Reverse and Render and Opinion Filed January 21, 2022
In the Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-20-00058-CV
KEN PAXTON, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF TEXAS, AND THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellants/Cross-Appellees V. ARNIEKA SIMMONS, Appellee/Cross-Appellant
On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC-18-07822
OPINION Before Justices Reichek, Nowell, and Carlyle Opinion by Justice Carlyle
Appellants/cross-appellees the Texas attorney general and the State of Texas
challenge the trial court’s denial of their plea to the jurisdiction and granting of
summary judgment against them in this lawsuit arising from a no-answer default
judgment in a landlord–tenant dispute. In a cross-issue, appellee/cross-appellant
Arnieka Simmons requests remand regarding attorney’s fees.
We reverse the trial court’s denial of appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction and
render judgment dismissing Ms. Simmons’s claims against them for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Because we conclude our appellate jurisdiction is limited to that
matter, we address no other issues.
Background
In August 2016, Ms. Simmons rented an apartment (the apartment) in a Dallas
County apartment complex. One year later, believing the lease term had ended, she
moved out of the apartment, surrendered both the apartment key and the mailbox
key, and notified the U.S. Postal Service of her change of address. She made no
further rent payments and never returned to the apartment.
In November 2017, the landlord filed a forcible detainer and non-payment of
rent action against Ms. Simmons in a Dallas County justice court. The landlord
sought possession of the apartment and unpaid rent from August 2017 through
November 2017, plus court costs. The landlord’s petition indicated that Ms.
Simmons’s only known address was the apartment. After unsuccessfully attempting
to serve Ms. Simmons at that location, the constable requested alternative service
pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 510.4(c). TEX. R. CIV. P. 510.4(c). In
accordance with that rule’s provisions, the justice court judge authorized service by
(i) delivering a copy of the citation to the apartment by “placing it through a door
mail chute” or “securely affix[ing] the citation to the front door or main entry” and
–2– (ii) mailing a copy to the premises.1 See id. 510.4(c)(3). The return of service was
filed with the justice court on November 13, 2017.
Ms. Simmons did not appear in the justice court lawsuit. On November 16,
2017, that court rendered a default judgment against her, awarding the landlord
possession of the apartment and $3,221.22 in rent, plus court costs and interest. A
copy of the default judgment was mailed to the apartment. At some point after the
time period for perfecting an appeal to county court had expired, Ms. Simmons
learned of the default judgment in the course of applying for a mortgage.
On June 12, 2018, Ms. Simmons filed this lawsuit seeking declaratory and
injunctive relief against the landlord, the State of Texas, and, in their official
capacities only, the justice court judge and Texas attorney general.2 She challenged
the constitutionality of rule 510.4(c) and Texas Property Code § 24.0051(a), which,
according to Ms. Simmons, together provide that nail-and-mail service is
procedurally sufficient to support a default judgment in a landlord’s lawsuit against
a tenant for possession of the premises and unpaid rent. See id.; TEX. PROP. CODE
§ 24.0051(a).3 She contended the alternative service of process authorized by those
1 The parties refer to this as “nail-and-mail” service. 2 The landlord and justice court judge are not parties to this appeal. 3 The current version of property code § 24.0051(a), which was last amended in 2012, states:
In a suit filed in justice court in which the landlord files a sworn statement seeking judgment against a tenant for possession of the premises and unpaid rent, personal service on the tenant or service on the tenant under Rule 742a, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, is
–3– provisions “is not reasonably calculated to give defendants notice of pending claims
for monetary relief.” 4
The petition also asserted, among other things, (i) this is “a suit seeking a
declaratory judgment that a state agent is acting pursuant to an unconstitutional law”;
(ii) “[s]overeign immunity is waived by the Declaratory Judgments Act because this
is a suit challenging the validity of a state statute,” see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
§§ 37.001–.011 (Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act); (iii) “[t]he existence of the
void judgment not only inflicts ongoing damage on Plaintiff in terms of damage to
her credit reputation but also continuously puts her at risk that a writ to enforce the
judgment may be issued”; and (iv) the justice court judge “is the official charged
procedurally sufficient to support a default judgment for possession of the premises and unpaid rent.
TEX. PROP. CODE § 24.0051(a). Though this section refers to rule of civil procedure 742a, that rule was repealed in 2013. According to the rules’ “Historical Notes” regarding rule 742a, the subject matter of that rule is now addressed in rule 510.4. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 742a (repealed by order of April 15, 2013, effective August 31, 2013). 4 Ms. Simmons also filed with her petition the form statutorily required when challenging a state statute’s constitutionality. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 402.010. Section § 402.010 states:
(a) In an action in which a party to the litigation files a petition, motion, or other pleading challenging the constitutionality of a statute of this state, the party shall file the form required by Subsection (a-1). The court shall, if the attorney general is not a party to or counsel involved in the litigation, serve notice of the constitutional challenge and a copy of the petition, motion, or other pleading that raises the challenge on the attorney general either by certified or registered mail or electronically . . . . .... (d) This section or the state’s intervention in litigation in response to notice under this section does not constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity.
