T.C. Memo. 2020-43
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
KENNETH M. KANSKY, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 21684-18W. Filed April 13, 2020.
Kenneth M. Kansky, pro se.
Carlton W. King and Nina P. Ching, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
LAUBER, Judge: This whistleblower award case is before the Court on a
motion for summary judgment filed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS or re-
spondent). Respondent contends that the IRS Whistleblower Office (Office) did
not abuse its discretion in rejecting petitioner’s claim on the ground that it was -2-
[*2] speculative and did not provide specific or credible information regarding any
Federal tax violation. We agree and accordingly will grant the motion.
Background
The following facts are derived from the parties’ pleadings and motion pa-
pers, including a declaration and the exhibits attached thereto. Petitioner resided
in Massachusetts when he filed his petition. We have jurisdiction under section
7623(b)(4).1
Petitioner filed a Form 211, Application for Award for Original Informa-
tion, that the Office received on May 11, 2018. Petitioner identified two target
taxpayers: (1) a corporation that connects workers with medical offices to provide
temporary services and (2) the president of that corporation. Petitioner asserted
that the target taxpayers had misclassified their employees as independent contrac-
tors and had erroneously sent them Forms 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income.
Petitioner indicated that he had received some of his information from his girl-
friend, who ran a competing staffing agency.
To support his claims petitioner provided: (1) a letter setting forth his alle-
gations, (2) a description of the target corporation, copied from the website of the
1 All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect at the relevant times, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. -3-
[*3] Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth, and (3) the company’s “terms
of service” as set forth on its website. The “terms of service” stated that the
company operated as a marketplace enabling medical professionals to connect
with medical offices needing assistance but that the company did not itself employ
or retain medical professionals. Petitioner did not identify a specific year for
which any alleged tax violation occurred.
The Office assigned two claim numbers to petitioner’s claim to reflect the
fact that he had identified two target taxpayers. The claims were referred to
Sharon Hobart, a classifier in the IRS Small Business/Self-Employed Operating
Division (SB/SE). Ms. Hobart specialized in employment tax.
Ms. Hobart researched petitioner’s allegations by retrieving and analyzing
IRS account transcripts and tax returns filed by both taxpayers. Ms. Hobart found
no employment tax issue with respect to the target individual. She found that this
person had no discernible workers or employees, noting that his or her Federal
income tax return did not include a Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business.
Ms. Hobart ascertained that the target corporation had filed no Forms 1099-
MISC for 2016 or 2017 and found “no indication on [its] income tax return that
independent contractors are being used.” She concluded that petitioner’s allega-
tions lacked credibility, noting his failure to supply any source documents (such as -4-
[*4] bank statements or financial records) to support his claims. She accordingly
recommended “[r]ejecting [the] claim for failing to include specific and credible
information to support a potential tax violation * * * as well as documentation to
support the claim.”
Ms. Hobart completed her recommendation on July 27, 2018, and forwarded
it to the Office. Agreeing with her recommendation, the Office on October 4,
2018, issued a final determination letter rejecting petitioner’s claims. The letter
stated in pertinent part as follows:
[S]ection 7623 provides that an award may be paid only if the infor- mation provided results in the collection of tax, penalties, interest, additions to tax, or additional amounts. The Whistleblower Office has made a final decision to reject your claim for an award.
The claim has been rejected because the information provided was speculative and/or did not provide specific or credible information regarding tax underpayments or violations of internal revenue laws.
There is no evidence that the IRS ever commenced an action against, or collected
proceeds from, any taxpayer as a result of the information petitioner supplied.
On November 2, 2018, petitioner timely petitioned this Court for review of
the Office’s determination. On September 27, 2019, respondent filed a motion for
summary judgment under Rule 121. Petitioner timely responded to that motion,
and further briefing ensued. -5-
[*5] Discussion
A. Summary Judgment Standard
The purpose of summary judgment is to expedite litigation and avoid costly,
time-consuming, and unnecessary trials. Fla. Peach Corp. v. Commissioner, 90
T.C. 678, 681 (1988). Under Rule 121(b) we may grant summary judgment when
there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and a decision may be rendered
as a matter of law. Sundstrand Corp. v. Commissioner, 98 T.C. 518, 520 (1992),
aff’d, 17 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. 1994). In deciding whether to grant summary judg-
ment, we construe factual materials and inferences drawn from them in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party. Ibid. However, the nonmoving party
“may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials” of his pleadings but instead
“must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine dispute for trial.”
