UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
KELLY L. K.,1 Case No. 5:20-cv-1773-MAR Plaintiff, v. MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Commissioner of Social Security, Defendant.
Plaintiff Kelly L. K. (“Plaintiff”) seeks review of the final decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (“Commissioner” or “Agency”) denying her applications for Title II Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) and Title XVI Supplemental Security Income Benefits (“SSI”). The parties have consented to the jurisdiction of the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). For the reasons stated below, the Commissioner’s decision is REVERSED, and this action is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Order. ///
1 Partially redacted in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the I. On August 9, 2017, Plaintiff protectively filed her applications for DIB and SSI, alleging a disability onset date of May 2, 2011. Administrative Record (“AR”) at 207–10. Plaintiff’s applications were denied initially on December 13, 2017, and upon reconsideration on April 5, 2018. Id. at 94–95, 126–27. On April 23, 2018, Plaintiff requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). Id. at 147–49. On August 20, 2019, Plaintiff appeared with counsel and testified at a hearing before the assigned ALJ concerning her applications for DIB and SSI. Id. at 35–59. A vocational expert (“VE”) also testified at the hearing. Id. at 56–65. On October 23, 2019, the ALJ issued a decision denying the applications. Id. at 15–28. Plaintiff filed a request with the Agency’s Appeals Council to review the ALJ’s decision, which the Council denied on July 8, 2020. Id. at 1–9, 205–06. On August 31, 2020, Plaintiff filed the instant action. ECF Docket No. (“Dkt.”) 1. This matter is before the Court on the Parties’ Joint Stipulation (“JS”), filed on June 17, 2021. Dkt. 24. II. Plaintiff was born on August 23, 1967. AR at 221, 260, 271. She was forty- three (43) years old on the alleged disability onset date and fifty-one (51) years old at the time of the administrative hearing.2 Id. at 36, 66. Plaintiff has a high school education and work history as a cashier, file clerk, medical biller, factory supervisor, and telemarketer. Id. at 37, 56–59, 225–26, 234, 604. She alleges disability based on: (1) pinched nerve in her neck; (2) piriformis syndrome; (3) sacroiliac joint disfunction; (4) bone spurs; (5) degenerative disc disease; (6) fibromyalgia; (7) depression; 2 By the hearing, Plaintiff was considered a person “closely approaching advanced age” under Agency regulations. AR 66, 80, 96, 111; see Lockwood v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 616 F.3d 1068, (8) anxiety; and (9) inability to sit upright or stand for long. Id. at 224, 241, 246, 263, 274. To qualify for benefits, a claimant must demonstrate a medically determinable physical or mental impairment that prevents her from engaging in substantial gainful activity, and that is expected to result in death or to last for a continuous period of at least twelve (12) months. 42 U.S.C. § 423 (d)(1)(a); Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 721 (9th Cir. 1998). The impairment must render the claimant incapable of performing the work she previously performed and incapable of performing any other substantial gainful employment that exists in the national economy. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A); Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999). To decide if a claimant is disabled, and therefore entitled to benefits, an ALJ conducts a five-step inquiry. Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1148–49 (9th Cir. 2020); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920. The steps are: (1) Is the claimant presently engaged in substantial gainful activity? If so, the claimant is found not disabled. If not, proceed to step two. (2) Is the claimant’s impairment severe? If not, the claimant is found not disabled. If so, proceed to step three. (3) Does the claimant’s impairment meet or equal one of the specific impairments described in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1? If so, the claimant is found disabled. If not, proceed to step four.3 (4) Is the claimant capable of performing work she has done in the past? If so, the claimant is found not disabled. If not, proceed to step five.