Id.; see also TEX. CONST. art. V, § 32 (permitting legislature to require court to provide notice to attorney general of constitutional challenge).
–4– with issuing any writs of execution or garnishment, as well as any abstracts of
judgment, which may flow from the judgment.”
Ms. Simmons’s petition requested declarations that “Section 24.0051(a) of the
Texas Property Code in combination with Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 510.4(c) is
facially (or in the alternative, as applied) unconstitutional, unenforceable, and
invalid under both the Texas and United States Constitutions” and “the void default
judgment rendered in the underlying case may not be enforced by any writ of
execution, writ of garnishment, turn-over procedure, or other collection
mechanism.” As to injunctive relief, she sought “a permanent injunction against [the
landlord] enjoining any effort to enforce the invalid judgment” and requested that
“the State of Texas, or any of its agents” be enjoined from acting to “enforce the void
judgment rendered against her pursuant to Section 24.0051(a)” or “[g]enerally,
implement Section 24.0051(a) or enforce judgments rendered pursuant to it.”
Additionally, she sought attorney’s fees under civil practice and remedies code
§ 37.009. See id. § 37.009 (allowing award of attorney’s fees in declaratory
judgment actions).
Appellants filed a joint plea to the jurisdiction challenging the trial court’s
subject matter jurisdiction as to the claims against them. Appellants contended,
among other things, that Ms. Simmons lacks standing because she has not alleged
an injury “fairly traceable to the Attorney General” and “her injuries cannot be
redressed by the relief requested against the State of Texas or its Attorney General.”
–5– Additionally, appellants asserted (i) the UDJA is “merely a procedural device for
deciding cases already within a court’s jurisdiction”; (ii) a declaratory judgment
“requires a judicial controversy as to the rights and status of parties actually before
the court for adjudication, and the declaration sought must actually resolve the
controversy”; and (iii) Ms. Simmons’s lack of standing as to the State and attorney
general precludes her from relying on the UDJA’s sovereign immunity waiver as to
those defendants.
In her response to appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction, Ms. Simmons asserted,
among other things:
Plaintiff readily admits that under the unique circumstances of this case, identifying which of the government defendants is the right one is difficult. . . . Because Plaintiff’s target is the unconstitutional statute, and not any of the specific government defendants themselves, she asserts no explicit preference as to which government defendant(s) is/are identified as being a necessary [sic] so long as her challenge to the statute can proceed. Plaintiff has thus joined all three possible government defendants and takes no categorical position on which must remain but only that at least one must. However, because all parties that have a claim or interest in the statute must be joined under the DJA, the proper and most prudent course is to retain all the defendants in that action.
She also stated (i) “[t]he State of Texas, via its legislature, directly passed the
challenged statute and thus appears to have the most relevant connection to
defending the constitutionality of that law”; (ii) “[w]hile the Attorney General may
have no traditional ‘enforcement’ authority over the statute, the Attorney General is
constitutionally tasked with defending the laws (including the statutes) of the State
–6– of Texas” and “can serve as a representative party on behalf of the State when a
statute is challenged and standing/the proper party does not hinge on a statutory
enforcement analysis”; and (iii) “[h]owever, to the extent that ‘enforcement
authority’ of an entity is germane to a proper-party analysis in this case, the [justice
court judge] is the most applicable entity.”
Several months later, Ms. Simmons filed a traditional motion for partial
summary judgment against all defendants on her declaratory and injunctive relief
claims. Appellants filed a response in which they restated their standing and
sovereign immunity arguments without addressing Ms. Simmons’s arguments
regarding the constitutionality of nail-and-mail service.
Following a hearing, the trial court signed a November 15, 2019 interlocutory
order denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction and granting Ms. Simmons’s
summary judgment motion in part. The trial court declared (i) § 24.0051(a) and rule
510.4(c) “are UNCONSTITUTIONAL to the extent they authorize a default
judgment for monetary relief on the basis of service under [rule 510.4(c)], unless the
defendant has previously made an appearance in the case,” and (ii) “the money
award part of the default judgment (including the court costs) rendered against
Plaintiff . . . is VOID.”
Appellants filed a December 12, 2019 interlocutory appeal to this Court
challenging the denial of their plea to the jurisdiction. Because their notice of
interlocutory appeal was not filed within the allowed 20-day time period, see TEX.
–7– R. APP. P. 26.1(b), 28.1, they also filed a motion for extension of time to file the
notice of appeal.
