Opinion of the Court by
Judge Hobson
Reversing.
On September 29,1903, H. K. Cole, desiring to borrow $2.250 from the National Deposit Bank of Owensboro, Kentucky, executed a note for that sum payable in four months to the order of James H. Parrish, which was endorsed by Parrish and discounted by the hank. The note [134]*134was renewed from time to time at maturity, Cole paying the interest until September 9, 1905, when he paid $250 of the principal and delivered to the bank a note of the Kenyon Realty Company signed by himself as the president of the company and payable to his order. The note was endorsed by Parrish and forty-five shares of stock in the Kenyon Realty Company held by Cole were placea as collateral on the note. The bank accepted the note of the Kenyon Realty Company in satisfaction of the debt which it held against Cole. This note was renewed from time to time, Cole paying the interest by a check of the Kenyon Realty Company at each renewal of the note and charging the amount of the check to his personal account-. Finally Cole failed and this suit was brought by the bank against the Kenyon Realty Company to recover on the last renewal note. The company, when sued by the bank on the no'te, defended upon the ground that it owed Cole nothing; but on the contrary he was in debt to it, and had no authority as president to execute its note to himself to pay his own debt. At the conclusion of the evidence which showed the facts above stated, the court refused to instruct the jury peremptorily' to find for the defendant and gave the jury instructions under which they found for the plaintiff. The defendant appeals.
There is no contradiction in' the evidence as to the facts, and so the first question arising in the case is: Was the Realty-Company responsible to the bank on a note- made by Cole himself, payable to Ms own order, which he negotiated to the bank in payment of his own debt, when in fact the Realty Company owed him nothing?
In Claflin v. Farmers Bank, 25 N. Y. 293, Houghton, the president of the bank who had authority to certify checks, certified a check drawn by himself which passed into the hands of a bank who claimed to be a bona fide holder without notice. Denying this contention, the court said: ‘ ‘ The difficulty in the way of this conclusion, however, is that the want of authority in Mr. Houghton to bind the' ’bank,'appeared upon the face of the «heck. There could be no bona fide holder of such an instrument. * * The double relation in which Mr. Houghton stood alóne, rendered it void, and of this the plaintiffs were apprised by the check. ’ ’
A recovery was refused. In Stainback v. Bank of Virginia, 11 Grat. 269, the agent who had authority to [135]*135endorse bills, endorsed a bill in tbe name of bis principal for his own benefit. Tbe bank knew that be was using tbe paper to pay bis own debt, and was held not entitled to recovery. In stating tbe reasons for denying a recovery, the court said: “In every stage of tbe proceeding with which tbe bank was connected it was perfectly apparent that tbe business of tbe agent and not of tbe principal was to be promoted.”
In New York Iron Mine v. First National Bank of Negaunee, 39 Mich. 644, an agent having authority to make bills for bis principal, made a note in tbe name of bis principal, payable to himself, and negotiated it to tbe bank to pay bis own debt. The court held that the fact that on the face of tbe paper he appeared to be acting in two capacities, one of which might be antagonistic to tbe other, imposed upon the party taking tbe paper the obligation of special care in inquiring into his authority. In Park Hotel Co. v. Fourth National Bank of St. Louis, 30 C. C. A., 409, tbe president of a corporation made a note in the name of tbe corporation to himself and discounted it to tbe bank on bis own account. Judge San-born, speaking for tbe court and refusing a recovery, said:
“General authority to conduct the business and to issue the promissory notes of a corporation is authority to do those acts for corporate purposes, and in the interest of the corporation only. It does not include the power to do them for the exclusive benefit of others, to the detriment of the corporation. And while a promissory note, made by an agent or officer having such authority, in the usual form, and taken by a stranger -in the ordinary course of business, carries with it the presumption that it was issued for corporate purposes, and under lawful authority, a note issued by such an agent, payable to himself, is accompanied by no such presumption, but is itself notice that it is without the scope of his general power, and that lit does not bind his principal, unless its execution was specially authorized by the corporation, through its directors or officers, other than the agent to whom it is payable. Such a note is a danger signal, which the discounter or purchaser disregards at his peril. It is notice to him that, if it is contested, he cannct recover upon it, under any general an • thority in the agent or at all, unless he proves that the agent was specially authorized to make that particular [136]*136transaction,, or to make contracts of the corporation with himself.”- ■ •
: Onr own opinions are to the same effect. In Chemical National-Bank v. Wagner, 93 Ivy. 528, the president.of the corporation issued the.notes of a corporation for his own personal benefit, the notes showing upon their face that they were issued by. the payee as agent of the corporation. It was held that the notes were prima facie void at the option of .the corporation. The court said: “Now the notes bear upon their, face the conclusive evidence of the ■fact.that they, were issued by Mr.,-Matthews, as agent, to hinisélf.as principal,.which was notice of itself to -the appellants that the notes were void at the instance of the company, which destroyed their immunity as innocent purchasers, and consequently they, could not ■ recover thereon unless -they could show that the company, by its superior officer, authorized so to do, or its board of directors, with like authority, authorized Mr. Matthews to thus issue the notes.”
