Gillett, C. J.
— Appellants, seven in number, com.menced this action to enjoin the enforcement of a vehicle tax ordinance. In their several paragraphs of complaint they claim to sue not only for themselves but for all others similarly situated. A demurrer was sustained to each paragraph of said complaint, and appellants prosecute their appeal from the final judgment which followed.
The facts averred are so far similar to the facts alleged in City of Terre Haute v. Kersey, 159 Ind. 300, as to [472]*472suggest the query whether this is not in effect an attempt to obtain a rehearing of that ease. However, as the questions here involved have at their root the consideration as to whether the ordinance invidiously discriminates against the property of appellants and those on whose behalf they claim to sue, and as the complaint in its several paragraphs appears to have been drafted with a purpose of manifesting the inequalities in the operation of the ordinance, we shall pass on the questions presented for our consideration.
The opinion in the case of City of Terre Haute v. Kersey, supra, contains a very full statement of the averments of fact found in the complaint therein involved, and as all of the averments are, in substance, found in the complaint we are aboirt to consider, we refer to such' opinion as containing a statement of the averments of fact which are common to the two cases. Building upon said common facts, thq complaint herein is constructed with a view to manifest particular local conditions which it is claimed make the ordinance invidious in its operation. Disregarding the particular forms of the averments, it may be said that the complaint assails the ordinance because it is so framed that the following vehicles are not taxed: street cars; vehicles, similar to those of appellants, belonging to many nonresidents who habitually use the streets óf the city; and automobiles. It is further objected that bicycles, which, it is alleged, are noninjurious to the streets, are taxed at the same rate as certain vehicles having steel tires.
It is claimed by counsel for appellants that the ordinance violates §23 of article 1, and §22 of article 4 of the state Constitution, and that it amounts to a denial-of the equal protection of the laws within the prohibition of the fourteenth amendment to the federal Constitution.
We think that we may consider the first and third objections as involving what are, to a large extent, kindred questions. No doubt exists as to the power of cities to [473]*473pass proper ordinances for the taxation of vehicles using the streets. The ordinance may therefore he said to represent the judgment of the municipal legislature that such ordinance contains a proper classification of the subjects of taxation, and while such ordinance may bo void on constitutional grounds, or as a palpably improper exercise of a granted power, yet due consideration must be given to the fact that we have before us a scheme of municipal taxation, and that in the exercise of the authority granted there must be classification, in order that the burden of raising a special fund for the repair of the streets may rest in due proportion upon those who ought to bear such burden. It is to be recollected that we do not have before us a question as to the proper construction of §1 of article 10 of the state Constitution, for that section relates to the assessment of taxes on property according to its value. City of Terre Haute v. Kersey, supra. See, also, Bank of the State v. City of New Albany, 11 Ind. 139; Hamilton v. City of Ft. Wayne, 40 Ind. 491. For this reason the power to tax, so far as constitutional objections are concerned, would seem to be in this instance untrammeled, except that invidious discrimination will not be countenanced. As applied to a case arising as d®,es the one before us, it may be said: “There is no imperative requirement that taxation shall 'be equal. If there were, the operations of government must come to a stop, from the absolute impossibility of fulfilling it. The most casual attention to the nature and operation of taxeb will put this beyond question. No single tax can be apportioned so as to be exactly just, and any combination of taxes is likely in individual cases to increase instead of diminishing the inequality.” Cooley, Taxation (3d ed.), 254. “A just and perfect system of taxation,” as was said hy Chancellor Kent, “is yet a 'desideratum in civil government.” It. was stated by Sharswood, J., in Grim v. Weissenberg School Dist., 57 Pa. St. 433, 98 Am. Dec. 237, that “per[474]*474fectly equal taxation