THURMAN, J.
The plaintiff was convicted upon the complaint of defendant in the city court of Salt Lake City of the offense of willfully and knowingly having in his possession intoxicating liquor. Plaintiff appealed from the judgment to the district court of Salt Lake county, in which said court, upon motion of the city attorney, the plaintiff was found not, guilty and the action dismissed. Plaintiff brought this action against the defendant charging malicious prosecution in the above proceeding.
This appeal is from a judgment sustaining defendant’s demurrer to plaintiff’s complaint and dismissing the action.
The complaint, in substance, alleges that defendant maliciously, and without probable cause, procured a criminal complaint to be prepared against the plaintiff, and without probable cause swore to the same; that the said criminal complaint was sworn to by-defendant charging plaintiff with unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly having in his possession intoxicating liquor, to wit, cider containing an excess of one-half of one per centum of alcohol, contrary to the ordinances of said city; that thereafter defendant, by reason of said complaint, maliciously and without probable cause procured a warrant for the arrest of plaintiff, and caused him to be arrested and deprived of his liberty; that all of the material allegations set forth in the affidavit made by defendant were false and untrue, and were made by defendant maliciously, with no sufficient provocation, without probable cause therefor, and without any personal knowledge on the part of the defendant of the facts therein sworn to, and without sufficient investigation to obtain knowledge concerning the same; that said complaint was made by defendant for the sole and only purpose of embarrassing, humiliating, and distressing plaintiff and injuring [500]*500him in his person, his good name and business. The plaintiff then, in substance, alleges that a trial was had on said complaint in the said city court, and that plaintiff was convicted of said alleged offense, but that the evidence upon which he was convicted was incompetent, immaterial, and wholly failed to prove any intention on the plaintiff’s part to violate any law of the state or ordinance of said city. Finally, it is alleged by plaintiff that he appealed from said judgment of conviction to the district • court of Salt Lake county, in which said court, on motion of the city attorney, the jury was instructed to return a verdict of not guilty; that said verdict was rendered and judgment of acquittal entered thereon; that by reason of the wrongful acts of defendant in swearing falsely to the complaint, charging plaintiff with an offense and otherwise causing plaintiff-to be prosecuted thereon, plaintiff was damaged in the sum of $1,400.
Defendant interposed a general demurrer to the complaint, specifying in particular the fact that it appeared from the complaint that plaintiff was convicted of the offense charged in the city court, and notwithstanding it appeared that said conviction was reversed in the district court on appeal, it did not appear by any allegation that said conviction in the city court was procured by perjury or fraud.
The district court sustained the demurrer, and judgment was entered, dismissing the action. Plaintiff appeals.
The record presents but two questions for our consideration. (1) In án action for malicious prosecution, where the complaint alleges a conviction and afterwards an acquittal in the proceeding complained of, is it essential that the complaint should also allege that the conviction was procured by fraud or perjury, or other undue means? (2) If such allegation is essential, is the complaint in the case at bar fatally defective in this regard?
In an action for malicious prosecution at least three distinct matters are necessary to be alleged and proved: (1) that the proceeding complained of as ground for the action was without probable cause; (2) that the proceeding was malicious; and (3) that the proceeding was finally terminated [501]*501in favor of the plaintiff. In this ease the defendant does not contend that the complaint is defective in failing to allege that the proceeding complained of by plaintiff was malicious. Neither is it contended that the complaint fails to show that the proceeding finally terminated in favor of the plaintiff. The question is narrowed down to the proposition as to whether or not the complaint on its face discloses a want of probable cause for the proceeding complained of. The' complaint alleges the fact that plaintiff in the city court 1 was convicted of the offense instituted against him by the defendant, and, under the authorities hereinafter cited, such conviction is at least prima facie evidence of probable cause for the prosecution, notwithstanding the conviction is afterwards reversed. Some of the authorities go so far as to hold that such .evidence is absolutely conclusive, but in our opinion the weight of judicial opinion, as well as that of jurists and text-writers, is to the effect that evidence of a conviction is only prima facie, and may be rebutted by competent evidence which impeaches the validity of the judgment. As will be seen from the decisions to which we shall refer, the most common expression is .that a judgment of conviction against the plaintiff in a case of this kind can be impeached and overthrown only by showing that the judgment was procured by perjury, fraud, or other undue means. The majority of the authorities brought to our attention by both of the parties to this litigation demonstrate that such is the case wherever this particular question is involved.