3 “Between steps three and four, the ALJ must, as an intermediate step, assess the claimant’s [residual functional capacity],” or ability to work after accounting for her verifiable impairments. Bray v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1222–23 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing 20 C.F.R. (5) Is the claimant able to do any other work? If not, the claimant is found disabled. If so, the claimant is found not disabled. See Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098–99; see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b)–(g)(1), 416.920(b)–(g)(1); Bustamante v. Massanari, 262 F.3d 949, 953–54 (9th Cir. 2001). The claimant has the burden of proof at steps one through four, and the Commissioner has the burden of proof at step five. Ford, 950 F.3d at 1148; Bustamante, 262 F.3d at 953–54. Additionally, the ALJ has an affirmative duty to assist the claimant in developing the record at every step of the inquiry. Id. at 954. If, at step four, the claimant meets her burden of establishing an inability to perform past work, the Commissioner must show that the claimant can perform some other work that exists in “significant numbers” in the national economy, taking into account the claimant’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”), age, education, and work experience. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(g)(1), 416.920(g)(1); Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098–99, 1100; Reddick, 157 F.3d at 721. IV. At step one, the ALJ found Plaintiff had not “engaged in substantial gainful activity since May 2, 2011, the alleged onset date.” AR at 17. At step two, the ALJ found Plaintiff had “the following severe impairments: degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine status-post surgery, degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine, degenerative disc disease of the thoracic spine, fibromyalgia, chronic pain syndrome, diabetes mellitus, obesity, headaches, depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder[.]” Id. at 17–18. /// /// At step three, the ALJ found Plaintiff did not “have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1[.]” Id. at 18. The ALJ found Plaintiff had the RFC to perform light work4 except:
[S]he cannot climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. [Plaintiff] can occasionally climb ramps or stairs. [Plaintiff] can frequently balance and occasionally stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl. [Plaintiff] can occasionally reach overhead with the bilateral upper extremities. [Plaintiff] cannot have exposure to unprotected heights and moving or heavy machinery. [Plaintiff] is able to understand, remember, and carry out simple, routine work tasks but not at a production rate pace, for example, no assembly line jobs. [Plaintiff] can tolerate no more than occasional workplace changes. [Plaintiff] can occasionally push, pull, handle, and finger with the bilateral upper extremities. Id. at 20. E. STEP FOUR At step four, the ALJ found Plaintiff was unable to perform her past relevant work as a file clerk, telemarketer, medical biller, cashier, or assembler, as defined in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”). Id. at 25–26. F. STEP FIVE At step five, the ALJ found that “[c]onsidering [Plaintiff]’s age, education, work experience, and [RFC], there are jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national economy that [Plaintiff] can perform.” Id. at 26. The ALJ found the VE’s testimony
4 “Light work” is defined as: [L]ifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds. Even though the weight lifted may be very little, a job is in this category when it requires a good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves sitting most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls. To be considered capable of performing a full or wide range of light work, [a claimant] must have the ability to do substantially all of these activities. that Plaintiff would be able to perform occupations such as counter clerk, rental clerk, and laminating machine operator, was consistent with the DOT. Id. at 26–27. V. Plaintiff presents two (2) disputed issues: whether the ALJ properly considered (1) Plaintiff’s subjective pain and limitation testimony, and (2) the medical evidence from Dr. Arul Doraiswamy. VI. Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), a district court may review the Commissioner’s decision to deny benefits. The ALJ’s findings and decision should be upheld if they are free of legal error and supported by substantial evidence based on the record as a whole. Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 746 (9th Cir. 2007). “Substantial evidence” is evidence that a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006)). It is more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance. Id. To determine whether substantial evidence supports a finding, the reviewing court “must review the administrative record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s conclusion.” Reddick, 157 F.3d at 720; see also Hill v. Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 1159 (9th Cir. 2012) (“[A] reviewing court . . . may not affirm simply by isolating a ‘specific quantum of supporting evidence’” (quoting Robbins, 466 F.3d at 882)). “If the evidence can reasonably support either affirming or reversing,” the reviewing court “may not substitute its judgment” for that of the Commissioner. Reddick, 157 F.3d at 720–21; see also Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Even when the evidence is susceptible to more than by inferences reasonably drawn from the record.”), superseded by regulation on other grounds as stated in Thomas v. Saul, 830 F. App’x 196, 198 (9th Cir. 2020). The reviewing court may review only the reasons stated by the ALJ in her decision “and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which [s]he did not rely.” