the
allegations. If the court deemed those allegations to be valid, Dr. Booker
recommended that C.P. would benefit from a stable home and consideration
of placement with Belcher and supervised visitation with his mother.
It was further recommended by Dr. Booker that due to Pace’s lack of
participation in the evaluation, she could not assess Pace or her relationship
with C.P., but recommended that the court review the allegations of alcohol
and drug use, the emotional and behavioral problems of C.P., the lack of
structure and supervision in Pace’s home, C.P.’s school problems and
medical needs, and stated that an increased presence of Belcher in C.P.’s life
would be beneficial.
4 Hearing Testimony
Pace was the first witness called by Belcher to testify at the custody
hearing. She first testified regarding her background. Pace is employed as a
security guard with a varying schedule. She has another minor child, K.P.
She receives caretaking assistance from her fiancé, grandmother, great-
grandmother, uncle, and great-uncle. Pace indicated that C.P. has ADHD
and a seizure disorder, with medicine prescribed for each condition. She
acknowledged that C.P. had occasionally stated that he preferred to live with
Belcher, but stated that she is opposed to any change in custody because she
has complied with court orders and Belcher has not, including Belcher’s
refusal to give C.P. his medication.
Donesa Walker, owner of Learning Rx, was also called by Belcher to
testify. Walker performed an assessment on C.P. in 2018, determining that
he had a low IQ and learning difference, but felt that enrollment in her
program would provide a 100% certainty of significant improvement of up
to 21 IQ points and 5.6 years of academic skill. She recommended C.P.’s
enrollment in the Shekinah Academy and the Learning Rx program, which
takes ten months and costs approximately $19,000.
Mr. Belcher then called Jeffrey Coleman, his brother. Coleman
testified that, based on his early contact with C.P., he told his brother to
“walk away from” the child because he was ill-mannered and illiterate. He
indicated that during the time that Belcher had been more active in C.P.’s
life, his behavior had dramatically improved. The court noted that
Coleman’s involvement with C.P. has been almost exclusively in the context
5 of Belcher’s family and he had no firsthand knowledge about the precise
nature of any disorders afflicting C.P.
Belcher called Donna Henderson, an LPC who saw C.P. in August
2020. C.P. was complaining about depression and was reluctant to
communicate. He told Henderson that he did not want to live with his
mother, but could not articulate a reason why. Henderson diagnosed C.P.
with ADHD and noted that C.P. indicated that, while his mother would
regularly give him his medication, his father would not. She stated that she
recommended a psychiatric evaluation, which her records indicated had not
happened. She stated that C.P. clearly needed therapy, but she was
unqualified to provide it, as he would need play therapy based on his limited
cognitive level, which she believed was equivalent to that of a 7 or 8-year-
old. She was not provided any information about past psychiatric or
psychological evaluations of C.P. It was never suggested that she contact
the mother for medical history.
Belcher called Letatia Norris, a physician’s assistant at Shreveport
Family Medicine. Norris signed off on a report dated May 18, 2017, that
documented behavioral issues, punctuality issues, and discipline issues
exhibited by C.P. and his half-brother when they were brought to the office
by Pace. However, the trial court noted that Norris had no information about
whether the challenges Pace experienced were due to having little to no
assistance in parenting from Belcher, as he only appeared on one occasion.
Norris also admitted that she had no personal observation of Pace’s
interaction with the staff. The children had not been to the clinic since 2017.
The court also noted that it contemplated excluding this testimony as
6 irrelevant on its own motion since the standard of proof requires that a
material change of circumstances must be shown from the existing consent
judgment, which was entered after all of these issues, but the testimony was
permitted since Pace made no objection. In addition, in Pace’s handwritten
brief, she pointed out that the testimony of Letatia Norris was not true and
that “she did not witness and did not see anything.”
Belcher testified. He first provided background about himself. He
has four children. His oldest is 31 years old, has a college degree, and drives
for FedEx. His second-oldest has a master’s degree and is working on his
doctorate. He also has a 13-year-old daughter who lives with him and has
no behavior issues.