Rule 121(d); see Sundstrand Corp., 98 T.C. at 520. Finding no genuine dispute as
to any material fact, we conclude that summary adjudication is appropriate
B. Standard and Scope of Review
We review the Secretary’s determination as to whether a whistleblower is
entitled to an award under section 7623(b)(1) by applying an abuse-of-discretion
standard. Kasper v. Commissioner, 150 T.C. 8, 22 (2018). Abuse of discretion
exists when a determination is arbitrary, capricious, or without sound basis in fact -6-
[*6] or law. Murphy v. Commissioner, 125 T.C. 301, 320 (2005), aff’d, 469
F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2006).
In Lacey v. Commissioner, 153 T.C. __, __ (slip op. at 33-34) (Nov. 25,
2019), we held that we have jurisdiction to review, for abuse of discretion, a deter-
mination by the Office to reject a whistleblower claim for failure to meet certain
basic criteria. See sec. 301.7623-1(c), Proced. & Admin. Regs. (providing that
claims may be rejected if they supply “speculative information or * * * do not pro-
vide specific and credible information regarding tax underpayments or violations
of internal revenue laws”). When the Office rejects a claim, “the written notice [to
the claimant] will state the basis for the rejection.” Sec. 301.7623-3(b)(3), Proced.
& Admin. Regs.
In ascertaining whether the Secretary abused his discretion, we confine our
review to the administrative record. Kasper, 150 T.C. at 20. On December 3,
2019, petitioner supplemented his opposition to respondent’s motion with a news-
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T.C. Memo. 2020-43
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
KENNETH M. KANSKY, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 21684-18W. Filed April 13, 2020.
Kenneth M. Kansky, pro se.
Carlton W. King and Nina P. Ching, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
LAUBER, Judge: This whistleblower award case is before the Court on a
motion for summary judgment filed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS or re-
spondent). Respondent contends that the IRS Whistleblower Office (Office) did
not abuse its discretion in rejecting petitioner’s claim on the ground that it was -2-
[*2] speculative and did not provide specific or credible information regarding any
Federal tax violation. We agree and accordingly will grant the motion.
Background
The following facts are derived from the parties’ pleadings and motion pa-
pers, including a declaration and the exhibits attached thereto. Petitioner resided
in Massachusetts when he filed his petition. We have jurisdiction under section
7623(b)(4).1
Petitioner filed a Form 211, Application for Award for Original Informa-
tion, that the Office received on May 11, 2018. Petitioner identified two target
taxpayers: (1) a corporation that connects workers with medical offices to provide
temporary services and (2) the president of that corporation. Petitioner asserted
that the target taxpayers had misclassified their employees as independent contrac-
tors and had erroneously sent them Forms 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income.
Petitioner indicated that he had received some of his information from his girl-
friend, who ran a competing staffing agency.
To support his claims petitioner provided: (1) a letter setting forth his alle-
gations, (2) a description of the target corporation, copied from the website of the
1 All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect at the relevant times, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. -3-
[*3] Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth, and (3) the company’s “terms
of service” as set forth on its website. The “terms of service” stated that the
company operated as a marketplace enabling medical professionals to connect
with medical offices needing assistance but that the company did not itself employ
or retain medical professionals. Petitioner did not identify a specific year for
which any alleged tax violation occurred.
The Office assigned two claim numbers to petitioner’s claim to reflect the
fact that he had identified two target taxpayers. The claims were referred to
Sharon Hobart, a classifier in the IRS Small Business/Self-Employed Operating
Division (SB/SE). Ms. Hobart specialized in employment tax.