While appellants’ extension motion in this Court was pending, the trial court
held a December 17, 2019 hearing on Ms. Simmons’s attorney’s fees claim and
signed a December 20, 2019 “Amended Final Judgment.” Appellants filed a January
14, 2020 notice of appeal of the December 20, 2019 judgment, which is the appeal
before us. At the same time, appellants also filed a motion to dismiss their December
12, 2019 interlocutory appeal, which this Court granted. See Paxton v. Simmons, No.
05-19-01528-CV, 2020 WL 428147 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 28, 2020, no pet.)
(mem. op.).5
The trial court’s December 20, 2019 judgment states:
5 This Court had granted appellants’ motion for extension of time to file a notice of appeal in cause number 05-19-01528-CV on December 23, 2019, and deemed that interlocutory appeal timely filed.
–8– The judgment also (i) awards Ms. Simmons appellate attorney’s fees in the event of
any defendant’s unsuccessful appeal and (ii) states, “This final judgment disposes of
all claims and all parties, and is appealable. All relief not granted is denied.”6
Appellate jurisdiction
“Usually, only final judgments are subject to appeal.” Alexander Dubose
Jefferson & Townsend LLP v. Chevron Phillips Chem. Co., L.P., 540 S.W.3d 577,
581 (Tex. 2018) (per curiam) (citing Hinde v. Hinde, 701 S.W.2d 637, 639 (Tex.
1985) (per curiam)). “In addition, a judgment’s finality determines whether an
appellant invoked a court’s appellate jurisdiction by timely filing a notice of appeal.”
Id. at 581–82. Absent a timely filed notice of appeal from a final judgment or
appealable interlocutory order, we do not have jurisdiction over an appeal. See
Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 (Tex. 2001).
A judgment is final for purposes of appeal if it disposes of all parties and
claims in the record. Id. at 195; see also Sherer v. Sherer, 393 S.W.3d 480, 486 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. denied) (judgment “cannot be final as to some issues
but not other issues”). “Because the law does not require that a final judgment be in
any particular form, whether a judicial decree is a final judgment must be determined
from its language and the record in the case.” Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 195; see also
Jack M. Sanders Family Ltd. P’ship v. Roger T. Fridholm Revocable Living Tr., 434
6 Ms. Simmons timely requested findings of fact and conclusions of law. The record does not show any were issued. –9– S.W.3d 236, 240 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (question of whether
appellate jurisdiction exists cannot be waived or settled by agreement of parties).
Additionally, “[a] judgment must be sufficiently definite and certain to define
and protect the rights of all litigants, or it must provide a definite means of
ascertaining such rights, to the end that ministerial officers can carry the judgment
to execution without ascertainment of facts not therein stated.” Steed v. State, 183
S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tex. 1944); accord Hinde, 701 S.W.2d at 639. “[A] judgment
cannot condition recovery on uncertain events, or base its validity on what the parties
might or might not do post-judgment.” Hinde, 701 S.W.2d at 639; cf. Grishman v.
Sims, No. 05-17-01057-CV, 2018 WL 3616883, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 30,
2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“A judgment settling all legal issues and rights between
the parties, however, may be final and appealable even if further proceedings may
be necessary for purposes of its execution or an incidental or dependent matter
remains to be settled.”).
A person may appeal from an interlocutory order that grants or denies a plea
to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
§ 51.014(a)(8). Though a notice of appeal generally must be filed within 30 days
after a judgment is signed, “in an accelerated appeal, the notice of appeal must be
filed within 20 days after the judgment or order is signed.” TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1; see
also TEX. R. APP. P. 28.1 (interlocutory appeal allowed by statute constitutes
accelerated appeal). An appellate court may extend the time to file a notice of appeal
–10– if, within 15 days after the filing deadline, the party files the notice of appeal and a
motion requesting an extension. TEX. R. APP. P. 26.3.
We begin by addressing together both sides’ challenges to the December 20,
2019 judgment’s finality. Each side’s position focuses on the portion of the judgment
containing the judge’s handwritten edits. That portion states:
Plaintiff shall not recover attorney fees from Defendants the State of Texas and Ken Paxton, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Texas, jointly and severally, for the prosecution of this case through this judgment at this point. The court reserves the right to modify this decision if an intervention is filed in this case by those Defendants.
