NO. 07-06-0291-CV
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL B
OCTOBER 23, 2007 ______________________________
KENNETH D. SMARTT, JR., ELIZABETH JIMENEZ, XOTICAS-LAREDO, L.P., XOTICAS-LAREDO, INC., K. SMARTT INVESTMENTS, INC. D/B/A XOTICAS,
Appellants v.
THE CITY OF LAREDO, TEXAS,
Appellee _________________________________
FROM THE 111TH DISTRICT COURT OF WEBB COUNTY;
NO. 2003-CVQ-001570-D2; HON. RAUL VASQUEZ, PRESIDING _______________________________
Opinion _______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
This is an appeal from a permanent injunction enjoining Kenneth D. Smartt, Jr.,
Elizabeth Jimenez, Xoticas-Laredo, L.P., Xoticas-Laredo, Inc., K. Smartt Investments, Inc.
d/b/a Xoticas (collectively referred to as Smartt) from operating a sexually oriented
business in the City of Laredo (Laredo), Texas. Smartt contends that the trial court erred
in granting the injunction because 1) the business does not "fit" the definition of “establishment” as used in the ordinance, 2) the ordinance is unconstitutional and 3)
Laredo had an adequate remedy at law. We affirm.
Background
In June of 1995, Smartt began operating a business involving nude dancers
(Xoticas) outside the city limits of Laredo. In 1998, Laredo annexed the property. Four
years later, Laredo amended a previously existing ordinance to require those operating
sexually oriented businesses to obtain a license and to refrain from conducting operations
within 1000 feet of a residential area. Laredo sued for an injunction seeking to stop Smartt
from operating his business because it purportedly violated the 1000 foot restriction. A
hearing was held, and the trial court granted the relief requested. It suspended the
injunction, however, pending appeal.
Standard of Review
Whether to grant a permanent injunction lies within the discretion of the trial court;
so, on appeal, we are limited to determining whether that discretion was abused. Priest
v. Tex. Animal Health Comm'n, 780 S.W.2d 874, 875 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1989, no writ).
Issue One - Definition of Establishment
Smartt initially argues that the ordinance in question is not applicable because 1)
his business is “grandfathered” and 2) its operation does not fall within the meaning of
“establishment.” We overrule the issue.
As for the business being “grandfathered,” we read the argument as suggesting that
because the business was in operation before the area was annexed and subject to the
zoning ordinance, it can continue to operate freely. No authority is cited in support of the
2 argument, however. Moreover, our own Supreme Court has held that under reasonable
conditions, zoning ordinances may be applied to end previously existing nonconforming
uses. City of University Park v. Benners, 485 S.W.2d 773, 778 (Tex. 1972); see also Baird
v. City of Melissa, 170 S.W.3d 921, 926-27 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2005, pet. denied)
(recognizing the continued existence of the rule). So, simply because Xoticas may have
been in operation before the zoning ordinances were implemented does not mean that it
is ipso facto immune from those ordinances.
As for the argument about the business not falling within the definition of an
“establishment,” we note that the ordinance makes it illegal “for any person to operate a
sexually oriented business without a valid sexually oriented business license . . . .”
LAREDO , TEX ., LAND DEVELOPMENT Code ch. 18A, §4(a). The ordinance similarly prohibits
a “person [from] operat[ing] or caus[ing] to be operated a sexually oriented business within
one thousand (1000) feet of . . . a church . . . [a] public or private . . . school . . . [a]
boundary of any residential district . . . [a] public park . . .” and various other locations. Id.
§13(b). Moreover, the word “person” encompasses “an individual, proprietorship,
partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity.” Id. §2(q). In none of these
several provisions appears the term “establishment.” Instead, they purport to regulate
“persons” and Smartt falls within the definition of a “person.”
To the extent that Smartt somehow relies on the word “establishment” to exclude
Xoticas from the scope of a sexually oriented business, we note that the latter is defined
as, among other things, an “adult cabaret” and “sexual encounter center.” The former
includes “a nightclub, bar, restaurant, or similar establishment whose major business is . . .
3 offering . . . live entertainment . . . intended to provide sexual stimulation or sexual
gratification . . . .” Id. §2(c). A “sexual encounter center” encompasses, among other
things, “a business or commercial enterprise that . . . offers for any form of consideration
. . . activities between male and female persons . . . when one or more of the persons is
in a state of nudity or is semi-nude . . . .” Id. §2(s). According to the record, Xoticas is “a
nightclub which features . . . female performers” dancing topless but with “covered nipples”
(while the other portions of the breast remain uncovered) and “bikini bottoms.” Those
indicia depict both live entertainment intended to provide sexual stimulation and activities
between males and females with one being semi-nude. Consequently, evidence exists
supporting the trial court’s determination that Xoticas is a sexually oriented business,
irrespective of the definition of “establishment.”
Issue Two - Constitutionality
In his second issue, Smartt asserts that the ordinance is unconstitutional because
1) its predecessor was found unconstitutional by another court and 2) it abridges First
Amendment protections. We again overrule the issue.