The authorities cited and relied on by respondent are as follows: Whitney v. Peckham, 15 Mass. 243; Griffis v. Sellars, 19 N. C. 492, 31 Am. Dec. 422; Price v. Stanley, 128 N. C. 38, 38 S. E. 33; Smith v. Thomas, 149 N. C. 100, 62 S. E. 772; Herman v. Brookerhoff, 8 Watts (Pa.) 240; Olson v. Neal, 63 Iowa, 214, 18 N. W. 863; Saunders v. Baldwin, 112 Va. 431, 71 S. E. 620, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 958, and note, Ann. Cas. 1913B, 1049; Crescent City, etc., Co. v. Butchers’ Union, etc., Co., 120 U. S. 141, 7 Sup. Ct. 472, 30 L. Ed. 614; Bacon v. Towne, 4 Cush. (Mass.) 217; Burt v. Place, 4 Wend. (N. Y.) 591; Spring v. Besore, 12 B. Mon. (Ky.) 551; Thomas v. [502]*502Muehlmann, 92 Ill. App. 571; Holliday v. Holliday, 123 Cal. 26, 55 Pac. 703; Carpenter v. Sibley, 153 Cal. 215, 94 Pac. 879, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1143, and note, 126 Am. St. Rep. 77, 15 Ann. Cas. 484; Fones v. Murdoch, 80 Or. 340, 157 Pac. 148; Annotated note L. R. A. 1916F, 196-203; Adams v. Bicknell, 126 Ind. 210, 25 N. E. 804, 22 Am. St. Rep. 576; Blucher v. Zonker, 19 Ind. App. 615, 49 N. E. 911; Haddad v. Chesapeake & O. R. Co., 77 W. Va. 710, 88 S. E. 1038, L. R. A. 1916F, 192; Dennehey v. Woodsum, 100 Mass. 195; King v. Estabrooks, 77 Vt. 371, 60 Atl. 84; Schofield v. Thackaberry, 115 Ill. App. 118; Henderson v. McGruder, 49 Ind. App. 682, 98 N. E. 137; Topolewski v. Plankinton Pkg. Co., 143 Wis. 52, 126 N. W. 554.
The following cases are relied on by appellant:
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THURMAN, J.
The plaintiff was convicted upon the complaint of defendant in the city court of Salt Lake City of the offense of willfully and knowingly having in his possession intoxicating liquor. Plaintiff appealed from the judgment to the district court of Salt Lake county, in which said court, upon motion of the city attorney, the plaintiff was found not, guilty and the action dismissed. Plaintiff brought this action against the defendant charging malicious prosecution in the above proceeding.
This appeal is from a judgment sustaining defendant’s demurrer to plaintiff’s complaint and dismissing the action.