Ms. Simmons asserts in her cross-issue, “This Court should reverse the
[December 20, 2019] final judgment in part as to trial court attorney fees because
the judgment fails to dispose of that issue.” According to Ms. Simmons, “Although
the judgment is a ‘final judgment’ because it has a Lehmann statement, . . . it should
not be a final judgment because it leaves claims unresolved.”7 She states, “The
judgment, while final for appellate review, does not actually dispose of all the issues
because the trial court reserved the right to modify the judgment based on appellants’
possible future acts.” She contends, “[T]he appropriate step to correct a ‘final’
judgment that does not dispose of all the issues in the case is to remand the non-final
portion of the judgment back to the trial court for a full and final resolution of those
7 With regard to the term “a Lehmann statement,” Ms. Simmons cites the following dictum from Lehmann: “A statement like, ‘This judgment finally disposes of all parties and all claims and is appealable,’ would leave no doubt [as to judgment finality].” Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 206. –11– issues.” Thus, she asserts, “this Court should reverse that portion of the judgment,
remand the issue of trial court attorneys’ fees to the trial court for a full
determination, and affirm the remaining bulk of the judgment in full.”
Though appellants contended in their appellate reply brief that the December
20, 2019 judgment is final and appealable, they abandoned that position in a letter
brief filed four days before oral submission to this Court. In their letter brief, they
assert for the first time that this Court “lacks appellate jurisdiction over at least some
of the parties’ issues because the trial court’s judgment was not final and appealable.”
Appellants argue (i) “the judgment does not dispose of Simmons’s claim for
attorneys’ fees against Appellants” because “the court expressly reserved its right to
award trial-level fees based on a possible future event,” and (ii) “boilerplate
language at odds with the substance of the court’s order cannot establish finality.”
Additionally, appellants contend that though the December 20, 2019 judgment
“was not final,” it constituted “an order denying Appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction.”
They argue this Court “should imply a motion for extension of time” as to their
January 14, 2020 notice of appeal—which was filed within five days after the 20-
day accelerated appeal deadline—and “conclude that Appellants filed a timely
interlocutory appeal from the order denying their plea to the jurisdiction.” According
to appellants, “That means that only the portion of the trial court’s order denying the
plea is properly before this Court—not Appellants’ purported appeal of the
constitutional ruling or Simmons’s cross-appeal.” Appellants assert that if we
–12– conclude their January 14, 2020 appeal was untimely, we should dismiss both their
appeal and Simmons’s cross-appeal for want of jurisdiction.
Generally, an “intervention” is filed by a nonparty voluntarily seeking to
become a party in a pending suit. E.g., In re H.G., 267 S.W.3d 120, 122 n.1 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2008, pet. denied). Here, the record suggests the trial court’s use
of the phrase “if an intervention is filed in this case” instead referred to the possibility
that appellants might at some point after the judgment’s signing assert a defense to
the constitutionality of the challenged statute and rule, which they had not done up
to that time.8
Nevertheless, the trial court’s handwritten edits resulted in a judgment that
conditions recovery on uncertain events and is based on what the parties might or
might not do post-judgment. See Hinde, 701 S.W.2d at 639. Also, the potential
modification the judgment contemplates is not incidental to settled legal issues and
rights, but instead, as Ms. Simmons states in her appellate reply brief, “is a
significant judicial decision.” Thus, the December 20, 2019 judgment is not
sufficiently definite. See id.; Steed, 183 S.W.2d at 460.
8 At the December 17, 2019 attorney’s fees hearing, the trial court stated:
[Appellants] filed a plea to the jurisdiction. And declined the opportunity to intervene on many, many occasions even though they had attorneys here. . . . [A]t that point it seemed to me kind of unfair to award this against the State of Texas since they agreed that this is unconstitutional. . . . The State of Texas now seems to be indicating that . . . we’re now going to take the position that . . . this is constitutional, for whatever reason that is.
At the hearing’s conclusion, the trial court stated, “[I]f there is some way for me to award some kind of conditional trial court fees if the attorney general changes their position, I’m willing to do that if there’s some legal authority that allows me to do that.” –13– To the extent Ms. Simmons contends the judgment’s statement that “[t]his
final judgment disposes of all claims and all parties, and is appealable” automatically
makes the judgment final, we disagree. The Lehmann dictum she cites does not
purport to address a circumstance where, as here, the judgment’s substance directly
conflicts with that statement. See Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 206. Our supreme court
has instructed that “[c]lear and unequivocal language that reflects an intent to
dispose of the entire case is given effect, but when there is doubt about finality, the
record resolves the issue.” In re R.R.K., 590 S.W.3d 535, 541 (Tex. 2019) (cleaned
up). Here, as Ms. Simmons asserts in her appellate reply brief, the trial court “must
make further determinations before the issues are finally disposed of.” On this
record, we conclude the December 20, 2019 judgment is not final and appealable.
See id.; Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 195.
Though appellants’ January 14, 2020 notice of appeal was filed more than 20
days after the trial court’s December 20, 2019 interlocutory ruling and thus did not
comply with rule 26.1(b), it was filed within rule 26.3’s 15-day “grace period.” See
City of Dallas v. Hillis, 308 S.W.3d 526, 529 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. denied).