Belcher acknowledged that he did not interact with C.P. until he was
eight years old. He admitted that he never formally sought access to his son
until he filed the petition in 2016. However, he wants to be the domiciliary
parent so that he can finish molding his son and keep him from getting in
trouble. He indicated that he wants the child for the entire summer and
during school, with Pace being given visitation only every other weekend
and evenings after C.P. is able to come to his worksites with him while he
works remodeling houses.
He testified that he gives C.P. his seizure medication but not ADHD
medication because he is not required to do so under court order. He does
not monitor C.P. taking the seizure medication. He did not put C.P. in
Learning Rx because the cost was so high and he was concerned that Pace
would not comply with the program. He indicated that he has paid for both
the Shekinah Academy and tutoring for C.P. Belcher admitted that he never
7 used the Our Family Wizard program to address his co-parenting concerns
with Pace, as had been required by the trial court.
Belcher complained that Pace does not cooperate with his parenting
requests and lacks control over C.P. He related that when he paid for braces
for C.P., Pace would allow him to eat things contraindicated by the
orthodontist. He admitted that he did not follow the recommendation to
bring C.P. for a psychiatric evaluation, claiming that he would have to find a
psychiatrist from out of town because he felt that all of the doctors in
Shreveport would go along with one another’s past recommendations.
Pace called her fiancé, Tyrone Plater, Jr., to testify. Plater indicated
that when C.P. returns from staying with his father, his behavior is difficult
at first but that it settles down. He testified on cross that he has two adult
children of his own from his ex-wife with whom he had joint custody.
The parties agreed to a court interview of C.P. in chambers with only
a court reporter present, pursuant to Watermeier v. Watermeier, 504 So. 2d
856 (La. 1987). The court observed that C.P. seemed slightly more limited
in conversation than other children his age, although it could have been
largely attributable to nervousness. C.P. indicated that he loves both of his
parents. His life is similar at both houses, in that he has siblings and chores
in each home. The court was disturbed at C.P.’s statement that his least
favorite thing in both households is being beaten with a belt. In his mother’s
home, Plater apparently administers corporal punishment, while at his
father’s home, his father does. Although his explanation was confusing,
C.P. stated that he sometimes prefers his dad’s house because he does not
always understand the discipline at his mother’s house. He indicated that he
8 was saddened that his mother was made fun of at his father’s house by his
father, his half-sister’s mother, and his half-sister, and that they used
derogatory language toward her. He stated that his mother does not do this
about his father.
DISCUSSION
Belcher contends that: (1) the trial court erred in its designation of
Pace as the domiciliary parent and not designating Belcher as the
domiciliary parent; (2) the trial court erred in not considering the testimony
of C.P. and that he preferred to reside primarily with Belcher; and (3) the
trial court erred in not applying the factors for the best interest of C.P. as
provided under La. C.C. art. 134.
Belcher notes that child custody decisions are reviewed under the
abuse of discretion standard. Smith v. Holloway, 53,352 (La. App. 2 Cir.
1/15/20), 289 So. 3d 647, citing Leard v. Schenker, 2006-1116 (La. 6/16/06),
931 So. 2d 355. The trial judge’s decision in child custody matters is
entitled to great weight, and his discretion will not be disturbed on review
absent a clear showing of abuse. Id. Smith v. Holloway, supra.
Designation of Domiciliary Parent; Best Interests of the Child
In his request for a modification, Belcher cited Mulkey vs. Mulkey,
2012-2709, (La. 5/7/13), 118 So. 3d 357. In Mulkey, the district court
modified a custody plan and named the father as the domiciliary parent,
terminated the father’s child support obligation and ordered the mother to
pay child support. The mother appealed. On appeal, the appellate court held
that evidence was insufficient to support the trial court’s determination that
the harm likely to be caused by the change of environment was substantially
9 outweighed by advantages the child would have if the father were the
domiciliary parent and had primary custody. The Louisiana Supreme Court
granted certiorari and held that the father proved by clear and convincing
evidence that the harm likely to be caused by a change of custody naming
him as domiciliary parent was substantially outweighed by its advantages to
the child, and the trial court properly accorded weight to the child’s
preference. The court of appeal was reversed and the trial court decision
was reinstated.
