In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-15-00226-CR ____________________
KENNETH GELESTIN THIROLF, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee _______________________________________________________ ______________
On Appeal from the 435th District Court Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 14-02-01632 CR ________________________________________________________ _____________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this appeal, Kenneth Gelestin Thirolf challenges the constitutionality of
the Texas statute that creates an offense for a person, who is seventeen or older, to
use the Internet to solicit a meeting with a minor with the intent that the minor will
engage in sex. See generally Act of May 25, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1273, § 1,
sec. 33.021, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 4049, 4050, amended by Act of May 21, 2007,
80th Leg., R.S., ch. 610, § 2, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1167, 1167-68, amended by
Act of May 27, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 1291, § 7, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 4344,
1 4350 (amended 2015) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021 (West
Supp. 2016)). We affirm.
Background
In 2014, the State charged Thirolf with soliciting a minor through the
Internet to meet and engage in sexual intercourse, alleging that the solicitation
occurred on February 10, 2014. Subsequently, in an effort to have the indictment
dismissed, Thirolf filed several motions 1 attacking the validity of his indictment.
In August 2014, the trial court denied Thirolf’s motion to dismiss. In that motion,
Thirolf argued that the online-solicitation statute was unconstitutional.
In May, 2015, based on Thirolf’s plea-bargain agreement with the State,
Thirolf pled guilty to soliciting a minor for sex by using the Internet, and he was
given a two-year sentence. After he was sentenced, the trial court signed a
certification that gave Thirolf limited rights to appeal, certifying that Thirolf’s case
was a plea-bargain case. In the certification granting Thirolf the right to appeal, the
trial court gave Thirolf the right to appeal only those matters that he “raised by
1 Thirolf attacked the validity of the indictment by filing a motion to dismiss, an amended motion to dismiss, applications for habeas corpus relief, and motions to quash the indictment. The trial court’s rulings on Thirolf’s applications for habeas relief and on his motions seeking to quash the indictment are not at issue in the appeal. 2 written motion filed and ruled on before trial and not withdrawn or waived[.]” See
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.02 (West 2006); Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(a)(2).
Preservation of Error
In his appeal, Thirolf contends that the version of the statute that applied at
the time he was charged is unconstitutional because the statute at that time did not
allow him to prove at trial that he never intended the meeting with the minor to
occur. See Act of May 25, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1273, § 1, sec. 33.021, 2005
Tex. Gen. Laws 4049, 4050, amended by Act of May 21, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch.
610, § 2, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1167, 1167-68, amended by Act of May 27, 2007,
80th Leg., R.S., ch. 1291, § 7, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 4344, 4350 (amended 2015).
Additionally, Thirolf argues on appeal that the version of the statute that applied to
him when he was charged is unconstitutional because that version of the statute
prevents him from also proving that he was engaged in a fantasy when the
solicitation occurred. Id.
We conclude that Thirolf’s arguments challenging the constitutionality of
the online-solicitation statute on the basis that it prevented him from proving that
he never intended the meeting to occur or that he was engaged in a fantasy when
he contacted the minor through the Internet are arguments that exceed the scope of
3 the permission the trial court granted regarding his right to appeal. Thirolf raised
neither of these arguments in the pretrial motions.2
Section 44.02 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes trial
courts to restrict a defendant’s right to appeal those matters raised in pretrial
motions on which the court ruled. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.02.
Because Thirolf failed to raise and secure rulings on these two arguments in his
pretrial motions, these arguments were not properly preserved for our review. See
Goyzueta v. State, 266 S.W.3d 126, 136 (Tex. App.―Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).
Violation of First Amendment
In his brief, Thirolf raised one argument that is within the scope of the trial
court’s certification, which otherwise restricts the arguments that we are permitted
to reach in resolving his appeal. 3 In that argument, Thirolf contends that the online-
2 Thirolf did challenge the constitutionality of former section 33.021(d) in one of his habeas applications, but he did not file a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s ruling on his habeas application. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.2(a)(1); see also Act of May 25, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1273, § 1, sec. 33.021, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 4049, 4050, amended by Act of May 21, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 610, § 2, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1167, 1167-68, amended by Act of May 27, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 1291, § 7, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 4344, 4350 (amended 2015) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021 (West Supp. 2016)). 3 Thirolf’s pretrial motion to dismiss argues that the online-solicitation statute was unconstitutional because it was overly broad, and that it therefore improperly regulated an individual’s right to free speech. The trial court denied his 4 solicitation statute4 regulates speech, which he concludes subjects the statute to a
strict-scrutiny analysis. According to Thirolf, the online-solicitation statute does
not withstand a strict-scrutiny analysis because it interferes to a substantial degree
with an individual’s First Amendment right to free speech. See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. art. 33.021(c). Thirolf concludes that the online-solicitation statute is facially
unconstitutional because it is an overly broad regulation that is not narrowly
tailored to avoid interfering with rights guaranteed by the First Amendment.