“Under Verburgt v. Dorner, 959 S.W.2d 615, 617 (Tex. 1997), we imply a motion to
extend time to file notice of appeal under these circumstances.” Id.; see Hone v.
Hanafin, 104 S.W.3d 884, 886 (Tex. 2003) (per curiam). The inquiry then becomes
whether appellants have furnished a reasonable explanation for the untimely filing.
Hillis, 308 S.W.3d at 529 (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 10.5(b)(1)(C)). Under this standard,
–14– any conduct short of deliberate or intentional noncompliance qualifies as a
reasonable explanation. Id. at 529–30.
The record shows appellants originally appealed the trial court’s November
15, 2019 interlocutory order denying their plea to the jurisdiction, but moved to
dismiss that appeal when they believed the December 20, 2019 judgment had
replaced that order. Appellants assert they incorrectly believed the December 20,
2019 judgment was final and could be appealed within 30 days. We accept this as a
reasonable explanation and grant appellants’ implied motion for extension. Id.; see
Christus Health Se. Tex. v. Broussard, 267 S.W.3d 531, 533–34 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont 2008, no pet.) (“A party’s mistaken belief that no extension was required
because the notice of appeal was timely reasonably explains the failure to file a
motion for an extension of time.”). Thus, appellants’ interlocutory appeal of the
denial of their plea to the jurisdiction is properly before this Court.
Appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction
We review the trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. Tex.
Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004); City of
Plano v. Hatch, 584 S.W.3d 891, 895 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2019, no pet.). In
performing this review, we do not look to the merits of the case but consider only
the pleadings and evidence relevant to the jurisdictional inquiry. Consumer Serv. All.
of Tex., Inc. v. City of Dallas, 433 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no
pet.).
–15– A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea that contests the trial court’s
authority to determine the subject matter of the cause of action. Tarrant Cty. Coll.
Dist. v. Sims, 621 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2021, no pet.) (citing Bland
Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000)). A plea to the jurisdiction
may challenge the pleadings, the existence of jurisdictional facts, or both. Tex. Dep’t
of Criminal Justice v. Rangel, 595 S.W.3d 198, 205 (Tex. 2020). When a plea to the
jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we must determine if the pleader has alleged
sufficient facts to demonstrate affirmatively the trial court’s jurisdiction to hear the
cause. See Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc. v. Fayette Cty., 453 S.W.3d 922, 927 (Tex.
2015) (per curiam); Hatch, 584 S.W.3d at 895. To make this determination we look
to the pleader’s intent, construe the pleadings liberally in favor of jurisdiction, and
accept the allegations in the pleadings as true. Hatch, 584 S.W.3d at 895. If the
pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a plea to the
jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend.
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226–27.
A plaintiff’s standing to assert a claim “is implicit in the concept of subject-
matter jurisdiction, and subject-matter jurisdiction is essential to the authority of a
court to decide a case.” In re Abbott, 601 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. 2020) (orig.
proceeding) (per curiam); Farmers Tex. Cty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Beasley, 598 S.W.3d
237, 240 (Tex. 2020). The standing doctrine identifies suits appropriate for judicial
resolution and assures there is a real controversy between the parties that will be
–16– determined by the judicial determination sought. Patel v. Tex. Dep’t of Licensing &
Regulation, 469 S.W.3d 69, 77 (Tex. 2015). Courts assess standing on a claim-by-
claim basis. See Heckman v. Williamson Cty., 369 S.W.3d 137, 150 (Tex. 2012). If a
plaintiff lacks standing to assert a claim, the court lacks jurisdiction over that claim
and must dismiss it. Id.
The Texas Supreme Court has adopted the standard for standing articulated
by the United States Supreme Court. See Abbott v. Jenkins, No. 05-21-00733-CV,
2021 WL 5445813, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 22, 2021, no pet. h.) (mem. op.).
“To establish standing, a plaintiff must show: (1) an injury in fact, which is concrete
and particularized and actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) that
is fairly traceable to the defendant’s conduct; and (3) that is likely to be redressed by
the requested relief.” Id. (citing Heckman, 369 S.W.3d at 154–55); accord Lujan v.
Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992) (stating that Supreme Court’s
cases “have established that the irreducible constitutional minimum of standing
contains [those] three elements,” which are “an indispensable part of the plaintiff’s
case”). “[T]o challenge a statute, a plaintiff must [both] suffer some actual or
threatened restriction under the statute and contend that the statute unconstitutionally
restricts the plaintiff’s rights.” Patel, 469 S.W.3d at 77 (cleaned up). The standing
determination is made by looking to the plaintiff’s pleadings, and the mere fact that
a plaintiff may not ultimately prevail on the merits of the lawsuit does not deprive
the plaintiff of standing. Beasley, 598 S.W.3d at 241.
