Cole, J.
I. The objection that the plaintiff should have presented his claim to the county hoard for allowance, cannot prevail. The action is brought to recover moneys paid upon an alleged illegal tax upon personal property. The cjuestiou as to the invalidity of the- tax depends essentially upon the inquiry whether the plaintiff was liable to taxation in the city of Oshkosh when the taxes were levied. If, for the purposes of taxation, the plaintiff had actually changed his residence or domicile, and acquired a new one elsewhere, then he was not subject to taxation in Oshkosh. It will therefore he seen that the controversy necessarily involved the examination of witnesses, and an investigation of some of the most difficult questions of law and fact wdiich could be presented to any tribunal. The county board is clothed with no power for the proper examination and decision of such difficult questions. They were “ proper to be investigated in some court of general legal or equitable jurisdiction,” which was vested with powers [102]*102and jurisdiction adequate to their examination and decision. The language of Dixon, C. J., in Stringham v. The Board of Supervisors of Winnebago County, 24 Wis., 594, is in all respects applicable and pertinent to the case before us. Speaking of the claim against the county in that case, he said: “The claim presented involved along and tedious trial or investigation of most difficult and complex matters of fact. Numerous witnesses must have been examined, both for and against the petitioner, and not only as to the value of the several lots of the petitioner, which numbered upwards of two hundred and forty, but also as to the value of all other adjacent lots; and all the circumstances which affect the price or value of real estate in our large towns and cities, increasing or diminishing it, must have been inquired into and discussed. Besides these, the questions of law involved were of the most grave and serious character. They were such questions as are proper, and proper only, to be investigated in some court of general legal or equitable jurisdiction. That it was never the intention to charge the board of supervisors with the investigation and decision of such questions, seems to me too clear to admit of doubt.” p. 597. For these reasons, we think the county board had no jurisdiction to try the question whether the taxes in this case were legally levied. The claim was not an “account,” within the meaning of the statute, ch. 13, E. S. Nor was it included in sec. 30, ch. 22, Laws of 1859, which applies to a different class of cases.
II. Another objection taken is: conceding the taxes to be illegal, still it is claimed that an action could not be maintained against the county for their recovery. Eor it is said the action is equitable ip its nature, for money had and received, and is wholly predicated upon the fact that the municipality has received such tax for its use, which it is against justice and equity that it should retain. In other words, it is said that it must appear, before the county is held liable to respond, that the county has actually receivód the money into [103]*103its treasury for its own use and benefit, and has not acted as tbe agent of tbe city in collecting it. Tbe taxes in dispute were levied for state, county and city purposes. Under our system, tbe state tax is apportioned and levied through tbe agency of tbe secretary of state, tbe clerk of tbe county board, and tbe town and city clerks (Tay. Stats., cb. 18, §§ 5, 13, 64 and 65, and cb. 501,. P. and L. Laws of 1868, p. 1334, see. 3); tbe county tax by tbe county board (sec. 11, cb. 18); and tbe city tax by tbe common council (cb. 501, supra, p. 1353). But when tbe various taxes are collected by tbe town or city treasurer under tbe law, tbe state tax is paid over to tbe county treasurer; tbe town or city tax is retained (sec. 67, cb. 18); and tbe town or city, in tbe settlement with tbe county treasurer, receives credit for tbe unpaid taxes returned. Secs. 113 and 114, ch. 18; and Winchester v. Tozer, 24 Wis., 312; Wolff v. Stoddard, 25 id., 503. By this method of adjustment of accounts between tbe county and city, tbe delinquent taxes returned belonged to tbe county, except in a contingency which it does not appear existed in this case, and which, therefore, need not be dwelt upon. And when tbe plaintiff paid to tbe county treasurer bis delinquent tax under tbe proceedings taken against him for its collection, no part of it was received for tbe use of tbe city, but it all belonged to tbe county. Tbe county, therefore, receiving tbe money and having tbe benefit of it, is liable for its repayment, if tbe tax was illegal. This is doubtless true in respect to all except tbe state tax; but whether tbe county would be liable for tbe repayment of that, may admit of some question. In the case of Matheson v. The Town of Mazomanie, 20 Wis., 191, it was decided that the recovery must be limited to tbe amount of taxes received by tbe defendant for its own use, and could not include that which it held or bad collected for tbe benefit of another public corporation. "Whether tbe doctrine of that case would relieve tbe county from tbe payment of any portion of tbe taxes in dispute, is a point in some doubt upon tbe facts in [104]*104the record. It does not appear wbat the amount of the state tax was — the whole controversy turning upon the question whether the county was liable to refund any portion of the taxes whatever. On that point we are clear, that, if the taxes were illegal, the county is at least bound to refund whatever was collected for city and county purposes. Further than this it is not necessary to decide at the present time.
