COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
§ KENNETH REVEN McCLAIN, No. 08-09-00041-CV § Appellant, Appeal from § v. County Court at Law No. 2 § JEFFREY K. TERRY, of Dallas County, Texas WILL BUESCHEL, ET AL., § (TC # CC-08-09759-B) Appellees. §
OPINION
This is a pro se inmate’s appeal from a trial court’s orders finding that Kenneth Reven
McClain is not indigent and dismissing his lawsuit with prejudice. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
On November 12, 2008, Kenneth Reven McClain filed suit against Jeffrey K. Terry and Will
Bueschel for personal injury and defamation pursuant to the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
Code. That same day, an ex parte application to proceed in forma pauperis signed by McClain was
filed with the clerk. In his affidavit, McClain alleged that he has been incarcerated1 for the last three
years, is unemployed, and has no income.
I further declare that the responses which I have made to questions and instructions below are true.
1. Have you received, within the past 12 months, any money from any of the following sources?
1 McClain is an inmate at a federal prison facility in Kentucky. a. Business, profession or form of sel-employment? No b. Rent payments, interest or dividends? No c. Pensions, annuities or life insurance payments? No d. Gifts or inheritances? [Unanswered] e. Family of [sic] friends? Yes f. Any other sources? No
If you answered YES to any of the questions above describe each source of money and state the amount received from each during the past 12 months.
$2000
2. Do you own cash, or do you have money in a checking or savings account, including any funds in prison accounts?
Yes.
If you answered YES, state the total value of the items owned.
$800
3. Do you own any real estate, stocks, bonds, notes, automobiles, or other valuable property, excluding ordinary household furnishings and clothing?
No.
McClain signed the affidavit on November 2, 2008, and declared under penalty of perjury that the
information was true and correct. John Warren, Clerk of the County Courts of Dallas County, filed
a contest on November 13 pursuant to Rule 145 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. A hearing
was set for November 21 and McClain was notified via certified mail, return receipt requested. He
did not appear and he does not contend that he sought a bench warrant or requested permission to
participate in the hearing via video conference. Following the hearing, the trial court entered an
order finding that “Kenneth Reven McClain is not indigent.” That same date, the judge signed an
order dismissing McClain’s lawsuit with prejudice pursuant to Section 14.003 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code.
ISSUES FOR REVIEW McClain brings three issues for review. First, he contends that his affidavit did not contain
any false claims or claims that he knew to be false. Second, he submits that his lawsuit had an
arguable basis in law. Third, he alleges that the affidavit was filed accidently or mistakenly by his
father. The procedural posture requires that we first determine whether McClain was indigent.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s determination of indigency status for an abuse of discretion.
Maddox v. Texas Dept. of Protective and Regulatory Services, No. 08-02-00200-CV, 2003 WL
21716185, *1 (Tex.App.--El Paso July 25, 2003, no pet.)(not desig. for publication); White v.
Bayless, 40 S.W.3d 574, 576 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2001, pet. denied); In re Smith, 70 S.W.3d
167, 168 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2001, no pet.). Similarly, we review a dismissal of an inmate’s
in forma pauperis suit under an abuse of discretion standard. Thomas v. Skinner, 54 S.W.3d 845,
846 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied). “A [party] who attacks the ruling of a trial court
as an abuse of discretion labors under a heavy burden.” Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 700
S.W.2d 916, 917 (Tex. 1985)(orig. proceeding). “The test for abuse of discretion is not whether, in
the opinion of [this Court], the facts present an appropriate case for the trial court’s actions. Rather,
it is a question of whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles.”
Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S.
1159, 106 S.Ct. 2279, 90 L.Ed.2d 721 (1986); Amador v. Tan, 855 S.W.2d131, 133 (Tex.App.--
El Paso 1993, writ denied). Another way of stating the test is whether the act was arbitrary or
unreasonable. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242, citing Smithson v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 665 S.W.2d 439,
443 (Tex. 1984); Amador, 855 S.W.2d at 133. The fact that a trial court may decide a matter within
its discretionary authority in a different manner than an appellate judge in a similar circumstance
does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242, citing Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Johnson, 389 S.W.2d 645, 648 (Tex. 1965). A mere error of
judgment is not an abuse of discretion. Loftin v. Martin, 776 S.W.2d 145, 146 (Tex. 1989).