–17– The UDJA provides a means by which a person whose “rights, status, or other
legal relations are affected by a statute” may “have determined any question of
construction or validity arising under the . . . statute . . . and obtain a declaration of
rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
§ 37.004(a). Section 37.006 states:
(a) When declaratory relief is sought, all persons who have or claim any interest that would be affected by the declaration must be made parties. . . . . (b) In any proceeding that involves the validity of a municipal ordinance or franchise, the municipality must be made a party and is entitled to be heard, and if the statute, ordinance, or franchise is alleged to be unconstitutional, the attorney general of the state must also be served with a copy of the proceeding and is entitled to be heard.
Id. § 37.006.
“A plaintiff bringing suit under the [UDJA] must still properly invoke the trial
court’s subject matter jurisdiction.” Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Lynch, 595 S.W.3d 678,
683 (Tex. 2020) (citing Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440,
444 (Tex. 1993) (explaining that UDJA is a “procedural device for deciding cases
already within a court’s jurisdiction” and does not permit courts to render advisory
opinions)); see also Brooks v. Northglen Ass’n, 141 S.W.3d 158, 163–64 (Tex. 2004)
(“A declaratory judgment requires a judicial controversy as to the rights and status
of parties actually before the court for adjudication, and the declaration sought must
actually resolve the controversy.”).
–18– State employees acting in their official capacities generally have sovereign
immunity from suit. See Tex. S. Univ. v. Villarreal, 620 S.W.3d 899, 904 (Tex. 2021).
“For claims challenging the validity of ordinances or statutes, however, the [UDJA]
requires that the relevant governmental entities be made parties, and thereby waives
immunity.” City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 373 n.6 (Tex. 2009) (citing
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.006(b)); see Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor,
106 S.W.3d 692, 697–698 (Tex. 2003) (“[I]f the Legislature requires that the State
be joined in a lawsuit for which immunity would otherwise attach, the Legislature
has intentionally waived the State’s sovereign immunity.”).
Though appellants’ appellate briefing asserted multiple jurisdictional
challenges, appellants stated during oral submission in this Court that they have
abandoned all jurisdictional challenges except lack of standing. Appellants contend,
“Because neither the State nor the Attorney General caused Simmons’s alleged
injury or have any role enforcing the challenged statute or rule, Simmons lacks
standing to sue Appellants.” Appellants also argue Ms. Simmons’s lack of standing
precludes her from relying on the UDJA’s waiver of sovereign immunity.
Ms. Simmons contends that because § 37.006(a) requires that “all persons
who have . . . any interest that would be affected by the declaration must be made
parties,” see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.006(a), both appellants are
“necessary parties” and thus subject to the UDJA’s waiver of sovereign immunity.
She asserts (i) “the State of Texas is a real party in interest because the Texas
–19– Legislature itself adopted the nail-and-mail statute” and (ii) the attorney general “is
and was interested in the outcome of the UDJA declaration on the statute as much as
any other governmental entity.”9
We disagree with Ms. Simmons’s position. Section 37.006 itself belies that
interpretation, as Ms. Simmons’s reading would render meaningless § 37.006(b)’s
provision that “if the statute . . . is alleged to be unconstitutional, the attorney general
of the state must also be served with a copy of the proceeding and is entitled to be
heard.” See Holt v. Tex. Dep’t of Ins.–Div. of Workers’ Comp., No. 03-17-00758-CV,
2018 WL 6695725, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 20, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.)
(“Reading section 37.006(b) as requiring the State itself to be made a party in every
case involving a constitutional challenge to a statute would render meaningless the
distinction made by the legislature in its choice of language.”); see also id. at *6 (“It
would make little sense for the legislature to have enacted [Texas Government Code
§ 402.010] if the State through the Attorney General was a necessary party in all
suits that involve a challenge to a statute’s constitutionality.”).
Next, Ms. Simmons argues that even if appellants are not “necessary parties”
pursuant to § 37.006(a), she can invoke the UDJA’s sovereign immunity waiver
because she has met the relevant test for standing generally. Specifically, she
contends the three-prong Lujan standard for standing described above does not apply
9 To the extent Ms. Simmons’s argument relies on statements in appellants’ appellate briefing regarding “the doctrine of virtual representation,” we note that appellants stated during oral submission that they have abandoned that portion of their argument. –20– here. Instead, according to Ms. Simmons, “[T]he standing analysis for a challenge
to a statute is a separate, two prong standard: To challenge a statute a plaintiff must
both [1] suffer some actual or threatened restriction under the statute and [2] contend
that the statute unconstitutionally restricts the plaintiff’s rights.” In support of that
contention, she cites Patel, 469 S.W.3d at 77, and Barshop v. Medina County
Underground Water Conservation District, 925 S.W.2d 618, 626 (Tex. 1996). She
asserts she has satisfied both prongs of that two-prong standard. Additionally, Ms.