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007). If the ALJ erred, the error may only be considered harmless if it is “clear from the record” that the error was “inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.” Robbins, 466 F.3d at 885 (citation omitted). 1. Relevant facts a. Plaintiff’s subjective complaints At the August 2019 hearing before the ALJ, Plaintiff testified that she last worked in 2011 for a law firm in Iowa. AR 37–38. She stopped working there because the firm was in a three-story building, and she was required to run up and down the stairs all the time. Id. at 37. Also, she could no longer pull the files and lift them. Id. She looked for another job until mid-2011, when she bent over one day and felt pain that shot down the back of her legs. Id. The pain was so bad she could not stand up straight for three (3) days. Id. Plaintiff saw a couple of doctors at that time, but they could not determine the cause. Id. at 38. A third doctor discovered that she had a ripped disc in her lower back. Id. Her chronic back pain also causes pain that goes down the back of her lower legs down to her ankles. Id. at 39. Sometimes she feels numbness in her toes. Id. If she pinches her disk, such as can happen while doing a task like vacuuming, the pain In addition to her back issues, following magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) and computed tomography (“CAT”) scans, medical professionals discovered she had three “very bad” discs in her neck. Id. at 40. Her neck pain has caused nerve damage which makes her hands constantly shake, tremble, and jerk, and her fingers twitch. Id. at 41, 49. Sometimes, while writing, it can cause a pen to fly out of her hand. Id. at 41. Her right-hand is worse than her left. Id. at 50. Even though Plaintiff was already having back issues, doctors believed it was more important to address her neck first. Id. at 41. In that regard, she had two (2) neck surgeries. Id. In July 2018, she had a disc removed, and an artificial one put in. Id. However, the replacement disc malfunctioned and slid out. Id. at 41–42. So, she had a second surgery in May 2019, where the doctor had to go back into her neck and retrieve the disc out. Id. at 42. Doctors also placed hardware in her neck, but that did not hold, so they fused her neck. Id. The hardware restricts her range of motion; she cannot turn her head to look beyond her shoulder, and she has difficulty looking up and down. Id. at 43. Plaintiff still has two other discs in her neck that doctors have not been able to address, a “massive amount of arthritis,” and bone spurs. Id. at 44. The bone spurs are “like little hooks” that yank at her nerves all the time. Id. Her doctors indicate she will need two (2) more surgeries to her cervical spine. Id. at 44, 50. She also needs back surgery, which she hopes will take place by the end of the year. Id. at 38, 51. Further, Plaintiff has a joint disfunction, which causes problems with her hips and walking. Id. at 44. She experiences pain all the way from her neck down to the sacroiliac joint. Id. at 45. Medical professionals also discovered she has fibromyalgia and chronic pain syndrome. Id. at 40. Her pain is level nine-and-a-half (9.5) out of ten (10), without medication. Id. at 45. Plaintiff takes “a lot” of medication for her symptoms. Id. For her spinal prescribed for her to take at home even though it is a “strong medication.” Id. at 45, 51. For her neck, she also took Hydrocodone. Id. at 46, 51. She takes Cymbalta and Gabapentin for her fibromyalgia. Id. at 51. She also takes “pain pills” and muscle relaxers for her back and neck. Id. Her physical pain has worn on her mentally, causing psychological symptoms. Id. at 53. She sees a psychiatrist and has been prescribed Zoloft, Abilify, and “Sterlite”5 for her depression and anxiety. Id. at 51, 53. Some of the side effects of her medication are sleepiness, loss of appetite, and weight gain. Id. at 52. She also has diabetes but that is under control with medication and monitoring her sugar intake. Id. at 54. Plaintiff’s condition interferes with her ability to work because she cannot sit or stand for more than fifteen (15) to twenty (20) minutes before she has to switch positions. Id. at 46. She can only switch between those positions for a couple of hours before she must then lay down. Id. She also has to lay down and watch TV or take a nap because her medications make her sleepy. Id. She is in the resting position for at least four (4) or five (5) hours out of an eight (8) hour period. Id. at 46–47. Currently, she is not allowed to lift anything over five (5) pounds, or exercise. Id. at 47, 52. She cannot walk far, only about five (5) houses down and back. Id. Plaintiff can drive but only short distances to the store and other local places. Id. at 51. Plaintiff was married for sixteen (16) years, but she’s now separated and lives with her mother. Id. at 47–48. They each have their good and bad days, and they take care of each other. Id. at 48. In terms of assistive devices, Plaintiff uses a “hard neck brace” when she rides in a vehicle. Id. When she sleeps, she uses a “soft brace” on her neck. Id. at 48–49.