III. It is insisted that the taxes wore illegal, on the ground that in May, 1871, and in May, 1872, the time fixed by law for listing personal property for taxation, the plaintiff was not a resident of the city of Oshkosh. A certain class of personal property is taxable, under the statute, in the place w'here it is located, without regard to the residence of the owner. The property of nonresidents is taxable in certain cases. But the general rule is, that personal property is assessed for taxation where the owner resides (Tay. Stats., ch. 18, §§ 43 et seq.). In this case it was cleai'ly established by the evidence, that the plaintiff, an unmarried man, had, for a number of years prior to the 23d day of January, 1871, been a resident of, and had done business in, the city of Oshkosh. About this there was no dispute. But about the 23d of January, 1871, he claims that he abandoned Oshkosh as his place of residence, and went to Chicago with the intention of making that city his home in future. According to his testimony, he went to the house of his friend Mr. Clark, in Chicago, on the 24th day of January, where he remained three days, and then set out for Europe. He returned from Europe, and arrived at New York on the 23d of August, 1871; stayed there a day; then went to Amherst, Mass., where he remained a week or ten days; then went to Chicago, where he remained until the 14th of September; then went to Oshkosh, where he remained most of the time until the 6th of November, when he went to Chicago, and voted at the general election; returned the next day to Oshkosh, where he remained until the 28th of November; then went to Chicago, where he remained about a week; then [105]*105went to Kentucky, where be remained three or four days; returned to Oshkosh, where he remained until the 21st of December; then went to Amherst, Mass., where he remained until the 9th of February, 1872, when he started for California, stopping at St. Louis en route
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Cole, J.
I. The objection that the plaintiff should have presented his claim to the county hoard for allowance, cannot prevail. The action is brought to recover moneys paid upon an alleged illegal tax upon personal property. The cjuestiou as to the invalidity of the- tax depends essentially upon the inquiry whether the plaintiff was liable to taxation in the city of Oshkosh when the taxes were levied. If, for the purposes of taxation, the plaintiff had actually changed his residence or domicile, and acquired a new one elsewhere, then he was not subject to taxation in Oshkosh. It will therefore he seen that the controversy necessarily involved the examination of witnesses, and an investigation of some of the most difficult questions of law and fact wdiich could be presented to any tribunal. The county board is clothed with no power for the proper examination and decision of such difficult questions. They were “ proper to be investigated in some court of general legal or equitable jurisdiction,” which was vested with powers [102]*102and jurisdiction adequate to their examination and decision. The language of Dixon, C. J., in Stringham v. The Board of Supervisors of Winnebago County, 24 Wis., 594, is in all respects applicable and pertinent to the case before us. Speaking of the claim against the county in that case, he said: “The claim presented involved along and tedious trial or investigation of most difficult and complex matters of fact. Numerous witnesses must have been examined, both for and against the petitioner, and not only as to the value of the several lots of the petitioner, which numbered upwards of two hundred and forty, but also as to the value of all other adjacent lots; and all the circumstances which affect the price or value of real estate in our large towns and cities, increasing or diminishing it, must have been inquired into and discussed. Besides these, the questions of law involved were of the most grave and serious character. They were such questions as are proper, and proper only, to be investigated in some court of general legal or equitable jurisdiction. That it was never the intention to charge the board of supervisors with the investigation and decision of such questions, seems to me too clear to admit of doubt.” p. 597. For these reasons, we think the county board had no jurisdiction to try the question whether the taxes in this case were legally levied. The claim was not an “account,” within the meaning of the statute, ch. 13, E. S. Nor was it included in sec. 30, ch. 22, Laws of 1859, which applies to a different class of cases.