Simmons asserts she has also satisfied Lujan’s requirements, citing Allstate
Insurance Co. v. Abbott, 495 F.3d 151 (5th Cir. 2007).
We disagree with Ms. Simmons’s position that Lujan’s three-prong standard
for standing is inapplicable when the constitutionality of a statute is challenged. The
cases she cites, Patel and Barshop, do not state that Lujan’s three-prong standard has
been replaced in this context, nor do they address the Lujan standard at all. Further,
other cases involving constitutional challenges to statutes demonstrate that the
principles Ms. Simmons cites from Patel and Barshop coexist with and do not
diminish the three-prong Lujan standard. See Ector Cty. All. of Bus. v. Abbott, No.
11-20-00206-CV, 2021 WL 4097106, at *8, *10 (Tex. App.—Eastland Sept. 9, 2021,
no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing both Lujan’s three-prong standard and Patel’s principle
regarding challenge to constitutionality of statute as applicable law); In re K.L., 553
S.W.3d 703, 707 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (same); Good
Shepherd Med. Ctr., Inc. v. State, 306 S.W.3d 825, 832–33 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010,
–21– no pet.) (same). We conclude Lujan’s three-prong standard for standing is applicable
in this case. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 (stating its three-prong standard establishes
“the irreducible constitutional minimum of standing”).
Nor do we agree with Ms. Simmons that Allstate is instructive here. In that
case, Allstate Insurance Company sued the Texas attorney general in state court
under the UDJA to challenge the constitutionality of a Texas statute regarding car
repair shops. 495 F.3d at 154–55. The statute was enforced through a private right
of action for insureds to sue their insurer. Id. at 157. The attorney general removed
the case to federal court, which waived the Eleventh Amendment immunity a state
normally has when sued in federal court. Id. at 158.
Before reaching the merits, the Fifth Circuit addressed the attorney general’s
challenge to standing. The Fifth Circuit noted that in order to satisfy the
Constitution’s Article III “case or controversy requirement,” Allstate had to satisfy
all three Lujan elements. Id. at 158 (citing Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560). Then, the Fifth
Circuit discussed how the attorney general’s immunity waiver impacted its analysis
of whether those elements had been satisfied:
A case brought against a state officer in his official capacity is essentially a suit against the state. While the states are immune from suit under the Eleventh Amendment, Ex parte Young allows a plaintiff to avoid this bar by naming a state official for the purpose of enjoining the enforcement of an unconstitutional state statute. In turn, Young requires that “[i]n making an officer of the state a party defendant in a suit to enjoin the enforcement of an act alleged to be unconstitutional, . . . such officer must have some connection with the
–22– enforcement of the act, or else it is merely making . . . the state a party.” . . . . . . [T]he state removed this case to federal court and thereby waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity. Therefore, because it is unnecessary to employ the fiction of Young to defeat the state’s immunity, the connection between the state officer named in the suit and the enforcement of [the challenged statute] is irrelevant to our standing analysis. Rather, the state is the real party in interest. Because the state itself is a party, causation and redressability are easily satisfied in this case. Causation is satisfied because the state passed . . . a law which threatens Allstate with private civil law suits and civil penalties if it continues with its business plan to acquire additional . . . body shops. A declaration of unconstitutionality directed against the state would redress Allstate’s injury because it would allow Allstate to avoid these penalties and lawsuits. Accordingly, we are satisfied that a genuine case or controversy exists.
Id. at 159–60 (footnote citations omitted).
Allstate also distinguished the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Okpalobi v. Foster,
244 F.3d 405, 426–29 (5th Cir. 2001) (en banc), which the Allstate defendants cited
in support of their argument that causation and redressability were lacking. The Fifth
Circuit stated in Allstate:
In Okpalobi, we considered whether a district court had properly enjoined the operation and effect of a Louisiana state tort statute which made abortion providers liable to patients in tort for any damage occasioned by abortions. We concluded that because the named defendants (the Governor and the Attorney General) had caused no injury to the plaintiffs and could never themselves cause any injury under the private civil scheme, the plaintiffs failed to fulfill Article III’s case and controversy requirement. Okpalobi does not control this case. . . . Because neither the authority of the Louisiana Governor nor Attorney General extended to enforcing the provision challenged by the Okpalobi plaintiffs, the Eleventh Amendment remained a bar to the suit. Our standing analysis was thus limited to an examination of whether causation and
–23– redressability could be linked to the enforcement connection the Governor and Attorney General had with the statute.
Allstate, 495 F.3d at 159.