DETERMINATION OF INDIGENCY
A plaintiff may file an affidavit of indigency in lieu of paying court costs. TEX .R.CIV .P. 145.
“A ‘party who is unable to afford court costs’ is defined as a person who is presently receiving a
government entitlement based on indigency or any other person who has no ability to pay costs.”
TEX .R.CIV .P. 145(a). The affidavit must contain complete information as to the party’s identity, the
nature and amount of governmental entitlement income, nature and amount of employment income,
other income (interest, dividends, etc.), spouse’s income if available to the party, property owned
(other than homestead), cash or checking account, dependents, debts, and monthly expenses.
TEX .R.CIV .P. 145(b). A prisoner at a Texas Department of Criminal Justice who has no money or
property is considered indigent. Allred v. Lowry, 597 S.W.2d 353, 355 (Tex. 1980). An inmate who
has funds in his trust account is not indigent. TEX .CIV .PRAC.&REM .CODE ANN . §
14.006(b)(1)(Vernon 2002). The statute outlines a formula by which an inmate’s trust funds can be
utilized for payment of costs. Id.
A defendant or the court clerk may contest an affidavit by filing a written contest giving
notice. TEX .R.CIV .P. 145(d). The court may conduct a hearing and if so, the inmate must be given
notice. Aguilar v. Stone, 68 S.W.3d 1, 2 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, orig. proceeding).
The court may hold a hearing by video communications for an inmate at a jail facility2 or consider
the case on submission by requiring that written statements be submitted and copies be provided to
the inmate. TEX .CIV .PRAC.&REM .CODE ANN . § 14.009.
We begin with McClain’s argument that the affidavit did not contain false information. The
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COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
§ KENNETH REVEN McCLAIN, No. 08-09-00041-CV § Appellant, Appeal from § v. County Court at Law No. 2 § JEFFREY K. TERRY, of Dallas County, Texas WILL BUESCHEL, ET AL., § (TC # CC-08-09759-B) Appellees. §
OPINION
This is a pro se inmate’s appeal from a trial court’s orders finding that Kenneth Reven
McClain is not indigent and dismissing his lawsuit with prejudice. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
On November 12, 2008, Kenneth Reven McClain filed suit against Jeffrey K. Terry and Will
Bueschel for personal injury and defamation pursuant to the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
Code. That same day, an ex parte application to proceed in forma pauperis signed by McClain was
filed with the clerk. In his affidavit, McClain alleged that he has been incarcerated1 for the last three
years, is unemployed, and has no income.
I further declare that the responses which I have made to questions and instructions below are true.
1. Have you received, within the past 12 months, any money from any of the following sources?
1 McClain is an inmate at a federal prison facility in Kentucky. a. Business, profession or form of sel-employment? No b. Rent payments, interest or dividends? No c. Pensions, annuities or life insurance payments? No d. Gifts or inheritances? [Unanswered] e. Family of [sic] friends? Yes f. Any other sources? No
If you answered YES to any of the questions above describe each source of money and state the amount received from each during the past 12 months.
$2000
2. Do you own cash, or do you have money in a checking or savings account, including any funds in prison accounts?
Yes.
If you answered YES, state the total value of the items owned.
$800
3. Do you own any real estate, stocks, bonds, notes, automobiles, or other valuable property, excluding ordinary household furnishings and clothing?
No.
McClain signed the affidavit on November 2, 2008, and declared under penalty of perjury that the
information was true and correct. John Warren, Clerk of the County Courts of Dallas County, filed
a contest on November 13 pursuant to Rule 145 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. A hearing
was set for November 21 and McClain was notified via certified mail, return receipt requested. He
did not appear and he does not contend that he sought a bench warrant or requested permission to
participate in the hearing via video conference. Following the hearing, the trial court entered an
order finding that “Kenneth Reven McClain is not indigent.” That same date, the judge signed an
order dismissing McClain’s lawsuit with prejudice pursuant to Section 14.003 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code.
