Upon this day the judges delivered their opinions.
Tilghman C. J.
This cause comes before us on a writ of error to the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin county. The plaintiff below declared upon an indebitatus assumpsit and quantum meruit for work and services performed by him for James Foster deceased. On the trial he proved, that he had lived with James Foster several years and performed services for him; he also proved a promise by James Foster, that if the plaintiff would live with him till the time of his death, he would give him 200/., and that he did live with [7]*7him. The court told the jury, that if they believed this evidence, the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict for 200/., which " the jury found accordingly, and the defendants took a bill of exceptions to the court’s'opinion. ■>
The strength of the objection lies in this, that the plaintiff ought not to have been permitted to avail himself of this special agreement without having stated it in his Narr. We have held this case under advisement since the last term, in order to have an opportunity of examining the authorities cited on the argument, many of which were not to be procured in this plaeé. Upon a careful examination of the law it appears to me to be settled, that when the terms óf a special agreement have been performed by the plaintiff, the law raises a duty, for which a general indebitatus assiimpsit will lie. It is so laid down in Buller's Nisi Prius 139, and the case of Gordon v. Martin, Fitzgibb. 302, is cited in support of the principle. Fuller is fully supported by the case referred to, which was a decision on the very point. The opinion of Justice Dennison is precisely the same in Alcorn v. Westbrook, 1 Wils. 117; and to the same purpose is the late case of Brooke v. White, 4 Bos. & Pul. 330. I am always glad to find authority for supporting the verdict of a jury where the merits appear to have been fairly before them, and for supporting that kind of pleading which' is attended with the least difficulty. The only objection to this general manner of declaring is that the defendant may be taken by surprize; but with proper caution he never can; for he may demand of the plaintiff to specify the nature of the evidence he means to offer, and until this is done, the court will not suffer the plaintiff to bring on the trial. Something very like the present question was determined by this court in the case of Snyder and wife v. Samuel Castor, administrator of George Castor, at Philadelphia March term 1807. The plaintiff declared on a general indebitatus assumpsit for work labour and services &c., and gave in evidence a promise of the intestate to pay after his death. It was objected that this was a special promise, different from that laid in the declaration; but the court decided that the action might be supported, as it was not brought till after the time when the money was due. I am therefore of opinion that the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas be affirmed.
[8]*8Ye ates J.
The distinction is fully established in the cases 'cited by the Chief Justice, Bull. 139. Fitzgib. 302. 1 Wils. 117. 4 Bos. & Pul. 330, that an indebitatus assumpsit or quantum meruit will lie upon a special contract executed by the plaintiff; but on such contract to be performed in future, the plaintiff must declare on the special agreement. All the cases upon the subject were fully considered in Snyder et ux. v. Castor’s administrators, and I mentioned that decision during the argument at the last term. The present suit appears to me to be the same in principle, and I cannot distinguish between them. It is the defendant’s fault if he is surprized on the trial; because he may require of the plaintiff the particulars of his demand previous to the trial, and may come prepared to meet it. I concur in opinion that the judgment below may be affirmed.
Brackenridge J.
It has occurred to me sometimes to consider whether the practice of our courts in this state, in bringing a matter to issue, will warrant the like strictness with the courts of England, in what shall be given in evidence.
I will premise that I think a great deal has been lost in permitting the practice that has taken place here, or a departure from what is called special pleading. There is not only great scientific beauty, but there is wonderful conveniency for the attainment of justice in having the matter ia controversy brought to a point, and on which the issue joined goes to the jury. It gives the party on the other side a clear and explicit view of what is to be proved or resisted, en the trial. But independent of this, half the matters in controversy are determined before the issue is made up, or goes to.a jury; this on demurrer See.; or, if not determined, the controversy is so narrowed that a single question being to be tried, the necessity of calling witnesses is wonderfully reduced, and great expense saved. I take the want of having the leading point that is to be conti-overted in the cause specially brought to an issue, is a great cause of the delay of trials in our courts of justice. For in laying the evidence before the jury, there is the same process of attack and defence, as ©n paper in special pleading preparatory to the trial; the [9]*9plaintiff makes out his allegation. The defendant goes on to prove something, which, admitting it, overthrows it. The plaintiff overthrows that by a supervenient fact, and the rejoinder, surrejoinder, rebutter, and surrebutter, are all gone through by the adduction of witnesses; which would have been rendered in some part unnecessary, if the parties had come to action first, knowing precisely the point at which they were to meet.