A challenge to the constitutionality of a penal statute is reviewed as
presenting a question of law, so the challenge is reviewed on appeal using a de
novo standard. See Ex parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d 10, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
Content-based restrictions on speech are presumptively unconstitutional. Id. at 14-
motion, so we conclude that Thirolf preserved this argument for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(a)(2). 4 Section 33.021(c) provides:
A person commits an offense if the person, over the Internet, by electronic mail or text message or other electronic message service or system, or through a commercial online service, knowingly solicits a minor to meet another person, including the actor, with the intent that the minor will engage in sexual contact, sexual intercourse, or deviate sexual intercourse with the actor or another person.
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021
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In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-15-00226-CR ____________________
KENNETH GELESTIN THIROLF, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee _______________________________________________________ ______________
On Appeal from the 435th District Court Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 14-02-01632 CR ________________________________________________________ _____________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this appeal, Kenneth Gelestin Thirolf challenges the constitutionality of
the Texas statute that creates an offense for a person, who is seventeen or older, to
use the Internet to solicit a meeting with a minor with the intent that the minor will
engage in sex. See generally Act of May 25, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1273, § 1,
sec. 33.021, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 4049, 4050, amended by Act of May 21, 2007,
80th Leg., R.S., ch. 610, § 2, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1167, 1167-68, amended by
Act of May 27, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 1291, § 7, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 4344,
1 4350 (amended 2015) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021 (West
Supp. 2016)). We affirm.
Background
In 2014, the State charged Thirolf with soliciting a minor through the
Internet to meet and engage in sexual intercourse, alleging that the solicitation
occurred on February 10, 2014. Subsequently, in an effort to have the indictment
dismissed, Thirolf filed several motions 1 attacking the validity of his indictment.
In August 2014, the trial court denied Thirolf’s motion to dismiss. In that motion,
Thirolf argued that the online-solicitation statute was unconstitutional.
In May, 2015, based on Thirolf’s plea-bargain agreement with the State,
Thirolf pled guilty to soliciting a minor for sex by using the Internet, and he was
given a two-year sentence. After he was sentenced, the trial court signed a
certification that gave Thirolf limited rights to appeal, certifying that Thirolf’s case
was a plea-bargain case. In the certification granting Thirolf the right to appeal, the
trial court gave Thirolf the right to appeal only those matters that he “raised by
1 Thirolf attacked the validity of the indictment by filing a motion to dismiss, an amended motion to dismiss, applications for habeas corpus relief, and motions to quash the indictment. The trial court’s rulings on Thirolf’s applications for habeas relief and on his motions seeking to quash the indictment are not at issue in the appeal. 2 written motion filed and ruled on before trial and not withdrawn or waived[.]” See
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.02 (West 2006); Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(a)(2).
Preservation of Error
In his appeal, Thirolf contends that the version of the statute that applied at
the time he was charged is unconstitutional because the statute at that time did not
allow him to prove at trial that he never intended the meeting with the minor to
occur. See Act of May 25, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1273, § 1, sec. 33.021, 2005
Tex. Gen. Laws 4049, 4050, amended by Act of May 21, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch.
610, § 2, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1167, 1167-68, amended by Act of May 27, 2007,
80th Leg., R.S., ch. 1291, § 7, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 4344, 4350 (amended 2015).
Additionally, Thirolf argues on appeal that the version of the statute that applied to
him when he was charged is unconstitutional because that version of the statute
prevents him from also proving that he was engaged in a fantasy when the
solicitation occurred. Id.
We conclude that Thirolf’s arguments challenging the constitutionality of
the online-solicitation statute on the basis that it prevented him from proving that
he never intended the meeting to occur or that he was engaged in a fantasy when
he contacted the minor through the Internet are arguments that exceed the scope of
3 the permission the trial court granted regarding his right to appeal. Thirolf raised
neither of these arguments in the pretrial motions.2
Section 44.02 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes trial
courts to restrict a defendant’s right to appeal those matters raised in pretrial
motions on which the court ruled. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.02.
Because Thirolf failed to raise and secure rulings on these two arguments in his
pretrial motions, these arguments were not properly preserved for our review. See
Goyzueta v. State, 266 S.W.3d 126, 136 (Tex. App.―Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).
Violation of First Amendment
In his brief, Thirolf raised one argument that is within the scope of the trial
court’s certification, which otherwise restricts the arguments that we are permitted
to reach in resolving his appeal. 3 In that argument, Thirolf contends that the online-
2 Thirolf did challenge the constitutionality of former section 33.021(d) in one of his habeas applications, but he did not file a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s ruling on his habeas application. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.2(a)(1); see also Act of May 25, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1273, § 1, sec. 33.021, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 4049, 4050, amended by Act of May 21, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 610, § 2, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1167, 1167-68, amended by Act of May 27, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 1291, § 7, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 4344, 4350 (amended 2015) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021 (West Supp. 2016)). 3 Thirolf’s pretrial motion to dismiss argues that the online-solicitation statute was unconstitutional because it was overly broad, and that it therefore improperly regulated an individual’s right to free speech. The trial court denied his 4 solicitation statute4 regulates speech, which he concludes subjects the statute to a
strict-scrutiny analysis. According to Thirolf, the online-solicitation statute does
not withstand a strict-scrutiny analysis because it interferes to a substantial degree
with an individual’s First Amendment right to free speech. See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. art. 33.021(c). Thirolf concludes that the online-solicitation statute is facially
unconstitutional because it is an overly broad regulation that is not narrowly
tailored to avoid interfering with rights guaranteed by the First Amendment.