In this case, Belcher asserts that, like in Mulkey, the harmful effects
from a change of environment are substantially outweighed by the
advantages of naming Belcher as the domiciliary parent of C.P.
Belcher contends that C.P.’s behavior has significantly improved as a
result of his child-rearing decisions and active involvement in C.P.’s life,
and that C.P. has responded well to the stability and structure provided by
him that C.P. did not receive while in the home of Pace. Belcher further
asserts that during the timeframe C.P. was in his temporary sole custody,
granting supervised visitation to Pace, he continued to thrive and responded
well to the benefits derived from primarily residing with him. When custody
was modified to the week-on and week-off schedule, C.P. displayed signs
that he was not adjusting well, which can be detrimental considering his
mental disabilities and medical issues.
Belcher generally asserts that the trial court erred in its designation of
Pace as the domiciliary parent because it is not in the best interest of C.P.,
noting that the best interest of the child is the paramount consideration in
determining child custody. La. C.C. art. 131. He argues that the best
10 interest of the child is the sole criterion to be met in making a custody
award, as the trial court sits as a sort of fiduciary on behalf of the child and
must pursue actively that course of conduct which will be of the greatest
benefit to the child. Vidrine v. Vidrine, 2017-722 (La. App. 3 Cir. 5/2/18),
245 So. 3d 1266.
Belcher believes, based on Pace’s actions, that Pace does not desire or
do what is in C.P.’s best interest. He claims that when Pace was making
sole decisions pertaining to C.P., C.P. was suffering in school and
experiencing medical conditions that required treatment and counseling. He
argues that, despite receiving SSI benefits that not only provided financial
means for the support of C.P., but access to counseling and tutoring, medical
professionals, therapy, etc., Pace failed to do anything beyond what was
required to maintain SSI payments.
Belcher argues that the trial court erred in its application of La. C.C.
art. 134, which provides a list of factors for the trial court to consider in
determining a child’s best interest in custody matters, as to the following
factors:
• Factor (3): The capacity and disposition of each party to give the love, affection, and spiritual guidance and to continue the education and rearing of the child. • Factor (4): The capacity and disposition of each party to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care, and other material needs. • Factor (5): The length of time the child has lived in a stable, adequate environment, and the desirability of maintaining continuity of that environment. • Factor (6): The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial home or homes. • Factor (7): The moral fitness of each party, insofar as it affects the welfare of the child. • Factor (8): The history of substance abuse, violence, or criminal activity of any party.
11 • Factor (9): The mental and physical health of each party. Evidence that an abused parent suffers from the effects of past abuse by the other parent shall not be grounds for denying that parent custody. • Factor (10): The home, school, and community history of the child. • Factor (11): The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference. • Factor (12): The willingness and ability of each party to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing relationship between the child and the other party, except when objectively substantial evidence of specific abusive, reckless, or illegal conduct has caused one party to have reasonable concerns for the child’s safety or well-being while in the care of the other party. • Factor (14): The responsibility for the care and rearing of the child previously exercised by each party.
Belcher goes into detail as to how his custody of C.P. is in C.P.’s best
interest as supported specifically by each of the referenced factors.
In response, the trial court elaborated on the decision in Mulkey,
wherein the court found several facts which supported a finding of a material
change of circumstances from a considered decree, under the higher
Bergeron standard. The Supreme Court summarized:
At the outset, we agree with the trial court’s finding that a material change in circumstances has occurred since 2004. It is clear from the record that the dynamics of both households have changed since the previous custody order. Matthew’s age, Vicki’s change of employment and work schedule, Phillip’s change in home environment and Matthew’s academic performance are all changes that materially affect Matthew’s welfare.
Mulkey, supra.
In cases where the original custody decree is a stipulated judgment,
such as when the parties consent to a custodial arrangement, and no evidence
of parental fitness is taken, the heavy burden of proof enunciated in
Bergeron is inapplicable. Wages v. Wages, 39,819 (La. App. 2d Cir.