The complaint, in substance, alleges that defendant maliciously, and without probable cause, procured a criminal complaint to be prepared against the plaintiff, and without probable cause swore to the same; that the said criminal complaint was sworn to by-defendant charging plaintiff with unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly having in his possession intoxicating liquor, to wit, cider containing an excess of one-half of one per centum of alcohol, contrary to the ordinances of said city; that thereafter defendant, by reason of said complaint, maliciously and without probable cause procured a warrant for the arrest of plaintiff, and caused him to be arrested and deprived of his liberty; that all of the material allegations set forth in the affidavit made by defendant were false and untrue, and were made by defendant maliciously, with no sufficient provocation, without probable cause therefor, and without any personal knowledge on the part of the defendant of the facts therein sworn to, and without sufficient investigation to obtain knowledge concerning the same; that said complaint was made by defendant for the sole and only purpose of embarrassing, humiliating, and distressing plaintiff and injuring [500]*500him in his person, his good name and business. The plaintiff then, in substance, alleges that a trial was had on said complaint in the said city court, and that plaintiff was convicted of said alleged offense, but that the evidence upon which he was convicted was incompetent, immaterial, and wholly failed to prove any intention on the plaintiff’s part to violate any law of the state or ordinance of said city. Finally, it is alleged by plaintiff that he appealed from said judgment of conviction to the district • court of Salt Lake county, in which said court, on motion of the city attorney, the jury was instructed to return a verdict of not guilty; that said verdict was rendered and judgment of acquittal entered thereon; that by reason of the wrongful acts of defendant in swearing falsely to the complaint, charging plaintiff with an offense and otherwise causing plaintiff-to be prosecuted thereon, plaintiff was damaged in the sum of $1,400.
Defendant interposed a general demurrer to the complaint, specifying in particular the fact that it appeared from the complaint that plaintiff was convicted of the offense charged in the city court, and notwithstanding it appeared that said conviction was reversed in the district court on appeal, it did not appear by any allegation that said conviction in the city court was procured by perjury or fraud.
The district court sustained the demurrer, and judgment was entered, dismissing the action. Plaintiff appeals.
The record presents but two questions for our consideration. (1) In án action for malicious prosecution, where the complaint alleges a conviction and afterwards an acquittal in the proceeding complained of, is it essential that the complaint should also allege that the conviction was procured by fraud or perjury, or other undue means? (2) If such allegation is essential, is the complaint in the case at bar fatally defective in this regard?
In an action for malicious prosecution at least three distinct matters are necessary to be alleged and proved: (1) that the proceeding complained of as ground for the action was without probable cause; (2) that the proceeding was malicious; and (3) that the proceeding was finally terminated [501]*501in favor of the plaintiff. In this ease the defendant does not contend that the complaint is defective in failing to allege that the proceeding complained of by plaintiff was malicious. Neither is it contended that the complaint fails to show that the proceeding finally terminated in favor of the plaintiff. The question is narrowed down to the proposition as to whether or not the complaint on its face discloses a want of probable cause for the proceeding complained of. The' complaint alleges the fact that plaintiff in the city court 1 was convicted of the offense instituted against him by the defendant, and, under the authorities hereinafter cited, such conviction is at least prima facie evidence of probable cause for the prosecution, notwithstanding the conviction is afterwards reversed. Some of the authorities go so far as to hold that such .evidence is absolutely conclusive, but in our opinion the weight of judicial opinion, as well as that of jurists and text-writers, is to the effect that evidence of a conviction is only prima facie, and may be rebutted by competent evidence which impeaches the validity of the judgment. As will be seen from the decisions to which we shall refer, the most common expression is .that a judgment of conviction against the plaintiff in a case of this kind can be impeached and overthrown only by showing that the judgment was procured by perjury, fraud, or other undue means. The majority of the authorities brought to our attention by both of the parties to this litigation demonstrate that such is the case wherever this particular question is involved.