Regarding the purported unconstitutionality of the current ordinance due to the
unconstitutionality of its predecessor, we deem the argument illogical. Simply put, the two
differ. Being different, it does not logically follow that because the first was bad, the
second is also bad. More importantly, Smartt merely glosses over, rather than explains,
why he believes the new law suffers from the same defects as the old. This alone is fatal
to the argument because he is obligated to explain his contention. He cannot leave it up
4 to us to develop it. Double Ace, Inc. v. Pope, 190 S.W.3d 18, 29 (Tex. App.–Amarillo
2005, no pet.).
Regarding the purported violation of his First Amendment rights, he believes not
only that the ordinance is an invalid attempt at regulating the time, place, and manner of
sexually oriented businesses but also that it is not content neutral. We address the latter
contention first and conclude that the ordinance is content neutral, as that term has come
to be defined. Both state and federal precedent has deigned to place a “content neutral”
moniker on such laws when they can be deemed as simply regulating the time, place, and
manner of the speech or activity. See e.g., City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475
U.S. 41, 47, 106 S.Ct. 925, 928, 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); Smith v.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NO. 07-06-0291-CV
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL B
OCTOBER 23, 2007 ______________________________
KENNETH D. SMARTT, JR., ELIZABETH JIMENEZ, XOTICAS-LAREDO, L.P., XOTICAS-LAREDO, INC., K. SMARTT INVESTMENTS, INC. D/B/A XOTICAS,
Appellants v.
THE CITY OF LAREDO, TEXAS,
Appellee _________________________________
FROM THE 111TH DISTRICT COURT OF WEBB COUNTY;
NO. 2003-CVQ-001570-D2; HON. RAUL VASQUEZ, PRESIDING _______________________________
Opinion _______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
This is an appeal from a permanent injunction enjoining Kenneth D. Smartt, Jr.,
Elizabeth Jimenez, Xoticas-Laredo, L.P., Xoticas-Laredo, Inc., K. Smartt Investments, Inc.
d/b/a Xoticas (collectively referred to as Smartt) from operating a sexually oriented
business in the City of Laredo (Laredo), Texas. Smartt contends that the trial court erred
in granting the injunction because 1) the business does not "fit" the definition of “establishment” as used in the ordinance, 2) the ordinance is unconstitutional and 3)
Laredo had an adequate remedy at law. We affirm.
Background
In June of 1995, Smartt began operating a business involving nude dancers
(Xoticas) outside the city limits of Laredo. In 1998, Laredo annexed the property. Four
years later, Laredo amended a previously existing ordinance to require those operating
sexually oriented businesses to obtain a license and to refrain from conducting operations
within 1000 feet of a residential area. Laredo sued for an injunction seeking to stop Smartt
from operating his business because it purportedly violated the 1000 foot restriction. A
hearing was held, and the trial court granted the relief requested. It suspended the
injunction, however, pending appeal.
Standard of Review
Whether to grant a permanent injunction lies within the discretion of the trial court;
so, on appeal, we are limited to determining whether that discretion was abused. Priest
v. Tex. Animal Health Comm'n, 780 S.W.2d 874, 875 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1989, no writ).
Issue One - Definition of Establishment
Smartt initially argues that the ordinance in question is not applicable because 1)
his business is “grandfathered” and 2) its operation does not fall within the meaning of
“establishment.” We overrule the issue.
As for the business being “grandfathered,” we read the argument as suggesting that
because the business was in operation before the area was annexed and subject to the
zoning ordinance, it can continue to operate freely. No authority is cited in support of the
2 argument, however. Moreover, our own Supreme Court has held that under reasonable
conditions, zoning ordinances may be applied to end previously existing nonconforming
uses. City of University Park v. Benners, 485 S.W.2d 773, 778 (Tex. 1972); see also Baird
v. City of Melissa, 170 S.W.3d 921, 926-27 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2005, pet. denied)
(recognizing the continued existence of the rule). So, simply because Xoticas may have
been in operation before the zoning ordinances were implemented does not mean that it
is ipso facto immune from those ordinances.
As for the argument about the business not falling within the definition of an
“establishment,” we note that the ordinance makes it illegal “for any person to operate a
sexually oriented business without a valid sexually oriented business license . . . .”
LAREDO , TEX ., LAND DEVELOPMENT Code ch. 18A, §4(a). The ordinance similarly prohibits
a “person [from] operat[ing] or caus[ing] to be operated a sexually oriented business within
one thousand (1000) feet of . . . a church . . . [a] public or private . . . school . . . [a]
boundary of any residential district . . . [a] public park . . .” and various other locations. Id.
§13(b). Moreover, the word “person” encompasses “an individual, proprietorship,
partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity.” Id. §2(q). In none of these
several provisions appears the term “establishment.” Instead, they purport to regulate
“persons” and Smartt falls within the definition of a “person.”