5 This drug is spelled phonetically in the transcript. AR 51. It is likely Plaintiff was referencing Plaintiff can no longer do her prior work in telemarketing because that requires sitting “[a]ll the time.” Id. at 53. She also would not be able to use the keyboard due to her hand problems. Id. at 53–54. b. ALJ’s decision The ALJ rejected Plaintiff’s subjective complaints for two (2) reasons: (1) “[b]eyond sporadic injections and cervical surgery,” Plaintiff was treated conservatively; and (2) the objective findings in the record. Id. at 21–23. 2. Applicable law6 When a claimant produces objective medical evidence of an impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms alleged, absent evidence of malingering, “the ALJ may reject the claimant’s testimony about the severity of those symptoms only by providing specific, clear, and convincing reasons for doing so.” Lambert v. Saul, 980 F.3d 1266, 1277 (9th Cir. 2020) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); Moisa v. Barnhart, 367 F.3d 882, 885 (9th Cir. 2004). “The ALJ must state specifically which symptom testimony is [discounted] and what facts in the record lead to that conclusion.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1288 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 489 (9th Cir. 2015) (holding “an ALJ does not provide specific, clear, and convincing reasons for 6 Before the ALJ’s decision, Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 16-3p went into effect. See SSR 16-3p, 2016 WL 1119029 (Mar. 16, 2016). SSR 16-3p provides that “we are eliminating the use of the term ‘credibility’ from our sub-regulatory policy, as our regulations do not use this term.” Id. Moreover, “[i]n doing so, we clarify that subjective symptom evaluation is not an examination of an individual’s character” and requires that the ALJ consider all of the evidence in an individual’s record when evaluating the intensity and persistence of symptoms. Id.; see also Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 678 n.5 (9th Cir. 2017) (as amended). Thus, the adjudicator “will not assess an individual’s overall character or truthfulness in the manner typically used during an adversarial court litigation. The focus of the evaluation of an individual’s symptoms should not be to determine whether he or she is a truthful person.” SSR 16-3p, 2016 WL 1119029, at *10. SSR 16-3p’s elimination of the word “credibility” from the Agency’s subjective-symptom evaluation “does not, however, alter the standards by which courts will evaluate an ALJ’s reasons for discounting a claimant’s testimony.” Elizabeth B. v. Comm’r Soc. Sec., 2020 WL 1041498, *3 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 4, 2020); see also R.P. v. rejecting a claimant’s testimony by simply reciting the medical evidence in support of his or her [RFC]”). “If the ALJ’s . . . finding is supported by substantial evidence, [a court] may not engage in second-guessing.” Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 959 (9th Cir. 2002). However, an ALJ’s failure to give specific, clear, and convincing reasons to reject the claimant’s testimony regarding the severity of the symptoms is not harmless, because it precludes the Court from conducting a meaningful review of the ALJ’s reasoning. Brown-Hunter, 806 F.3d at 489. Moreover, as mentioned, a court must “review only the reasons provided by the ALJ in the disability determination and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which [s]he did not rely.” Orn, 495 F.3d at 630. Courts, therefore, may not speculate as to the basis for unexplained conclusions but, rather, must only consider the reasoning actually given by the ALJ. See Burrell v. Colvin, 775 F.3d 1133, 1138 (9th Cir. 2014) (“We are constrained to review the reasons the ALJ asserts . . . [and] may not take a general finding . . . and comb the [AR] to find specific conflicts.” (citation omitted)). 3. Analysis As discussed below, none of the ALJ’s purported reasons constitute “specific, clear and convincing reasons” for rejecting Plaintiff’s subjective complaints. a. Treatment The ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s subjective testimony because, “[b]eyond sporadic injections and cervical surgery, . . . [her] symptoms were treated conservatively, with medication.” AR 23–25. This is insufficient for two (2) main reasons. First, reviewing Plaintiff’s treatment as a whole, it is clear she has not received conservative treatment. It appears Plaintiff had injections in October and November of 2016, May 2017, June 2017, more were recommended in September 2017 as an alternative to surgery, and additional injections were ordered in June or July 2018.7 Id. at 230, 266, 277, 497–98, 500–03, 522–26, 593, 683–87, 698, 704, 708, 714, 718, 724, 728, 734–37, 743, 745, 752, 761, 767, 772, 782, 787. However, injections to certain areas failed to provide relief. Id. at 522, 525, 527 (Plaintiff “failed to obtain any significant relief with