Allstate differs from the case before us in that its analysis specifically focused
on considerations pertaining to the attorney general’s waiver of Eleventh
Amendment immunity. By contrast, two recent cases analyzing standing absent any
Eleventh Amendment waiver considerations have found Okpalobi’s “enforcement
connection” analysis properly applicable. See Ector Cty. All. of Bus., 2021 WL
4097106, at *10 (concluding, in bar owners’ challenge to COVID-19 restrictions
issued under Texas Disaster Act, that traceability requirement of standing was not
met where “[plaintiff] did not plead that the Governor or the State ever threatened to
enforce any executive order [issued under the challenged statute], and the Governor
and the State have conceded that they do not have the authority to do so”); Lewis v.
Governor of Ala., 944 F.3d 1287, 1299 (11th Cir. 2019) (concluding, in employees’
challenge to constitutionality of statute voiding local laws requiring employers to
pay higher than minimum wage, that Lujan’s traceability and redressability
requirements were not met as to claims against attorney general where plaintiffs did
not show attorney general was enforcing complained-of statute or had authority to
do so). We find those cases persuasive and adopt that reasoning here. See Lewis, 944
F.3d at 1300–01 (rejecting broad concept of traceability advanced by plaintiffs that
would allow Alabama attorney general to be sued in challenges regarding “most
–24– provisions of Alabama law,” and observing that record showed other potential
defendants with obvious causal connection existed).
As described above, Ms. Simmons’s petition asserted (i) this is “a suit seeking
a declaratory judgment that a state agent is acting pursuant to an unconstitutional
law”; (ii) “[t]he existence of the void judgment not only inflicts ongoing damage on
Plaintiff in terms of damage to her credit reputation but also continuously puts her
at risk that a writ to enforce the judgment may be issued”; and (iii) the justice court
judge “is the official charged with issuing any writs of execution or garnishment, as
well as any abstracts of judgment, which may flow from the judgment.”
In her response to appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction, Ms. Simmons stated
(i) “[t]he State of Texas, via its legislature, directly passed the challenged statute and
thus appears to have the most relevant connection to defending the constitutionality
of that law”; (ii) “[w]hile the Attorney General may have no traditional
‘enforcement’ authority over the statute, the Attorney General is constitutionally
tasked with defending the laws (including the statutes) of the State of Texas” and
“can serve as a representative party on behalf of the State when a statute is
challenged and standing/the proper party does not hinge on a statutory enforcement
analysis”; and (iii) “[h]owever, to the extent that ‘enforcement authority’ of an entity
is germane to a proper-party analysis in this case, the [justice court judge] is the most
applicable entity.” She also stated she “asserts no explicit preference as to which
government defendant(s) is/are identified as being a necessary [sic] so long as her
–25– challenge to the statute can proceed” and “has thus joined all three possible
government defendants and takes no categorical position on which must remain but
only that at least one must.”10
Nothing in Ms. Simmons’s pleading demonstrates any enforcement
connection between the challenged provisions and the State or the attorney general.
See Ector Cty. All. of Bus., 2021 WL 4097106, at *10. Construing Ms. Simmons’s
pleading liberally in favor of jurisdiction and accepting the allegations in the
pleading as true, we cannot conclude she alleged sufficient facts to show the
necessary standing element of traceability. See id. Further, her pleading affirmatively
negates the existence of jurisdiction and thus an opportunity to replead is not
warranted. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226–27. We conclude the trial court erred by
denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction.
We reverse the trial court’s order denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction
and dismiss Ms. Simmons’s claims against them for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. This appeal’s interlocutory nature precludes us from addressing any
other issues.
/Cory L. Carlyle/ 200058f.p05 CORY L. CARLYLE JUSTICE
10 In this same vein, Ms. Simmons asserted during oral submission before this Court, “[T]he [UDJA] requires us to include [appellants] in the lawsuit. And if we hadn’t then we would have just been in the potential situation where everybody recognized that this statute is unconstitutional, but we didn’t add the one government defendant that we need, and then we get poured out on appeal. . . . It just didn’t make any sense to do that.” –26– Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
KEN PAXTON, IN HIS OFFICIAL On Appeal from the 68th Judicial CAPACITY AS ATTORNEY District Court, Dallas County, Texas GENERAL OF THE STATE OF Trial Court Cause No. DC-18-07822. TEXAS, AND THE STATE OF Opinion delivered by Justice Carlyle. TEXAS, Appellants/Cross-Appellees Justices Reichek and Nowell participating. No. 05-20-00058-CV V.
ARNIEKA SIMMONS, Appellee/Cross-Appellant
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we REVERSE the trial court’s denial of appellants/cross-appellees’ plea to the jurisdiction and RENDER judgment dismissing appellee/cross-appellant Arnieka Simmons’s claims against appellants/cross-appellees for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
It is ORDERED that appellants/cross-appellees Ken Paxton, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Texas, and the State of Texas recover their costs of this appeal from appellee/cross-appellant Arnieka Simmons.
Judgment entered this 21st day of January, 2022.
–27–