May there not therefore seem less reason where the pleadings are special, and made out in form, to indulge evidence of what is not specially alleged in the declaration; is not a party more likely «to be surprized where that is expected, and not done? Certain it is, that in consequence of our practice, parties come more prepared to give in evidence all matters that relate to a transaction of which the declaration may lead them to have some knowledge, and are less likely to be surprized by the liberality of admitting testimony on somewhat broader ground than in the courts of England. But laying aside these considerations, in the case before us I would take it that even according to the English decisions, the evidence may be reconciled with the declaration, and the direction of the judge supported. I shall not take up the time of the court to go through the decisions on the subject of the variance alleged; though I have considered the bulk of them, and doubtless they have been carried to the utmost extent of technical strictness, in some late cases. I take that of Mussen v. Price, 4 East 147. where Lord EUenborough said, “ The only question was as to the form of declar- “ ing. There is no doubt but that" the plaintiff might “ have recovered by bringing his action on the special “ contract. But the question is whether he has not also this “ remedy. And if it were not for the authority of the case « cited before Justice Chambers, whose opinion is entitled to « great weight, I should have thought he has.
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Upon this day the judges delivered their opinions.
Tilghman C. J.
This cause comes before us on a writ of error to the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin county. The plaintiff below declared upon an indebitatus assumpsit and quantum meruit for work and services performed by him for James Foster deceased. On the trial he proved, that he had lived with James Foster several years and performed services for him; he also proved a promise by James Foster, that if the plaintiff would live with him till the time of his death, he would give him 200/., and that he did live with [7]*7him. The court told the jury, that if they believed this evidence, the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict for 200/., which " the jury found accordingly, and the defendants took a bill of exceptions to the court’s'opinion. ■>
The strength of the objection lies in this, that the plaintiff ought not to have been permitted to avail himself of this special agreement without having stated it in his Narr. We have held this case under advisement since the last term, in order to have an opportunity of examining the authorities cited on the argument, many of which were not to be procured in this plaeé. Upon a careful examination of the law it appears to me to be settled, that when the terms óf a special agreement have been performed by the plaintiff, the law raises a duty, for which a general indebitatus assiimpsit will lie. It is so laid down in Buller's Nisi Prius 139, and the case of Gordon v. Martin, Fitzgibb. 302, is cited in support of the principle. Fuller is fully supported by the case referred to, which was a decision on the very point. The opinion of Justice Dennison is precisely the same in Alcorn v. Westbrook, 1 Wils. 117; and to the same purpose is the late case of Brooke v. White, 4 Bos. & Pul. 330. I am always glad to find authority for supporting the verdict of a jury where the merits appear to have been fairly before them, and for supporting that kind of pleading which' is attended with the least difficulty. The only objection to this general manner of declaring is that the defendant may be taken by surprize; but with proper caution he never can; for he may demand of the plaintiff to specify the nature of the evidence he means to offer, and until this is done, the court will not suffer the plaintiff to bring on the trial. Something very like the present question was determined by this court in the case of Snyder and wife v. Samuel Castor, administrator of George Castor, at Philadelphia March term 1807. The plaintiff declared on a general indebitatus assumpsit for work labour and services &c., and gave in evidence a promise of the intestate to pay after his death. It was objected that this was a special promise, different from that laid in the declaration; but the court decided that the action might be supported, as it was not brought till after the time when the money was due. I am therefore of opinion that the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas be affirmed.