To the extent that Smartt somehow relies on the word “establishment” to exclude
Xoticas from the scope of a sexually oriented business, we note that the latter is defined
as, among other things, an “adult cabaret” and “sexual encounter center.” The former
includes “a nightclub, bar, restaurant, or similar establishment whose major business is . . .
3 offering . . . live entertainment . . . intended to provide sexual stimulation or sexual
gratification . . . .” Id. §2(c). A “sexual encounter center” encompasses, among other
things, “a business or commercial enterprise that . . . offers for any form of consideration
. . . activities between male and female persons . . . when one or more of the persons is
in a state of nudity or is semi-nude . . . .” Id. §2(s). According to the record, Xoticas is “a
nightclub which features . . . female performers” dancing topless but with “covered nipples”
(while the other portions of the breast remain uncovered) and “bikini bottoms.” Those
indicia depict both live entertainment intended to provide sexual stimulation and activities
between males and females with one being semi-nude. Consequently, evidence exists
supporting the trial court’s determination that Xoticas is a sexually oriented business,
irrespective of the definition of “establishment.”
Issue Two - Constitutionality
In his second issue, Smartt asserts that the ordinance is unconstitutional because
1) its predecessor was found unconstitutional by another court and 2) it abridges First
Amendment protections. We again overrule the issue.
Regarding the purported unconstitutionality of the current ordinance due to the
unconstitutionality of its predecessor, we deem the argument illogical. Simply put, the two
differ. Being different, it does not logically follow that because the first was bad, the
second is also bad. More importantly, Smartt merely glosses over, rather than explains,
why he believes the new law suffers from the same defects as the old. This alone is fatal
to the argument because he is obligated to explain his contention. He cannot leave it up
4 to us to develop it. Double Ace, Inc. v. Pope, 190 S.W.3d 18, 29 (Tex. App.–Amarillo
2005, no pet.).
Regarding the purported violation of his First Amendment rights, he believes not
only that the ordinance is an invalid attempt at regulating the time, place, and manner of
sexually oriented businesses but also that it is not content neutral. We address the latter
contention first and conclude that the ordinance is content neutral, as that term has come
to be defined. Both state and federal precedent has deigned to place a “content neutral”
moniker on such laws when they can be deemed as simply regulating the time, place, and
manner of the speech or activity. See e.g., City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475
U.S. 41, 47, 106 S.Ct. 925, 928, 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986); Smith v. State, 866 S.W.2d 760,
763-64 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d). So in cases involving the zoning
of sexually oriented businesses, the focus lies not upon the nature of the activity but on the
government’s interest in regulating the secondary effects emanating from the activity and
the time, place and manner of the restrictions implemented. Smith v. State, 866 S.W.2d
at 763-64. With that said, we turn to the other aspect of Smartt’s contention.
That a municipality has a substantial interest in preserving the quality of urban life
is beyond dispute. Smith v. State, 866 S.W.2d at 764. Regulating the location of sexually
oriented businesses serves that interest. Id. Next, the manner in which the ordinance
regulates the activity is acceptable for it does not ban the activity in its entirety. It simply
regulates the location at which it can be conducted. And, restrictions limiting the location
to distances 1000 feet from churches and areas zoned residential have been held
constitutional. See SWZ, Inc. v. Board of Adjustment, 985 S.W.2d 268, 270-71 (Tex.
5 App.–Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied) (1000 feet); Lindsay v. Papageorgiou, 751 S.W.2d
544, 550 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied) (1500 feet).
Finally, Smartt believes aspects of the ordinance are “overly broad” and therefore
unconstitutional. The provision at issue is that referring to a “commercial enterprise,” and
Smartt suggests that the constitutionality of the provision was “specifically questioned in”
a prior opinion rendered by the Fourth Court of Appeals in a case involving Smartt and
various Webb County officials. See K. Smartt Invs., Inc. v. Martinez, No.04-01-00482-CV,
2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 9234 (Tex. App.–San Antonio December 31, 2002, no pet.). Yet, we
find nothing in the opinion suggesting that the phrase was unconstitutionally broad.
Rather, the court mentioned it only in assessing whether the activities occurring within the
establishment fell within the definition of an “adult cabaret.” It said nothing about the words
being overly broad or unconstitutional. So, to the extent that the argument now urged is
founded upon what the San Antonio Court of Appeals wrote in its Smartt opinion, we find
his contention is baseless.
Issue Three - Adequate Remedy at Law
Lastly, Smartt contends in his third issue that Laredo was not entitled to an
injunction since Laredo had an adequate legal remedy, namely the ability to criminally
prosecute and fine offenders. We overrule the issue for the reason that both statute, TEX .
LOCAL GOV. CODE ANN . §243.010(a) (Vernon 2005) and caselaw, Schleuter v. City of Fort
Worth, 947 S.W.2d 920, 932 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1997, writ denied), permit cities to
seek injunctions to stop sexually oriented businesses from violating ordinances like those
at bar. So, the issue is overruled.
6 The issues raised by Smartt do not evince an abuse of discretion on the part of the
trial court. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.
Brian Quinn Chief Justice