The authorities cited and relied on by respondent are as follows: Whitney v. Peckham, 15 Mass. 243; Griffis v. Sellars, 19 N. C. 492, 31 Am. Dec. 422; Price v. Stanley, 128 N. C. 38, 38 S. E. 33; Smith v. Thomas, 149 N. C. 100, 62 S. E. 772; Herman v. Brookerhoff, 8 Watts (Pa.) 240; Olson v. Neal, 63 Iowa, 214, 18 N. W. 863; Saunders v. Baldwin, 112 Va. 431, 71 S. E. 620, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 958, and note, Ann. Cas. 1913B, 1049; Crescent City, etc., Co. v. Butchers’ Union, etc., Co., 120 U. S. 141, 7 Sup. Ct. 472, 30 L. Ed. 614; Bacon v. Towne, 4 Cush. (Mass.) 217; Burt v. Place, 4 Wend. (N. Y.) 591; Spring v. Besore, 12 B. Mon. (Ky.) 551; Thomas v. [502]*502Muehlmann, 92 Ill. App. 571; Holliday v. Holliday, 123 Cal. 26, 55 Pac. 703; Carpenter v. Sibley, 153 Cal. 215, 94 Pac. 879, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1143, and note, 126 Am. St. Rep. 77, 15 Ann. Cas. 484; Fones v. Murdoch, 80 Or. 340, 157 Pac. 148; Annotated note L. R. A. 1916F, 196-203; Adams v. Bicknell, 126 Ind. 210, 25 N. E. 804, 22 Am. St. Rep. 576; Blucher v. Zonker, 19 Ind. App. 615, 49 N. E. 911; Haddad v. Chesapeake & O. R. Co., 77 W. Va. 710, 88 S. E. 1038, L. R. A. 1916F, 192; Dennehey v. Woodsum, 100 Mass. 195; King v. Estabrooks, 77 Vt. 371, 60 Atl. 84; Schofield v. Thackaberry, 115 Ill. App. 118; Henderson v. McGruder, 49 Ind. App. 682, 98 N. E. 137; Topolewski v. Plankinton Pkg. Co., 143 Wis. 52, 126 N. W. 554.
The following cases are relied on by appellant: Bowman v. Brown, 52 Iowa, 437, 3 N. W. 609; Moffatt et al. v. Fisher, 47 Iowa, 473; Goodrich v. Warner, 21 Conn. 443.
In addition to these, the decisions that could be cited to the same effect are almost numberless, as will appear from the eases and notes specifically referred to. That the authorities are not in complete harmony will be found upon the most casual examination. The Minnesota court, in Skeffington v. Eylward, 97 Minn. 244, 105 N. W. 638, 114 Am. St. Rep. 711, divides the cases into three classes: (1) Those which hold that a conviction is conclusive evidence of probable cause, notwithstanding a reversal on appeal; (2) those in which it is held that a judgment of conviction, notwithstanding a reversal, can only be impeached by evidence that it was procured by fraud or perjury; and (3) those which hold that a judgment of conviction when reversed on appeal is only pri-ma facie evidence which may be rebutted by any competent evidence which clearly overcomes the presumption arising from the effect of the conviction in the first instance. The writer, after a somewhat careful review pf a large number of cases, including those,cited, is of the opinion that the above classification by the Minnesota court is substantially correct. Conceding this to be true, there is no escape from the conclusion that a judgment of conviction, followed by 2-4 a reversal, when offered as evidence in a case for mali[503]*503cious prosecution, is at least prima facie evidence of probable canse for the prosecution. It follows therefore that where the complaint itself in an action for malicious prosecution shows that plaintiff was convicted in the proceeding complained of, notwithstanding a reversal afterwards on appeal, the complaint fails to state a cause of action, unless it goes farther and alleges some fact or facts the legal effect of which is to impeach' the validity of the judgment and render it worthless as evidence of probable cause. The fact or facts so alleged should be to the effect that the judgment of conviction relied on as proof of probable cause was procured by fraud, perjury, or other undue or unfair means employed by the defendant.