II. Another objection taken is: conceding the taxes to be illegal, still it is claimed that an action could not be maintained against the county for their recovery. Eor it is said the action is equitable ip its nature, for money had and received, and is wholly predicated upon the fact that the municipality has received such tax for its use, which it is against justice and equity that it should retain. In other words, it is said that it must appear, before the county is held liable to respond, that the county has actually receivód the money into [103]*103its treasury for its own use and benefit, and has not acted as tbe agent of tbe city in collecting it. Tbe taxes in dispute were levied for state, county and city purposes. Under our system, tbe state tax is apportioned and levied through tbe agency of tbe secretary of state, tbe clerk of tbe county board, and tbe town and city clerks (Tay. Stats., cb. 18, §§ 5, 13, 64 and 65, and cb. 501,. P. and L. Laws of 1868, p. 1334, see. 3); tbe county tax by tbe county board (sec. 11, cb. 18); and tbe city tax by tbe common council (cb. 501, supra, p. 1353). But when tbe various taxes are collected by tbe town or city treasurer under tbe law, tbe state tax is paid over to tbe county treasurer; tbe town or city tax is retained (sec. 67, cb. 18); and tbe town or city, in tbe settlement with tbe county treasurer, receives credit for tbe unpaid taxes returned. Secs. 113 and 114, ch. 18; and Winchester v. Tozer, 24 Wis., 312; Wolff v. Stoddard, 25 id., 503. By this method of adjustment of accounts between tbe county and city, tbe delinquent taxes returned belonged to tbe county, except in a contingency which it does not appear existed in this case, and which, therefore, need not be dwelt upon. And when tbe plaintiff paid to tbe county treasurer bis delinquent tax under tbe proceedings taken against him for its collection, no part of it was received for tbe use of tbe city, but it all belonged to tbe county. Tbe county, therefore, receiving tbe money and having tbe benefit of it, is liable for its repayment, if tbe tax was illegal. This is doubtless true in respect to all except tbe state tax; but whether tbe county would be liable for tbe repayment of that, may admit of some question. In the case of Matheson v. The Town of Mazomanie, 20 Wis., 191, it was decided that the recovery must be limited to tbe amount of taxes received by tbe defendant for its own use, and could not include that which it held or bad collected for tbe benefit of another public corporation. "Whether tbe doctrine of that case would relieve tbe county from tbe payment of any portion of tbe taxes in dispute, is a point in some doubt upon tbe facts in [104]*104the record. It does not appear wbat the amount of the state tax was — the whole controversy turning upon the question whether the county was liable to refund any portion of the taxes whatever. On that point we are clear, that, if the taxes were illegal, the county is at least bound to refund whatever was collected for city and county purposes. Further than this it is not necessary to decide at the present time.
III. It is insisted that the taxes wore illegal, on the ground that in May, 1871, and in May, 1872, the time fixed by law for listing personal property for taxation, the plaintiff was not a resident of the city of Oshkosh. A certain class of personal property is taxable, under the statute, in the place w'here it is located, without regard to the residence of the owner. The property of nonresidents is taxable in certain cases. But the general rule is, that personal property is assessed for taxation where the owner resides (Tay. Stats., ch. 18, §§ 43 et seq.). In this case it was cleai'ly established by the evidence, that the plaintiff, an unmarried man, had, for a number of years prior to the 23d day of January, 1871, been a resident of, and had done business in, the city of Oshkosh. About this there was no dispute. But about the 23d of January, 1871, he claims that he abandoned Oshkosh as his place of residence, and went to Chicago with the intention of making that city his home in future. According to his testimony, he went to the house of his friend Mr. Clark, in Chicago, on the 24th day of January, where he remained three days, and then set out for Europe. He returned from Europe, and arrived at New York on the 23d of August, 1871; stayed there a day; then went to Amherst, Mass., where he remained a week or ten days; then went to Chicago, where he remained until the 14th of September; then went to Oshkosh, where he remained most of the time until the 6th of November, when he went to Chicago, and voted at the general election; returned the next day to Oshkosh, where he remained until the 28th of November; then went to Chicago, where he remained about a week; then [105]*105went to Kentucky, where be remained three or four days; returned to Oshkosh, where he remained until the 21st of December; then went to Amherst, Mass., where he remained until the 9th of February, 1872, when he started for California, stopping at St. Louis en route about four days, at Kansas City three days, at Colorado Springs ten days; arrived at Oakland, California, on the 11th of March; staid there until the '20th; then went to the southern part of California, where he staid until the 13th of April; then returned to Oakland and San Francisco, where he remained until the 21st of May, 1872. He afterwards traveled to different parts of California, Oregon and the western territories, and got back to Oshkosh about the 16th of July. For the next seventeen months he traveled about in "Wisconsin, making short stops at different places; went to Chicago, where he remained a day or so; visited Kentucky; returned to California; made a trip to Mexico, and then back to California, and to "Wisconsin; and finally went to Green Eay to live, in December, 1873. During these wanderings to and fro in the land, he often returned to Oshkosh. His health was poor, and he engaged in no permanent business anywhere. He paid no taxes all this time, except in Chicago in 1871, and in California in 1873, on a very inconsiderable portion of his personal estate. His property was considerable, consisting mainly of bank stock in the First National Bank at Oshkosh, Hnited States and state bonds, and notes secured by mortgages on real estate in Winnebago county. In his testimony he said: “ I claim that my domicile in Chicago was from the 23d of January, 1871, until March, 1872; in Oakland, Cal., from March, 1872, until December, 1873; from December, 1873, to this time, at Green Bay.”