A challenge to the constitutionality of a penal statute is reviewed as
presenting a question of law, so the challenge is reviewed on appeal using a de
novo standard. See Ex parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d 10, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
Content-based restrictions on speech are presumptively unconstitutional. Id. at 14-
motion, so we conclude that Thirolf preserved this argument for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(a)(2). 4 Section 33.021(c) provides:
A person commits an offense if the person, over the Internet, by electronic mail or text message or other electronic message service or system, or through a commercial online service, knowingly solicits a minor to meet another person, including the actor, with the intent that the minor will engage in sexual contact, sexual intercourse, or deviate sexual intercourse with the actor or another person.
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(c).
5 15. To survive a strict-scrutiny review, the statute “must be (1) necessary to serve a
(2) compelling state interest and (3) narrowly drawn.” Id. at 15.
Thirolf concedes that the online-solicitation statute regulates conduct, but he
contends that by doing so, the statute necessarily also regulates speech. See Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(c). According to Thirolf, even though the online-
solicitation statute regulates conduct, conduct-based statutes are not categorically
exempt from a First Amendment analysis. Thirolf argues that the online-
solicitation statute must be strictly construed to assure that the provision is not so
broad that it interferes with an individual’s right to free speech. See Ex parte Lo,
424 S.W.3d at 16-24. Citing Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, Thirolf argues
that strict scrutiny applies to the online-solicitation statute because the defendant
accomplishes the solicitation by speech, not conduct. 561 U.S. 1, 28 (2010).
However, we rejected the argument that Thirolf makes regarding the online-
solicitation statute in Salgado v. State, 492 S.W.3d 394, 396 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont 2016, no pet.). In Salgado, as well as in other appeals addressing the
online-solicitation statute, and given the speech at issue in those cases, we rejected
the argument that the online-solicitation statute operated as a conduct-based
regulation. As a result, we concluded that the statute did not criminalize protected
speech. Id.; see also State v. Paquette, 487 S.W.3d 286, 288-89 (Tex. App.—
6 Beaumont 2016, no pet.). Given the speech at issue in Thirolf’s case, we once
again decline to apply a strict-scrutiny analysis because the scope of the speech at
issue in his case concerns the conduct he engaged in of soliciting a minor for sex,
and the statute, with respect to that conduct, is designed to criminalize activities in
which the State has a legitimate and compelling interest in regulating through its
criminal laws. See Salgado, 492 S.W.3d at 396. Nonetheless, we note that Thirolf’s
argument asserting the statute is facially unconstitutional is a matter that is
currently before the Court of Criminal Appeals in another case that has not yet
been finally decided. See Leax v. State, Nos. 09-14-00452-CR, 09-14-00453-CR,
2016 WL 1468042 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Apr. 13, 2016, pet. granted) (mem. op.,
not designated for publication). Nevertheless, we are not persuaded that Salgado
was wrongly decided. See Salgado, 492 S.W.3d at 397 (concluding the online-
solicitation statute is a conduct-based statute, that it does not criminalize protected
speech, and that the statute, given the speech at issue, was not subject to a strict-
scrutiny analysis). The version of the online-solicitation statute that applies to
Thirolf, even before the 2015 amendment, still required the State to prove conduct
by proving that the defendant solicited the minor “with the intent that the minor
will engage in sexual contact, sexual intercourse, or deviate sexual intercourse with
the actor or another person.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(c). We adhere to our
7 view that the speech at issue in Thirolf’s case, which he engaged in to arrange an
illegal sexual act, is speech that falls outside the protections provided under the
First Amendment. See Ex Parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d at 16; Salgado, 492 S.W.3d at
396.
Finally, Thirolf argues that the online-solicitation statute, when judged in
relation to the statute’s legitimate sweep, is unconstitutionally broad because a
substantial number of its applications are unconstitutional. We rejected this same
argument in Salgado, and for the same reasons reject it here. 492 S.W.3d at 396.
For the reasons discussed, we conclude that Thirolf has not shown that the
trial court committed error by denying his pretrial motions to dismiss. Therefore,
the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
________________________________ HOLLIS HORTON Justice
Submitted on May 11, 2016 Opinion Delivered November 16, 2016 Do Not Publish
Before Kreger, Horton, and Johnson, JJ.