[8]*8Ye ates J.
The distinction is fully established in the cases 'cited by the Chief Justice, Bull. 139. Fitzgib. 302. 1 Wils. 117. 4 Bos. & Pul. 330, that an indebitatus assumpsit or quantum meruit will lie upon a special contract executed by the plaintiff; but on such contract to be performed in future, the plaintiff must declare on the special agreement. All the cases upon the subject were fully considered in Snyder et ux. v. Castor’s administrators, and I mentioned that decision during the argument at the last term. The present suit appears to me to be the same in principle, and I cannot distinguish between them. It is the defendant’s fault if he is surprized on the trial; because he may require of the plaintiff the particulars of his demand previous to the trial, and may come prepared to meet it. I concur in opinion that the judgment below may be affirmed.
Brackenridge J.
It has occurred to me sometimes to consider whether the practice of our courts in this state, in bringing a matter to issue, will warrant the like strictness with the courts of England, in what shall be given in evidence.
I will premise that I think a great deal has been lost in permitting the practice that has taken place here, or a departure from what is called special pleading. There is not only great scientific beauty, but there is wonderful conveniency for the attainment of justice in having the matter ia controversy brought to a point, and on which the issue joined goes to the jury. It gives the party on the other side a clear and explicit view of what is to be proved or resisted, en the trial. But independent of this, half the matters in controversy are determined before the issue is made up, or goes to.a jury; this on demurrer See.; or, if not determined, the controversy is so narrowed that a single question being to be tried, the necessity of calling witnesses is wonderfully reduced, and great expense saved. I take the want of having the leading point that is to be conti-overted in the cause specially brought to an issue, is a great cause of the delay of trials in our courts of justice. For in laying the evidence before the jury, there is the same process of attack and defence, as ©n paper in special pleading preparatory to the trial; the [9]*9plaintiff makes out his allegation. The defendant goes on to prove something, which, admitting it, overthrows it. The plaintiff overthrows that by a supervenient fact, and the rejoinder, surrejoinder, rebutter, and surrebutter, are all gone through by the adduction of witnesses; which would have been rendered in some part unnecessary, if the parties had come to action first, knowing precisely the point at which they were to meet.
May there not therefore seem less reason where the pleadings are special, and made out in form, to indulge evidence of what is not specially alleged in the declaration; is not a party more likely «to be surprized where that is expected, and not done? Certain it is, that in consequence of our practice, parties come more prepared to give in evidence all matters that relate to a transaction of which the declaration may lead them to have some knowledge, and are less likely to be surprized by the liberality of admitting testimony on somewhat broader ground than in the courts of England. But laying aside these considerations, in the case before us I would take it that even according to the English decisions, the evidence may be reconciled with the declaration, and the direction of the judge supported. I shall not take up the time of the court to go through the decisions on the subject of the variance alleged; though I have considered the bulk of them, and doubtless they have been carried to the utmost extent of technical strictness, in some late cases. I take that of Mussen v. Price, 4 East 147. where Lord EUenborough said, “ The only question was as to the form of declar- “ ing. There is no doubt but that" the plaintiff might “ have recovered by bringing his action on the special “ contract. But the question is whether he has not also this “ remedy. And if it were not for the authority of the case « cited before Justice Chambers, whose opinion is entitled to « great weight, I should have thought he has. That was the “ leaning of my mind before I heard of the decision of the « learned judge, and so must I own it is in some degree still; “ so that whatever respect I feel for the opinion, the present « feeling of my mind is against it.” His associates, however, thought otherwise; and Le Blanc concludes with observing, “ that in all cases, without express authority to' the contrary, [10]*10“ it is better to keep the forms of action as distinct as pos- “ sible, instead of running one into another.