will remain an unattainable good as long as laws and government and men are imperfect.” The power to tax is essentially legislative in its character, and it is not required, under the constitutional provisions we are now considering, that there should be such an exact exclusion and inclusion of the subjects of taxation as to meet fully the approval of the judicial mind as to what is reasonable. DePauw v. City of New Albany, 22 Ind. 204; State Board, etc., v. Holliday, 150 Ind. 216, 42 L. R. A. 826; McCulloch v. State of Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316; Providence Bank v. Billings, 4 Pet. 514, 7 L. Ed. 939; Delaware Railroad, 18 Wall. 206, 21 L. Ed. 888; Rees v. City of Watertown, 19 Wall. 107, 22 L. Ed. 72; Heine v. Levee Commissioners, 19 Wall. 655, 22 L. Ed. 223; State Railroad Tax Cases, 92 U. S. 575, 23 L. Ed. 663; Thomas v. Gay, 169 U. S. 264, 18 Sup. Ct. 340, 42 L. Ed. 740; People, ex rel., v. Mayor, etc., 4 N. Y. 419, 55 Am. Dec. 266; Maltby v. Reading, etc., R. Co., 52 Pa. St. 140; In the Matter of Dorrance Street, 4 R. I. 230; Plumer v. Board, etc., 46 Wis. 163, 50 N. W. 416; McHenry v. Downer, 116 Cal. 20, 47 Pac. 779, 45 L. R. A. 737. It is only palpable abuses of the power that the courts assume to overthrow. Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Sav. Bank, 170 U. S. 283, 18 Sup. Ct. 594, 42 L. Ed. 1037; Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 8 Wall. 533, 19 L. Ed. 482; Meriwether v. Garrett, 102 U. S. 472, 26 L. Ed. 197; Bridge Proprietors v. State, 21 N. J. L. 384; Crafts v. Ray, 22 R. I. 179, 46 Atl. 1043, 49 L. R. A. 604; Sears v. Cottrell, 5 Mich. 250; Robertson v. Commissioner, etc., 44 Mich. 274, 6 N. W. 659; Pence v. City of Frankfort, 101 Ky. 534, 41 S. W. 1011; Cooley, Taxation (3d ed.), 47, 77.
It has been declared by the Supreipe Court of the United States that the fourteenth amendment was not intended to compel the state to adopt an iron rule of equal taxation (Giozza v. Tierman, 148 U. S. 657, 13 Sup. Ct. 721, [475]*47537 L. Ed. 599), and also that that amendment was not intended “to subvert the systems of the states pertaining to general and special taxation.” Cass Farm Co. v. Detroit,
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Gillett, C. J.
— Appellants, seven in number, com.menced this action to enjoin the enforcement of a vehicle tax ordinance. In their several paragraphs of complaint they claim to sue not only for themselves but for all others similarly situated. A demurrer was sustained to each paragraph of said complaint, and appellants prosecute their appeal from the final judgment which followed.
The facts averred are so far similar to the facts alleged in City of Terre Haute v. Kersey, 159 Ind. 300, as to [472]*472suggest the query whether this is not in effect an attempt to obtain a rehearing of that ease. However, as the questions here involved have at their root the consideration as to whether the ordinance invidiously discriminates against the property of appellants and those on whose behalf they claim to sue, and as the complaint in its several paragraphs appears to have been drafted with a purpose of manifesting the inequalities in the operation of the ordinance, we shall pass on the questions presented for our consideration.
The opinion in the case of City of Terre Haute v. Kersey, supra, contains a very full statement of the averments of fact found in the complaint therein involved, and as all of the averments are, in substance, found in the complaint we are aboirt to consider, we refer to such' opinion as containing a statement of the averments of fact which are common to the two cases. Building upon said common facts, thq complaint herein is constructed with a view to manifest particular local conditions which it is claimed make the ordinance invidious in its operation. Disregarding the particular forms of the averments, it may be said that the complaint assails the ordinance because it is so framed that the following vehicles are not taxed: street cars; vehicles, similar to those of appellants, belonging to many nonresidents who habitually use the streets óf the city; and automobiles. It is further objected that bicycles, which, it is alleged, are noninjurious to the streets, are taxed at the same rate as certain vehicles having steel tires.
It is claimed by counsel for appellants that the ordinance violates §23 of article 1, and §22 of article 4 of the state Constitution, and that it amounts to a denial-of the equal protection of the laws within the prohibition of the fourteenth amendment to the federal Constitution.