3/24/05), 899 So. 2d 662; Hensgens v. Hensgens, 1994-1200 (La. App. 3
12 Cir. 3/15/95), 653 So. 2d 48, writ denied, 660 So. 2d 478 (La. 9/22/95). In
such cases, the party seeking modification has the twofold burden of proving
(1) that there has been a material change in circumstances since the original
custody decree, and (2) that the proposed modification is in the best interest
of the child. Lawrence v. Lawrence, 49,373 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/13/14), 147
So. 3d 821.
The trial court examined the facts in this case to compare and contrast
with the facts in Mulkey, while taking into consideration the best interest of
the child. The trial court found this case to be distinguishable from Mulkey,
in that any changes in the household dynamics, not proven at trial to be
recent, have been improvements in the stability of C.P.’s life under the
consent agreements. While there is evidence that Belcher has been a
positive influence on C.P. since his involvement in C.P.’s life, providing
guidance and financial support, the trial court found that nothing has
suggested any change in circumstances since the consent judgments were
entered. Any critique of Pace’s parenting would have been from Pace’s
actions prior to the entering of the most recent consent judgment.
The trial court noted that Belcher takes the position that, despite his
admission on the stand that he took no interest in rearing his child for almost
six years, he is infinitely more qualified than Pace to do so. The central
theme of Belcher’s argument seems to be that because his involvement in
C.P.’s life was good, more must be better. However, the court noted several
instances of Belcher’s noncompliance with the standing consent judgments
and court orders. Belcher has not complied with orders pertaining to the use
of the Our Family Wizard communication program. He does not monitor
13 C.P. taking his medication, essentially trusting the medication regimen for
seizure prevention to the discipline of C.P., who shows maturity consistent
with an 8-year-old. He took C.P. to a counselor to document that he wants
to stay with Belcher, but did not comply with that counselor’s
recommendations regarding psychiatric care. He ignores the court’s
instructions regarding derogatory language about Pace and permits it not
only from his live-in girlfriend, but also from C.P.’s half sibling. The court
placed particular emphasis on Belcher’s failure to fund the Learning Rx
program, finding it was the largest disruption since the standing consent
judgment.
The trial court found that Belcher failed to meet his burden under
Mulkey of proving a material change in circumstance from its standing
consent judgment. It found that there was no change of circumstances to
support a modification, let alone a material change. The trial court did
indirectly reference several of the factors listed under La. C.C. art. 134,
discussing numerous facts it found to be in C.P.’s best interest, although it
did not specifically delve into each, including those argued by Belcher. The
trial court denied Belcher’s petition to modify custody and designated Pace
as the domiciliary parent of C.P., ordering continued shared custody of C.P.
on a week-on, week-off basis, to be in the best interest of C.P. The court
made some adjustments to the judgment for clarification and to reiterate
some existing provisions, since they had been ignored by Belcher.
This Court agrees with the finding of the trial court that there has been
little, if any, change of circumstances to support a custody modification
under the Mulkey standard. Also, while we applaud Belcher for his
14 involvement in C.P.’s upbringing and recognize he has made a positive
impact in his life, we agree with the trial court’s stance that those changes
were made prior to the standing consent judgments such that they would not
support a custody modification.
Child’s Preference
Belcher asserts that the trial court erred by not considering the
testimony of C.P. and that he preferred to reside primarily in the residence of
Belcher. He argues that, overall, C.P. expressed “more desire than not” to
reside primarily with him. He notes that the comment made by C.P. that his
father negatively spoke about his mother was contradictory to C.P.’s mental
health evaluation with Dr. Booker.
It is unclear from the trial court’s judgment whether or not it
considered the testimony of C.P., as this factor is not specifically mentioned.
In any event, this Court finds that any failure of the trial court to consider the
child’s preference to be reasonable, given the conflicting testimony
regarding the issue and C.P.’s mental capacity.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, at Belcher’s costs, this Court affirms the
trial court’s judgment designating the mother of C.P., Kawanna Pace, as
domiciliary parent of the minor child, and awarding shared custody of C.P.
to Kevin Belcher and Kawanna Pace, with exchanges made on a week-on,
week-off basis.
AFFIRMED.