Ms. Hobart researched petitioner’s allegations by retrieving and analyzing
IRS account transcripts and tax returns filed by both taxpayers. Ms. Hobart found
no employment tax issue with respect to the target individual. She found that this
person had no discernible workers or employees, noting that his or her Federal
income tax return did not include a Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business.
Ms. Hobart ascertained that the target corporation had filed no Forms 1099-
MISC for 2016 or 2017 and found “no indication on [its] income tax return that
independent contractors are being used.” She concluded that petitioner’s allega-
tions lacked credibility, noting his failure to supply any source documents (such as -4-
[*4] bank statements or financial records) to support his claims. She accordingly
recommended “[r]ejecting [the] claim for failing to include specific and credible
information to support a potential tax violation * * * as well as documentation to
support the claim.”
Ms. Hobart completed her recommendation on July 27, 2018, and forwarded
it to the Office. Agreeing with her recommendation, the Office on October 4,
2018, issued a final determination letter rejecting petitioner’s claims. The letter
stated in pertinent part as follows:
[S]ection 7623 provides that an award may be paid only if the infor- mation provided results in the collection of tax, penalties, interest, additions to tax, or additional amounts. The Whistleblower Office has made a final decision to reject your claim for an award.
The claim has been rejected because the information provided was speculative and/or did not provide specific or credible information regarding tax underpayments or violations of internal revenue laws.
There is no evidence that the IRS ever commenced an action against, or collected
proceeds from, any taxpayer as a result of the information petitioner supplied.
On November 2, 2018, petitioner timely petitioned this Court for review of
the Office’s determination. On September 27, 2019, respondent filed a motion for
summary judgment under Rule 121. Petitioner timely responded to that motion,
and further briefing ensued. -5-
[*5] Discussion
A. Summary Judgment Standard
The purpose of summary judgment is to expedite litigation and avoid costly,
time-consuming, and unnecessary trials. Fla. Peach Corp. v. Commissioner, 90
T.C. 678, 681 (1988). Under Rule 121(b) we may grant summary judgment when
there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and a decision may be rendered
as a matter of law. Sundstrand Corp. v. Commissioner, 98 T.C. 518, 520 (1992),
aff’d, 17 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. 1994). In deciding whether to grant summary judg-
ment, we construe factual materials and inferences drawn from them in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party. Ibid. However, the nonmoving party
“may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials” of his pleadings but instead
“must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine dispute for trial.”
Rule 121(d); see Sundstrand Corp., 98 T.C. at 520. Finding no genuine dispute as
to any material fact, we conclude that summary adjudication is appropriate
B. Standard and Scope of Review
We review the Secretary’s determination as to whether a whistleblower is
entitled to an award under section 7623(b)(1) by applying an abuse-of-discretion
standard. Kasper v. Commissioner, 150 T.C. 8, 22 (2018). Abuse of discretion
exists when a determination is arbitrary, capricious, or without sound basis in fact -6-
[*6] or law. Murphy v. Commissioner, 125 T.C. 301, 320 (2005), aff’d, 469
F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2006).
In Lacey v. Commissioner, 153 T.C. __, __ (slip op. at 33-34) (Nov. 25,
2019), we held that we have jurisdiction to review, for abuse of discretion, a deter-
mination by the Office to reject a whistleblower claim for failure to meet certain
basic criteria. See sec. 301.7623-1(c), Proced. & Admin. Regs. (providing that
claims may be rejected if they supply “speculative information or * * * do not pro-
vide specific and credible information regarding tax underpayments or violations
of internal revenue laws”). When the Office rejects a claim, “the written notice [to
the claimant] will state the basis for the rejection.” Sec. 301.7623-3(b)(3), Proced.
& Admin. Regs.
In ascertaining whether the Secretary abused his discretion, we confine our
review to the administrative record. Kasper, 150 T.C. at 20. On December 3,
2019, petitioner supplemented his opposition to respondent’s motion with a news-
paper article dated November 15, 2019. Because the Office issued its determina-
tion rejecting petitioner’s claims on October 4, 2018--more than a year previously
--the newspaper article was not (and could not possibly have been) part of the ad-
ministrative record that the Office considered. See sec. 301.7623-3(e), Proced. &
Admin. Regs. (describing the information generally contained in the administra- -7-
[*7] tive record). The Court may supplement the administrative record in limited
circumstances, none of which we find to exist here. See Kasper, 150 T.C. at 20-
21.