We think that we may consider the first and third objections as involving what are, to a large extent, kindred questions. No doubt exists as to the power of cities to [473]*473pass proper ordinances for the taxation of vehicles using the streets. The ordinance may therefore he said to represent the judgment of the municipal legislature that such ordinance contains a proper classification of the subjects of taxation, and while such ordinance may bo void on constitutional grounds, or as a palpably improper exercise of a granted power, yet due consideration must be given to the fact that we have before us a scheme of municipal taxation, and that in the exercise of the authority granted there must be classification, in order that the burden of raising a special fund for the repair of the streets may rest in due proportion upon those who ought to bear such burden. It is to be recollected that we do not have before us a question as to the proper construction of §1 of article 10 of the state Constitution, for that section relates to the assessment of taxes on property according to its value. City of Terre Haute v. Kersey, supra. See, also, Bank of the State v. City of New Albany, 11 Ind. 139; Hamilton v. City of Ft. Wayne, 40 Ind. 491. For this reason the power to tax, so far as constitutional objections are concerned, would seem to be in this instance untrammeled, except that invidious discrimination will not be countenanced. As applied to a case arising as d®,es the one before us, it may be said: “There is no imperative requirement that taxation shall 'be equal. If there were, the operations of government must come to a stop, from the absolute impossibility of fulfilling it. The most casual attention to the nature and operation of taxeb will put this beyond question. No single tax can be apportioned so as to be exactly just, and any combination of taxes is likely in individual cases to increase instead of diminishing the inequality.” Cooley, Taxation (3d ed.), 254. “A just and perfect system of taxation,” as was said hy Chancellor Kent, “is yet a 'desideratum in civil government.” It. was stated by Sharswood, J., in Grim v. Weissenberg School Dist., 57 Pa. St. 433, 98 Am. Dec. 237, that “per[474]*474fectly equal taxation will remain an unattainable good as long as laws and government and men are imperfect.” The power to tax is essentially legislative in its character, and it is not required, under the constitutional provisions we are now considering, that there should be such an exact exclusion and inclusion of the subjects of taxation as to meet fully the approval of the judicial mind as to what is reasonable. DePauw v. City of New Albany, 22 Ind. 204; State Board, etc., v. Holliday, 150 Ind. 216, 42 L. R. A. 826; McCulloch v. State of Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316; Providence Bank v. Billings, 4 Pet. 514, 7 L. Ed. 939; Delaware Railroad, 18 Wall. 206, 21 L. Ed. 888; Rees v. City of Watertown, 19 Wall. 107, 22 L. Ed. 72; Heine v. Levee Commissioners, 19 Wall. 655, 22 L. Ed. 223; State Railroad Tax Cases, 92 U. S. 575, 23 L. Ed. 663; Thomas v. Gay, 169 U. S. 264, 18 Sup. Ct. 340, 42 L. Ed. 740; People, ex rel., v. Mayor, etc., 4 N. Y. 419, 55 Am. Dec. 266; Maltby v. Reading, etc., R. Co., 52 Pa. St. 140; In the Matter of Dorrance Street, 4 R. I. 230; Plumer v. Board, etc., 46 Wis. 163, 50 N. W. 416; McHenry v. Downer, 116 Cal. 20, 47 Pac. 779, 45 L. R. A. 737. It is only palpable abuses of the power that the courts assume to overthrow. Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Sav. Bank, 170 U. S. 283, 18 Sup. Ct. 594, 42 L. Ed. 1037; Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 8 Wall. 533, 19 L. Ed. 482; Meriwether v. Garrett, 102 U. S. 472, 26 L. Ed. 197; Bridge Proprietors v. State, 21 N. J. L. 384; Crafts v. Ray, 22 R. I. 179, 46 Atl. 1043, 49 L. R. A. 604; Sears v. Cottrell, 5 Mich. 250; Robertson v. Commissioner, etc., 44 Mich. 274, 6 N. W. 659; Pence v. City of Frankfort, 101 Ky. 534, 41 S. W. 1011; Cooley, Taxation (3d ed.), 47, 77.
It has been declared by the Supreipe Court of the United States that the fourteenth amendment was not intended to compel the state to adopt an iron rule of equal taxation (Giozza v. Tierman, 148 U. S. 657, 13 Sup. Ct. 721, [475]*47537 L. Ed. 599), and also that that amendment was not intended “to subvert the systems of the states pertaining to general and special taxation.” Cass Farm Co. v. Detroit, 181 U. S. 396, 21 Sup. Ct. 644, 45 L. Ed. 914.
We do not mean to assert that cases might not arise of such palpable abuse in the exercise of the power of taxation as to call on the court to apply either or both of the constitutional provisions now under consideration. We are not concerned, however, with the ascertainment of the last outpost in which the discretion of the municipal council can intrench. itself. The question is whether the particular ordinance is open to objection. We think it too plain to need elaboration that in the exorcise of the power of classification the council was authorized to exclude from its scheme of taxation electric street cars and automobiles. These vehicles were perhaps omitted because the common council concluded that their use did not cause any substantial wear upon the pavements. So far as automobiles are concerned we are not advised, and 'there is no averment that they were in common use at the time of the enactment of the ordinance.