Hnder the instructions of the circuit court, the jury specially found that the plaintiff did abandon Oshkosh as his place of residence on the 23d day of January, 1871, and removed Ms personal property therefrom, and that he did not ever again resume or take up his residence at that city. The [106]*106jury further found that the plaintiff did not have an agent or place of business in Oshkosh, either on the first day of May, 1871, or on the first day of May, 1872, when his personal property was assessed for taxation. The circuit court charged, among other things, that, to constitute a residence, there must be a settled, fixed abode, an intention to remain permanently at a place, at least for a time, for business or other purposes; that a residence could not be changed by a mere intent, but that the intent and fact of change of residence must concur. The court, however, refused to charge at the request of the defendant, that for the purpose of taxation a person must have a residence somewhere; and that when a fixed residence was once acquired, it continued until another residence was acquired and substituted therefor; but directed the jury that they must regard Oshkosh as the plaintiff’s residence on the 22d of January, 1871, and until they found that he had acquired a residence in some other locality, or had abandoned his residence in Oshhosh and had permanently removed therefrom.
It is obvious, therefore, that,-upon the law as submitted, the jury might well have found, as they did, in answer to the questions, that the plaintiff had abandoned his residence at Oshkosh and had removed his personal property therefrom, while he had not acquired a new residence or domicile elsewhere. The learned counsel for the defendant insists that this view of the case was erroneous and must work a reversal of the judgment. We think his position is sound in principle, and that it is abundantly sustained by the authorities which he has cited. Eor the purpose of taxation and the discharge of those duties which every person owes to society' and the government that protects him, a person cannot be without a residence or domicile so that if he quits a place with intent to take up his residence or domicile in another, he may, while vn transitu, have no domicile. “Rut the more correct principle would seem to be, that the original domicile is not gone [107]*107until a new one bas been actually acquired facto et animo.” Story on Conflict of Laws, §47. "We use the words “residence” and “ domicile” interchangeably, as synonymous terms under our statute. Hall v. Hall, 25 Wis., 600. And, in the language of Shaw, C. J., we say: “ The general rule, and, for practical purposes, a fixed rule, is, that a man must have a habitation somewhere; he can have but one; and therefore, in order to lose one, he must acquire another. This is the test, the practical test; and it is hardly necessary to say how important it is to have a practical rule and a general rule. One of the fixed rules on the subject is this: that a purpose to change, unaccompanied by an actual removal or change of residence, does not constitute a change of domicile.” Bulkley v. Inhabitants of Williamstown, 3 Gray, 493-495. See Abington v. North Bridgewater, 23 Pick., 170. In the case of Briggs v. Inhabitants of Rochester, 16 Gray, 337, it is said that the words in the Massachusetts statute, “ in the town where the owner is an inhabitant,” do no not mean the town where he has a domicile in a strictly technical sense, the court making a distinction between the words “ inhabitancy” and “ domicile,” which was impliedly repudiated in Hall v. Hall. Our attention has likewise been called to certain decisions in relation to the settlement of paupers; but we think they are not applicable to the question before us. See Littlefield v. Inhabitants of Brooks, 50 Me., 475. The rule which we adopt is consequently this: As the plaintiff had a fixed and distinct residence in the city of Oshkosh for many years prior to the 22d day of January, 1871, for the purpose of taxation, that residence must be deemed to have continued until he had acquired a new residence elsewhere. Abandonment of Oshkosh with the intention of taking up his residence in Chicago, and even the removal of his property therefrom, is not sufficient, so long as he did not actually acquire anew residence or domicile there. This is a just, wise rule, founded in reason and supported by authority. Every person should [108]*108contribute bis fair share towards the maintenance of the government which protects him, and whose benefits he enjoys. Neither justice nor equity requires the adoption of a rule which will enable an unwilling tax-payer to escape his proportion of the public burthens.
The requests above referred to, which were refused, were not embraced in any part of the charge as given, and were material to the defense; and the refusal to give them was calculated to prejudice the county. For that refusal, therefore, without considering other questions, there must be a new trial.
By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and a new trial ordered.