C. Analysis
Section 7623(b)(1) provides for nondiscretionary (i.e., mandatory) awards
of at least 15% and not more than 30% of the collected proceeds if all stated re-
quirements are met. Before any award can be paid, section 7623(b)(1) requires
that the IRS first proceed with an “administrative or judicial action” and then col-
lect proceeds from the target taxpayer. See Cohen v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 299,
302 (2012), aff’d, 550 F. App’x 10 (D.C. Cir. 2014); Whistleblower 14106-10W v.
Commissioner, 137 T.C. 183, 189 (2011). While we have jurisdiction to review
the IRS’ award determination, section 7623 gives us no authority to direct the IRS
to commence an administrative or judicial action. Cooper v. Commissioner, 136
T.C. 597, 600-601 (2011). If the IRS proceeds with no administrative or judicial
action, there can be no whistleblower award. Id. at 601.
Respondent attached to his motion for summary judgment a declaration of
Layne Carver, a manager for whistleblower claims evaluations. As shown in her
declaration and the exhibits attached thereto, the Office rejected petitioner’s em-
ployment tax claims “because the information provided was speculative and/or did -8-
[*8] not provide specific or credible information regarding tax underpayments or
violations of internal revenue laws.” The Office based its decision on a
recommendation from Ms. Hobart, a classifier in SB/SE with responsibility for
employment taxes.
Ms. Hobart researched petitioner’s claims by retrieving and analyzing IRS
account transcripts and tax returns filed by the target taxpayers. She found no
employment tax issue regarding the target individual, noting that this person had
no discernible workers or employees. Although petitioner failed to specify the tax
periods allegedly involved, Ms. Hobart ascertained that the target corporation
(contrary to petitioner’s assertion) had filed no Forms 1099-MISC for 2016 or
2017, the two most recent tax years. She found “no indication on [its] income tax
return that independent contractors are being used.” And she noted petitioner’s
failure to supply any source documents to support his claims.
On the basis of this record, we have no difficulty concluding that the Office
did not abuse its discretion in rejecting petitioner’s claims. Petitioner’s Form 211
was not forwarded to any other IRS officer for further examination, and the IRS
commenced no action against, and collected no proceeds from, any taxpayer as a -9-
[*9] result of the information he supplied. Petitioner does not allege any dispute
as to these facts.2
Petitioner cites Lacey to support his position, but his reliance is misplaced.
We concluded there that a dispute of material fact existed as to whether the Office
had “actually considered even the face of the claim,” and we found that the Office
had not “state[d] the grounds for the rejection in a manner sufficient to enable us
to review it.” Lacey, 153 T.C. at __ (slip op. at 42). We therefore denied the
Commissioner’s motion for summary judgment.
The record in this case is entirely different. The Office referred petitioner’s
claims to a classifier in SB/SE with expertise in employment tax. She investigated
his claims and found no evidence to support them in the documents he had sup-
plied, in the target taxpayers’ returns, or in IRS transcripts of their accounts. The
grounds for rejection, as stated in the Office’s determination letter, are clearly sup-
ported by the classifier’s findings and recommendation. The record in this case is
2 While conceding that Ms. Hobart verified that the target corporation “did not issue 1099 Forms to the temporary employees,” petitioner faults the IRS for making “no attempt to determine if the principals [i.e., the medical offices] to whom the temporary employees were assigned issued any W-2 forms or 1099 forms” to those individuals. But petitioner listed no medical offices as targets and supplied no information that would have enabled the IRS to ascertain who those employers were. - 10 -
[*10] more than adequate to enable us to perform judicial review, and the record
shows that the Office did not abuse its discretion in rejecting petitioner’s claims.
To reflect the foregoing,
An appropriate order and decision
will be entered for respondent.