As to the omission to tax generally the vehicles of nonresidents, a question of a little more difficulty is presented. It is to be observed that §2 of the or dinanee does impose a tax upon such vehicles as are used by persons living without the city in hauling ice, coal, brick, sewer-pipe or tiling, or in peddling milk, over and upon the streets of the city. Although the complaint avers that many nonresidents of the city constantly use upon the streets thereof the same kinds of vehicles for the irse of which appellants are taxed, yet we do not think that this will overthrow the ordinance. Nonresidents, as a class, it maybe presumed, use the streets of the city less than residents; some nonresidents use such streets much less than other nonresidents, and the extent of the user of such streets by nonresidents must, in the nature of things, be ever varying. There seems to have [476]*476been an attempt, in tlie ordinance under consideration, to subject certain vehicles of nonresidents to a tax, and as to the untaxed vehicles of nonresidents, we think that the difficulty of classifying them on a reasonably just and equal basis afforded a sufficient reason, in the discretion of the council, for the omission complained of.
The ordinance in question purports to be an exorcise of a delegated power of taxation. As shown, the exercise of such a power involves the duty of classification, and it is our judgment that a scheme of classification in such an ordinance that does not radically depart from what is reasonable is not to be subjected to judicial condemnation-by facts dehors the ordinance.
It was said in Citizens Gas, etc., Co. v. Town of Elwood, 114 Ind. 332, that the word “ordinance” means “a local law, prescribing a general and permanent rule.” Scott, J., in Taylor v. City of Carondelet, 22 Mo. 105, said, in substance, a city council is a miniature general assembly, and their authorized ordinances have the force of laws passed by the legislature of the state. In Hopkins v. Mayor, etc., 4 M. & W. 621, 640, Lord Abinger said: “The by-law has the same effect within its limits, and with respect to persons upon whom it lawfully operates, as an act of parliament has upon the subjects at large.” It would be unfortunate, if not wholly inconsonant with the character of a local law, that the question as to its validity should, in suits for its enforcement, become a mixed matter of law and fact, to be sometimes upheld by juries and sometimes overthrown by them, and that shifting local conditions should be an element to be considered in determining its validity at different times. It may be that some ordinances might be overthrown by averment and proof manifesting that in their actual application, although fair upon their face, they were plainly calculated to deprive arbitrarily a citizen or a class of citizens of some fundamental right. The ease of Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356, 6 Sup. Ct. [477]*4771064, 3'0 L. Eel. 220, may possibly carry with it this intimation, and this would perhaps be a proper holding in some extreme cases, if rights guaranteed in^the very structure of government are to be upheld as against the forms of law, but it would take a stronger cáse than the one at bar to induce ws to hold that extrinsic facts could be averred and proved to show that a scheme of classification, devised by a city council for the purposes of taxation, impinged upon constitutional right.
The power to enact the particular ordinance, if it esists at all, must be said to be by virtue of the act of March 2, 1897, which purports to grant to incorporated cities generally the power to “license, tax and regulate vehicles.” The prohibition of §22 of article 4 of the state Constitution seems to be directed in terms to the enactment of statutes upon a certain class of subjects, but even if the prohibition extends to ordinances providing for taxatiqn, since the power to'tax on the part of the municipality is a derivative one, we do not think that a classification that may be otherwise uphold as within the scope of the power to classify in the selection of the subjects of taxation offends against said section. See Palmer v. Stumph, 29 Ind. 329.
As to the matter of bicycles, it might be admitted that the ordinance was invalid, without affecting the other provisions thereof; but, as the averment is that nearly all of the plaintiffs own bicycles, we think that this objection may be disposed of by the suggestion that a cause of action is not shown in all of the appellants in this particular. It may also be suggested that it is not averred that any of said bicycles are used upon the streets of said city, so as to be subject to the tax. It was held in City of Terre Haute v. Kersey, supra, that the ordinance in question was a taxing ordinance. Eor this reason we have no occasion to consider the power of the city to license and regulate vehicles under the act of 1897.
Judgment affirmed.