injections”), 529 (same), 619 (noting past medical history included “multiple” epidural injections), 708, 724, 735, 787. Accordingly, Plaintiff underwent the two (2) neck surgeries, in July 2018 and May 2019, that she testified about at the hearing. Id. at 614–16, 634–39. Moreover, Plaintiff was prescribed strong medications, including Gabapentin,8 Tizanidine,9 Dilaudid,10 and Norco,11 in addition to her psychotropic medications, such as Zoloft.12 Id. at 227, 248, 259, 268, 279, 298, 301, 375–76, 473, 521, 603–04, 611, 625, 630, 637–38. This is far from conservative treatment. See, e.g., Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1015 n.20 (9th Cir. 2014) (expressing doubt that “shots to the neck and lower back qualify as ‘conservative’ medical treatment”); Alexander C. v. Saul, 2020 WL 6321765, *4 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 2020) (spinal surgery, epidural injections, and narcotic pain medications is “far from conservative” treatment); Sanchez v. Colvin, 2013 WL 1319667, *4 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2013) (“Surgery is not conservative treatment.”). 7 The precise number and dates of the injections is not entirely clear as some documents are marked “poor quality original,” and handwritten date changes by medical professionals appear on some of the treatment notes. See, e.g., 683–87. 8 “Gabapentin is a medication that was originally developed to treat seizure disorders such as epilepsy. It is also used to treat neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is pain from inflamed or damaged nerves.” Escobar v. Smith, 2013 WL 6389034, *5 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2013). 9 “Zanaflex (Tizanidine) is a skeletal muscle relaxant prescribed to relieve the spasms and increased muscle tone cause by multiple sclerosis.” McMillen v. Saul, 2019 WL 6878163, *12 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2019). 10 “Dilaudid is the brand name of hydromorphone, a narcotic analgesic used to relieve severe pain.” Cox v. Berryhill, 2018 WL 2341752, at *7 (C.D. Cal. May 22, 2018). It “produces effects similar to heroin’s.” United States v. Crowell, 9 F.3d 1452, 1452–53 (9th Cir. 1993). 11 “Norco is an opioid-based medication for treating moderate to severe pain, consisting of hydrocodone and acetaminophen.” Barbara A. v. Saul, 2021 WL 1110288, *3 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 23, 2021). 12 Zoloft (Sertraline) is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic Second, the fact that Plaintiff may have received conservative treatment for other impairments, or she tried and failed at conservative treatment “beyond” her aggressive forms of treatment (AR 23–25), is not a sufficiently “clear” or “convincing” reason to discount her testimony. See Lambert, 980 F.3d at 1277; Alexander C., 2020 WL 6321765 at *4 (fact that claimant was treated with conservative care between surgeries “does not provide clear, if any, evidence of [claimant]’s stability with conservative treatment”); Huerta v. Astrue, 2009 WL 2241797, *4 (C.D. Cal. July 22, 2009) (ALJ’s reasoning that claimant’s “course of treatment, other than her neck surgery . . . has generally reflected a conservative approach” insufficient because, in addition to neck surgery, claimant was referred for pain management and received a series of epidural injections). Therefore, the ALJ’s reasoning that Plaintiff’s subjective complaints were inconsistent with her treatment does not constitute a “specific, clear, and convincing reason” for rejecting her testimony. b. Lack of objective medical support The only other rationale offered by the ALJ was the inconsistency between the objective findings and Plaintiff’s testimony.13 This alone is not a sufficient basis to support the determination. See Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 681 (9th Cir. 2005) (lack of objective medical evidence to support subjective symptom allegations cannot form the sole basis for discounting pain testimony); Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 856–57 (9th Cir. 2001); Dschaak v. Astrue, 2011 WL 4498835, *1 (D. Or. Sept. 13 The Commissioner also posits a third reason: that the ALJ drew a negative inference from Plaintiff’s inconsistent statements in the record. JS at 13, citing AR 25. But the examples cited by the Commissioner are merely additional objective findings about Plaintiff not appearing to be in distress during a general examination, and her numeric motor strength level as objectively measured by the treating professional. JS at 13, citing 366, 416, 425, 533–84. The Court views these findings as part and parcel of the ALJ’s reliance on the inconsistency between the objective evidence and Plaintiff’s testimony, not a separate reason for discounting it. See Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1010 (district court’s review is limited to only grounds relied upon by ALJ); see also, Lambert, 980 F.3d at 1278 (“providing a summary of medical evidence . . . is not the same as providing clear and 27, 2011) (“[O]nce the[] other bases for the ALJ’s decision were discarded as erroneous, the ALJ’s [adverse subjective testimony] determination could not rely solely on conflicts with the medical evidence.”). As such, even if the ALJ’s construction of the medical record was fair, inconsistency between the record and Plaintiff’s testimony, alone, would not be a proper basis for rejecting her subjective complaints. Thus, the ALJ’s claim that Plaintiff’s subjective complaints were inconsistent with the objective findings in the medical record does not constitute a “specific, clear, and convincing reason” for rejecting Plaintiff’s testimony. 