This brings us to a consideration of the question as to whether or not the complaint in the present case is fatally defective in this respect. Before proceeding, however, to determine that question it is pertinent to make one or two observations upon other matters intimately connected with the question under review. All of the authorities which we have examined permit evidence of conviction for the purpose of proving probable cause. This is so because when one party is charged with prosecuting another without probable cause the most satisfactory evidence that there was probable cause would be a judgment of conviction, fairly obtained before an unbiased court or jury. This is so manifest as, in our judgment, to be uncontrovertible. But suppose the judgment of conviction was procured by perjury or fraud, or by any means which show that the judgment is invalid, unauthorized, and of no efficacy whatever as evidence of probable cause. Could it then be contended that such a judgment has probative value to establish probable cause? We have no hesitancy in holding that in such a case the probative effect of the judgment is entirely overcome, and that it stands in the case the same as if it had never been rendered. Suppose that the judgment was procured by testimony that was admittedly false and untrue. Should such a judgment in a case of this kind be given effect as proof of probable cause ? Clearly not. And eyen though the testimony was not given willfully [504]*504and corruptly so as to make it a case of perjury as 5 known to the criminal law, nevertheless its probative effect is just the same. It deceived and misled the court, and caused him to enter a judgment .which, for the purpose of evidence in a case ‘of this kind, should have no effect whatever. In Nehr v. Dobbs, 47 Neb. at page 870, 66 N. W. at page 866, a Nebraska case not cited in the briefs, the court said:
"The reason that a conviction procured by perjury is not proof of the existence of probable cause for the prosecution is that the false testimony deceived the trial court, so that the inference naturally drawn from a judgment of that court is no longer a reasonable inference.”
, This states the proposition in a nutshell. It is the falsity of the testimony and its tendency to deceive and mislead the court that vitiates the judgment and renders it ineffective when offered as evidence of probable cause, whether the testimony was willful and corrupt or given honestly and in good faith.
This brings us to a consideration of such portions of the complaint as are material to the question before us. After quoting in full the affidavit filed by the defendant against the plaintiff upon which the warrant of arrest was issued out of the city court the complaint of plaintiff, in the fourth paragraph, alleges:
"Plaintiff further alleges that all the material allegations of fact set forth in said affidavit of said defendant as hereinbefore set forth were false and untrue, and were made by defendant malicious and with no sufficient provocation or probable cause therefor, and were made by defendant without any personal knowledge of the facts therein sworn to, and without sufficient investigation to obtain knowledge concerning the truth of the facts set out, contained, and sworn to in said complaint, and were made by said defendant for the sole and only purpose of embarrassing, humiliating, and distressing this plaintiff and injuring him in his person and good name, and in his property, and were made by said defendant as plaintiff is informed and believes, and therefore alleges, with the object and purpose of injuring plaintiff’s- said business.”
It is also alleged in the fifth paragraph of the complaint that a trial was had of said cause, and plaintiff was adjudged to be guilty of violating the law as charged, in. said complaint, [505]*505and sentenced by the judge of said court. In the sixth paragraph it is alleged that the evidence in the district court to which the ease was appealed showed that 'in truth and in fact all of the material allegations in the criminal complaint defendant filed in the city court were wholly false and untrue, and that the city attorney thereupon moved the said district court to instruct the jury to return a verdict of not guilty, which was accordingly done, and the judgment of acquittal was thereupon made and entered.
‘Wiithout commenting in detail as to the meaning and effect of these allegations, it is sufficient to say they charge in effect that the whole proceeding against the plaintiff 6 in the city court had its foundation upon testimony which was false and untrue, and, for the purposes of this ease, that fact is admitted by the demurrer. Therefore, in accordance with the views hereinbefore expressed, it seems to the court that the invalidity of the judgment of the city court, relied on by the defendant as a defense, is sufficiently alleged in plaintiff’s complaint, and that the court erred in sustaining the demurrer and dismissing the action.
In arriving at this conclusion we have not deemed it necessary .to quote from or comment at length upon particular cases. They speak for themselves, and we are satisfied that the conclusion reached is within the spirit and intention of the best-reasoned opinions.
The ease is therefore remanded to the district court of Salt Lake county, with directions to said court to reinstate plaintiff’s complaint, ^overrule the demurrer interposed thereto, permit defendant to file an answer to said complaint upon such terms as may be just, and proceed with the hearing of said cause. Appellant to recover costs on appeal.
CORFMAN, C. J., and FRICK, WEBER, and GIDEON, JJ., concur.