■:.-Tke rule thus announced was followed in Trapp v. Fidelity National Bank, 101 Ky. 485, and in Mathis v. Bank of Taylorsville, 32 R. 200. In the latter case a farmer had given his son a power of attorney authorizing him to transact his business and to make notes and draw cheeks. The son fell in debt to the bank and thereupon executed to the bank a note in the name of his father to cover the indebtedness. It was held that in so far as the .-note represented the indebtedness of the son there could be no recovery by the bank. So here, while Cole as president-of the Realty Company may have had authority to "make notes in the transaction of the company’s business, he had no authority to execute the company’s note to himself- to be used in paying his own debt to the bank, and when the bank accepted the note so executed the facts appearing on the face of the paper were sufficient .to put it on 'inquiry, and it is not therefore a bona fide purchaser without notice.
But it is insisted for the bank that the Kenyon Realty Company had only three directors, James II. Parrish, Cole and Mrs. Jesse M. Parrish, and that a majority of the directors, Cole and James II. Parrish, were cognizant of the transaction and consented to it. But Cole and James H. Parrish were both bound for the debt. They had no authority as directors to use the funds of the company to pay their own debt, and if all of the directors had [137]
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Opinion of the Court by
Judge Hobson
Reversing.
On September 29,1903, H. K. Cole, desiring to borrow $2.250 from the National Deposit Bank of Owensboro, Kentucky, executed a note for that sum payable in four months to the order of James H. Parrish, which was endorsed by Parrish and discounted by the hank. The note [134]*134was renewed from time to time at maturity, Cole paying the interest until September 9, 1905, when he paid $250 of the principal and delivered to the bank a note of the Kenyon Realty Company signed by himself as the president of the company and payable to his order. The note was endorsed by Parrish and forty-five shares of stock in the Kenyon Realty Company held by Cole were placea as collateral on the note. The bank accepted the note of the Kenyon Realty Company in satisfaction of the debt which it held against Cole. This note was renewed from time to time, Cole paying the interest by a check of the Kenyon Realty Company at each renewal of the note and charging the amount of the check to his personal account-. Finally Cole failed and this suit was brought by the bank against the Kenyon Realty Company to recover on the last renewal note. The company, when sued by the bank on the no'te, defended upon the ground that it owed Cole nothing; but on the contrary he was in debt to it, and had no authority as president to execute its note to himself to pay his own debt. At the conclusion of the evidence which showed the facts above stated, the court refused to instruct the jury peremptorily' to find for the defendant and gave the jury instructions under which they found for the plaintiff. The defendant appeals.
There is no contradiction in' the evidence as to the facts, and so the first question arising in the case is: Was the Realty-Company responsible to the bank on a note- made by Cole himself, payable to Ms own order, which he negotiated to the bank in payment of his own debt, when in fact the Realty Company owed him nothing?
In Claflin v. Farmers Bank, 25 N. Y. 293, Houghton, the president of the bank who had authority to certify checks, certified a check drawn by himself which passed into the hands of a bank who claimed to be a bona fide holder without notice. Denying this contention, the court said: ‘ ‘ The difficulty in the way of this conclusion, however, is that the want of authority in Mr. Houghton to bind the' ’bank,'appeared upon the face of the «heck. There could be no bona fide holder of such an instrument. * * The double relation in which Mr. Houghton stood alóne, rendered it void, and of this the plaintiffs were apprised by the check. ’ ’
A recovery was refused. In Stainback v. Bank of Virginia, 11 Grat. 269, the agent who had authority to [135]*135endorse bills, endorsed a bill in tbe name of bis principal for his own benefit. Tbe bank knew that be was using tbe paper to pay bis own debt, and was held not entitled to recovery. In stating tbe reasons for denying a recovery, the court said: “In every stage of tbe proceeding with which tbe bank was connected it was perfectly apparent that tbe business of tbe agent and not of tbe principal was to be promoted.”