2. Harmlessness Finally, the ALJ’s error in rejecting Plaintiff’s subjective complaints is not harmless. A decision of the ALJ will not be reversed for errors that are harmless. Stout v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Burch, 400 F.3d at 679). However, a reviewing court cannot consider an error harmless “unless it can confidently conclude that no reasonable ALJ . . . could have reached a different disability determination.” Id. at 1056. In other words, legal errors are harmless only if they are inconsequential to the non-disability decision. Id. at 1055. Here, the ALJ’s opinion that Plaintiff could work and was not disabled necessarily relied on the ALJ’s rejection of Plaintiff’s allegations regarding the limiting effect of her impairments. Therefore, the Court cannot find the ALJ’s improper analysis of Plaintiff’s subjective complaints was harmless error. See Brown-Hunter, 806 F.3d at 492–93 (ALJ’s failure adequately to specify reasons for discounting claimant testimony “will usually not be harmless”). /// /// /// “When an ALJ’s denial of benefits is not supported by the record, ‘the proper course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional investigation or explanation.’” Hill, 698 F.3d at 1162 (citation omitted). “We may exercise our discretion and direct an award of benefits ‘where no useful purpose would be served by further administrative proceedings and the record has been thoroughly developed.’” Id. (citation omitted). “Remand for further proceedings is appropriate where there are outstanding issues that must be resolved before a determination can be made, and it is not clear from the record that the ALJ would be required to find the claimant disabled if all the evidence were properly evaluated.” Id.; see also Reddick, 157 F.3d at 729 (“We do not remand this case for further proceedings because it is clear from the administrative record that Claimant is entitled to benefits.”). Here, the Court concludes remand for further proceedings is warranted. The ALJ’s assessment of the hearing testimony is intertwined with other issues raised in the Joint Stipulation, including her consideration of medical evidence of Dr. Doraiswamy, and ultimately the fashioning of the RFC. Moreover, the ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s husband’s third-party function report for some of the same reasons the Court has found insufficient here, namely that Plaintiff’s treatment was “generally conservative.” AR 24–25; see Hiler v. Astrue, 687 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Because we remand the case to the ALJ for the reasons stated, we decline to reach [plaintiff’s] alternative ground for remand.”); Augustine ex rel. Ramirez v. Astrue, 536 F. Supp. 2d 1147, 1153 n.7 (C.D. Cal. 2008) (“[The] Court need not address the other claims plaintiff raises, none of which would provide plaintiff with also T.O. v. Saul, 2020 WL 1492712, *13 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2020) (remanding because “[t]he AL]’s reasons for rejecting [claimant]’s wife’s [function] report are intertwined with the reasons for rejecting [claimant]’s own testimony that will require reconsideration’); Vaughn v. Berryhill, 242 F. Supp. 3d 998, 1010 (B.D. Cal. 2017) | (dispensing of exhaustive analysis of plaintiffs remaining issues because “|t]he AL]’s . | .. evaluations of [p|laintiffs [testimony] . . . are inescapably linked to conclusions regarding the medical evidence”). Because it is unclear, considering these issues, whether Plaintiff is in fact disabled, remand here is on an “open record.” See Brown- Hunter, 806 F.3d at 495; Bunnell v. Barnhart, 336 F.3d 1112, 1115-16 (9th Cir. 2003). The parties may freely take up all issues raised in the Joint Stipulation, and any other issues relevant to resolving Plaintiffs claim of disability, before the AL]. IX. Por the foregoing reasons, IT IS ORDERED that judgment be entered REVERSING the decision of the Commissioner and REMANDING this action for further proceedings consistent with this Order. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court serve copies of this Order and the Judgment on counsel for both parties. ; Dated: July 30, 2021 HONORABLE MARGO A-ROCCONT United States Magistrate Judge