ISSUES FOR REVIEW McClain brings three issues for review. First, he contends that his affidavit did not contain
any false claims or claims that he knew to be false. Second, he submits that his lawsuit had an
arguable basis in law. Third, he alleges that the affidavit was filed accidently or mistakenly by his
father. The procedural posture requires that we first determine whether McClain was indigent.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s determination of indigency status for an abuse of discretion.
Maddox v. Texas Dept. of Protective and Regulatory Services, No. 08-02-00200-CV, 2003 WL
21716185, *1 (Tex.App.--El Paso July 25, 2003, no pet.)(not desig. for publication); White v.
Bayless, 40 S.W.3d 574, 576 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2001, pet. denied); In re Smith, 70 S.W.3d
167, 168 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2001, no pet.). Similarly, we review a dismissal of an inmate’s
in forma pauperis suit under an abuse of discretion standard. Thomas v. Skinner, 54 S.W.3d 845,
846 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied). “A [party] who attacks the ruling of a trial court
as an abuse of discretion labors under a heavy burden.” Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 700
S.W.2d 916, 917 (Tex. 1985)(orig. proceeding). “The test for abuse of discretion is not whether, in
the opinion of [this Court], the facts present an appropriate case for the trial court’s actions. Rather,
it is a question of whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles.”
Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S.
1159, 106 S.Ct. 2279, 90 L.Ed.2d 721 (1986); Amador v. Tan, 855 S.W.2d131, 133 (Tex.App.--
El Paso 1993, writ denied). Another way of stating the test is whether the act was arbitrary or
unreasonable. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242, citing Smithson v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 665 S.W.2d 439,
443 (Tex. 1984); Amador, 855 S.W.2d at 133. The fact that a trial court may decide a matter within
its discretionary authority in a different manner than an appellate judge in a similar circumstance
does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242, citing Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Johnson, 389 S.W.2d 645, 648 (Tex. 1965). A mere error of
judgment is not an abuse of discretion. Loftin v. Martin, 776 S.W.2d 145, 146 (Tex. 1989).
DETERMINATION OF INDIGENCY
A plaintiff may file an affidavit of indigency in lieu of paying court costs. TEX .R.CIV .P. 145.
“A ‘party who is unable to afford court costs’ is defined as a person who is presently receiving a
government entitlement based on indigency or any other person who has no ability to pay costs.”
TEX .R.CIV .P. 145(a). The affidavit must contain complete information as to the party’s identity, the
nature and amount of governmental entitlement income, nature and amount of employment income,
other income (interest, dividends, etc.), spouse’s income if available to the party, property owned
(other than homestead), cash or checking account, dependents, debts, and monthly expenses.
TEX .R.CIV .P. 145(b). A prisoner at a Texas Department of Criminal Justice who has no money or
property is considered indigent. Allred v. Lowry, 597 S.W.2d 353, 355 (Tex. 1980). An inmate who
has funds in his trust account is not indigent. TEX .CIV .PRAC.&REM .CODE ANN . §
14.006(b)(1)(Vernon 2002). The statute outlines a formula by which an inmate’s trust funds can be
utilized for payment of costs. Id.
A defendant or the court clerk may contest an affidavit by filing a written contest giving
notice. TEX .R.CIV .P. 145(d). The court may conduct a hearing and if so, the inmate must be given
notice. Aguilar v. Stone, 68 S.W.3d 1, 2 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, orig. proceeding).
The court may hold a hearing by video communications for an inmate at a jail facility2 or consider
the case on submission by requiring that written statements be submitted and copies be provided to
the inmate. TEX .CIV .PRAC.&REM .CODE ANN . § 14.009.
We begin with McClain’s argument that the affidavit did not contain false information. The
2 T EX .C IV .P RAC .&R EM .C O D E A N N . § 14.008(a). clerk’s record includes a certified trust fund statement from the prison in which McClain is
incarcerated. He avers that the exhibit demonstrates that he actually had more money in his prison
account than what he claimed in the affidavit. In short, he contends the trust statement proves that
the affidavit correctly stated the monies available to him. He misstates the trial court’s ruling. The
trial court did not find that the affidavit falsely stated his financial situation. The court specifically
found that McClain was not indigent. McClain has not attacked that finding on appeal or assigned
error to the trial court’s ruling. It is in this light that we review the trial court’s dismissal order.