In New York Iron Mine v. First National Bank of Negaunee, 39 Mich. 644, an agent having authority to make bills for bis principal, made a note in tbe name of bis principal, payable to himself, and negotiated it to tbe bank to pay bis own debt. The court held that the fact that on the face of tbe paper he appeared to be acting in two capacities, one of which might be antagonistic to tbe other, imposed upon the party taking tbe paper the obligation of special care in inquiring into his authority. In Park Hotel Co. v. Fourth National Bank of St. Louis, 30 C. C. A., 409, tbe president of a corporation made a note in the name of tbe corporation to himself and discounted it to tbe bank on bis own account. Judge San-born, speaking for tbe court and refusing a recovery, said:
“General authority to conduct the business and to issue the promissory notes of a corporation is authority to do those acts for corporate purposes, and in the interest of the corporation only. It does not include the power to do them for the exclusive benefit of others, to the detriment of the corporation. And while a promissory note, made by an agent or officer having such authority, in the usual form, and taken by a stranger -in the ordinary course of business, carries with it the presumption that it was issued for corporate purposes, and under lawful authority, a note issued by such an agent, payable to himself, is accompanied by no such presumption, but is itself notice that it is without the scope of his general power, and that lit does not bind his principal, unless its execution was specially authorized by the corporation, through its directors or officers, other than the agent to whom it is payable. Such a note is a danger signal, which the discounter or purchaser disregards at his peril. It is notice to him that, if it is contested, he cannct recover upon it, under any general an • thority in the agent or at all, unless he proves that the agent was specially authorized to make that particular [136]*136transaction,, or to make contracts of the corporation with himself.”- ■ •
: Onr own opinions are to the same effect. In Chemical National-Bank v. Wagner, 93 Ivy. 528, the president.of the corporation issued the.notes of a corporation for his own personal benefit, the notes showing upon their face that they were issued by. the payee as agent of the corporation. It was held that the notes were prima facie void at the option of .the corporation. The court said: “Now the notes bear upon their, face the conclusive evidence of the ■fact.that they, were issued by Mr.,-Matthews, as agent, to hinisélf.as principal,.which was notice of itself to -the appellants that the notes were void at the instance of the company, which destroyed their immunity as innocent purchasers, and consequently they, could not ■ recover thereon unless -they could show that the company, by its superior officer, authorized so to do, or its board of directors, with like authority, authorized Mr. Matthews to thus issue the notes.”
■:.-Tke rule thus announced was followed in Trapp v. Fidelity National Bank, 101 Ky. 485, and in Mathis v. Bank of Taylorsville, 32 R. 200. In the latter case a farmer had given his son a power of attorney authorizing him to transact his business and to make notes and draw cheeks. The son fell in debt to the bank and thereupon executed to the bank a note in the name of his father to cover the indebtedness. It was held that in so far as the .-note represented the indebtedness of the son there could be no recovery by the bank. So here, while Cole as president-of the Realty Company may have had authority to "make notes in the transaction of the company’s business, he had no authority to execute the company’s note to himself- to be used in paying his own debt to the bank, and when the bank accepted the note so executed the facts appearing on the face of the paper were sufficient .to put it on 'inquiry, and it is not therefore a bona fide purchaser without notice.
But it is insisted for the bank that the Kenyon Realty Company had only three directors, James II. Parrish, Cole and Mrs. Jesse M. Parrish, and that a majority of the directors, Cole and James II. Parrish, were cognizant of the transaction and consented to it. But Cole and James H. Parrish were both bound for the debt. They had no authority as directors to use the funds of the company to pay their own debt, and if all of the directors had [137]*137concurred in using the funds of the company .to pay a private debt on which they were all bound, and on which the corporation was not bound, the transaction would be void. The rule that an agent cannot use the property of his principal to pay his own debt applies to all agents of eveiy grade. The director of a corporation is no more exempt from this rule than the humblest agent in its service. The corporation itself took no action either by its board of directors or by its stockholders as such; and while Cole and Parrish owned a majority of .the stock, they were the only stockholders who knew the facts and there was at least one stockholder who knew nothing about the matter and was in no wise consulted. The cor* poration was not bound by the transaction when it occurred. The mere fact that the negotiation was made by two of the directors of the corporation will not estop the corporation from showing the truth. The contract to pay their own debt with the note of the corporation, which H. K. Cole and J. H. Parrish had no power to make, they could not ratify for the corporation, although they were a majority of the directors, and held a majority of the stock in the corporation; for it is a universal rule that a contract which an agent has no power to make, he cannot ratify for his principal by his conduct. "Were it otherwise, his want of authority to make the contract in the first instance would amount to nothing, and he would be allowed to do indirectly what he could not do directly. (10 Cyc. 270.) The stock of H. K. Cole and J. H. Parrish having passed into the hands of. bona fide purchasers, the latter had the right to the corporate property subject only to the corporate debts. It cannot be subject to the personal debt of H. K. Cole or J. H. Parrish.
The rule is that a ratification of a voidable contract by the party having the power to disaffirm does not bind him unless made with full knowledge of the circumstances. (10 Cyc. 1079.) Estoppels are not favored, and they are not sustained unless the party sought to be es-topped knew the facts, and with this knowledge misled the other party to his prejudice. It is very evident from the testimony of Mrs. Parrish that she knew nothing about this transaction except the fact that the bank held a note.' : There is nothing to show that she knew that the note had been given by Cole to himself in the name of the company to pay his own personal debt to the bank. She did nothing to mislead the bank and the bank knew that [138]*138Cole and James II. Parrish, on whose consent it acted, were using the note of the company to pay their private debt to the bank. On the facts shown the co.urt should have instructed the jury peremptorily to find for the defendant.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded for further proceedings consistent herewith.