Lord Alvanley in Dutton v. Solomonson, 3 Bos. & Pul. 584. expresses himself thus, “ I was at first inclined to hope that we “ might hold the plaintiff, at liberty to recover on this general “ count, as if there had been no special agreement. These “ were the impressions on my mind, when the point was first “ started, and I should have been glad if the law would have “ warranted me in giving them effect. Indeed the same “ arguments seem to have weighed with Lord Ellenborough “ in the case of Mussen v. Price, who accordingly there de- “ livered his opinion in favour of the plaintiff. Whatever “ doubts therefore I may have entertained, respecting the “ rule which oughtto be adopted, I cannot set up myjudgment “ against the decision of the King’s Bench, which is precisely “ in point. If this matter had been res integra, I should have “ thought for myself; but the law being once settled, no “ material inconvenience can result from adhering to the “ rule which has been laid down.”
But the case of Cook v. Munstone, 4 Bos. & Pul. 351. furnishes a still stronger instance of technical strictness in confining the recovery to the demand made. The declaration was for soil or breeze. The proof went to a contract for breeze only, and the plaintiff was nonsuited. He insisted to recover back, on a count for money had and received, the money he had advanced on the contract, but was not allowed. This is put on the ground of excluding “ the practising surprize on de- “ fendants,” and for the sake of the general principle, that if evidence is admitted other than what applies to the allegation of the declaration, where there is any material variance, it would be difficult to say where it should terminate. I am not about to say that I am dissatisfied with this principle, or prepared to say how the difficulty can be got over, even under our practice; but in the case which we have to consider, there cannot be said to be a material variance, between the contract laid in the first count, and that proved. The time of service agreed upon, was during the life of the person hiring, and 200/. the compensation to be devised to him, in other words paid to him after his decease. The count is 200/. for a length of service. It might have been more particular; but so far as it goes, it answers’ [11]*11the contract, and there is no variance. And the count is not more general, than the law allows in the statement of the consideration of a demand. On an indebitatus, it is not necessary to state particularly how the debt arose, or how it was to be paid; for that in many cases would involve the whole history of the contract. A generality of statement is allowable; and though the stating the agreement specially is preferable, yet a generality of statement has been admitted in precedent.
If we consider the first count in the case before us as a special count, and the evidence supporting it, it is not material that the second count is general; for the difficulty the courts have had, is where a special agreement is laid, and the evidence does not go to support it, but the general indebitatus assumpsit of another count; and even this is now settled that the evidence may be given. Bul. N. P. 139.
It would seem to me therefore, that with a little exercise of that astutia which the law will countenance in supporting the justice of a case against defect of form, we are able in this case to reconcile the judgment of the court below with the technical strictness which courts have thought necessary in stating a ground of action, to give the defendant reasonable notice of what is demanded; for that is the reason of the rule. Counts for money had and received have been allowed to such extent, that in most cases they give little or no information of the cause of action; while the generality of statement under the head of an indebitatus assumpsit, has been restrained with subtilty, and specification insisted on. The guarding against surprize is the principle; but where there is surprize, there is relief by application to the court to put off the trial, to withdraw a juror, or to grant anew trial. Where the surprize arises from a want of notice from the declaration, and where that has not been helped by a specification more particular, it cannot be possible that a court would refuse a new trial, and that perhaps at the costs of the plaintiff in some cases; but where there has not been in fact surprize, and it must be manifest that justice has been done, to reverse a judgment, and turn a party round to a new action, barred perhaps by the statute, is a hardship, and ought not to be, where a general rule can be [12]*12substantially preserved, and the judgment supported. The forms of law do not make it a game of trie trac, a system of catches, nor is subtilty and discrimination useful, but to enable to reach the truth, and get at the justice of the case with certainty, and with despatch. A rule of law pushed to an extreme does not correspond with the intention of it; and applied to a case where the reason of it does not exist, works injustice, and a dissatisfaction with the administration of justice, under the technical form of systematic science. I am inclined in this case to affirm the judgment.
Judgment affirmed.