DISMISSAL OF SUIT
Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code relates to inmate litigation. The
court may dismiss an indigent inmate’s suit even before process is served if the court finds:
(1) the allegation of poverty in the affidavit or unsworn declaration is false;
(2) the claim is frivolous or malicious; or
(3) the inmate filed an affidavit or unsworn declaration required by this chapter that the inmate knew was false.
TEX .CIV .PRAC.&REM .CODE ANN . § 14.003(a); Pedraza v. Tibbs, 826 S.W.2d 695, 698 (Tex.App.--
Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ dism’d w.o.j.). Because the trial court did not specify the grounds for
dismissal, we will affirm the decision if any theory is meritorious. Walker v. Gonzales County
Sheriff’s Dep’t., 35 S.W.3d 157, 162 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 2000, pet. denied), citing Carr v.
Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex. 1989).
A trial court does not abuse its discretion in dismissing a suit when the plaintiff makes a false
allegation of poverty. McCullough v. Dretke, No. 02-07-00294-CV, 2008 WL 4180365, *3
(Tex.App.--Fort Worth Sept. 11, 2008, no pet.). There, McCullough alleged that he was indigent
but stated in the affidavit that he received money from his family. He attached a copy of his trust account showing a then-current balance of $103.92 and a six-month average balance of $184.92.
McClain alleged he had $2,800. Because McClain’s allegation of poverty was false, the court did
not abuse its discretion in dismissing the suit. We overrule Issue One. Given our resolution of this
issue, it is unnecessary for us to consider Issue Two in which McClain contends that his lawsuit had
an arguable basis in law.
In Issue Three, McClain contends that his father mistakenly filed the affidavit in this lawsuit
rather than in a suit pending in the Supreme Court on writ of certiorari. We recite his argument in
its entirety:
It needs to be noted that Appellant’s 11/12/08 [sic] filed in forma pauperis affidavit, that didn’t contain false claims or claims in which inmate knew were false, was actually filed by mistake and accident.
Appellant’s dad was given instructions to file in forma pauperis paperwork with the petition. But that request was actually in relation to a 12/14/08 Supreme Court Petition for Writ of Certiorari, case no. 08-7797, and not in regards to this civil lawsuit that was being filed on 11/12/08.
Appellant also considers himself not responsible for having filed the in forma pauperis affidavit, even though there is no false information contained in it, as: 1) Appellant didn’t know in forma pauperis paperwork was being filed, 2) Appellant would have mailed himself, in forma pauperis paperwork directly from prison and not have a third party file it, 3) finally Appellant believed that the lawsuit was going to be initially paid for and therefore not filed in forma pauperis.
Due to the fact that the in forma pauperis application was filed by mistake and by accident, and because it contained no false statements and/or false statements that inmate knew were false, it is asked that the ruling the judge made on 11/21/08 be reversed, and this lawsuit allowed to commence forward.
The clerk’s record contains an unsworn and unverified statement by Thomas McClain concerning
his mistake. There is no indication that he appeared at the hearing, and the statement is dated
December 5, 2008, fourteen days after the hearing.
In his motion to reinstate, Appellant vigorously argued that, “I DID NOT KNOW THIS PAPERWORK WAS BEING FILED!!!” We find three points to be significant. First, the original
petition was filed without payment of costs. Second, upon receiving notice that the clerk contested
his indigency, McClain did not ensure that costs were paid. Third, in his motion to reinstate,
McClain never offered to tender costs. Indeed, he unsuccessfully sought leave to proceed in forma
pauperis on appeal. His affidavit with the appellate court clerk reflects gifts of $2,400 within the
past twelve months. He lists his monthly income at $200 and cash on hand of less than $1,000. The
certified trust account still shows an available balance of $1,064.45. Regardless of whether McClain
intended the affidavit to be filed in this litigation, the trial court acted well within its discretion in
disbelieving his protests. We overrule Issue Three and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
April 22, 2010 ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice
Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Rivera, JJ.