The following opinion was filed at the June term, 1865 :
DowNee, J.
This action was commenced on the 6th day of November, 1861, in the Racine circuit court, by the service of the summons, injunction order and complaint on the defendant Fancher. Some two or three days after, Fancher, at Elkhorn, in Walworth county, sold and transferred to Miller and wife, three notes, two for $400 each, then past due, against one West, and one for $500, not due, made by Farr & Moore; all the notes being partnership property. The partnership between Fa/ncher and the Kelloggs was carried on in the name of Fancher. Miller a/nd his wife gave for the notes transferred to them by Fancher, notes held by them, or one of them, against him, amounting to about the same sum. Miller a/nd his wife testify, in substance, that the consideration of the notes they held against Fa/ncher, was money loaned to Fa/ncher by his sister, Mrs. Miller, before her marriage, and interest thereon. They testify that they had no knowledge, at the time they purchased the notes of Fa/ncher, of the pendency of this action, or that Fancher had any partners ; and they claim the protection which innocent purchasers for a valuable consideration are entitled to. They took the notes transferred to them in payment of an antecedent indebtedness. There is some conflict of authorities as to whether such purchasers can be Iona fide purchasers. We think, however, that the weight of authority is, that the extinguishment or payment of an antecedent [26]*26indebtedness is as good and valuable a consideration as tbe payment of money. We see nothing to impeach the testimony of Miller and wife, and must take their testimony as true. We hold, therefore, that they are entitled to protection against the claim or lien of the partners of Fancher, and against the creditors of the firm, unless the pendency of the action was a constructive notice to them, or the policy of the law is such that they must, by reason of the lis pendens, hold their title to the notes subject to the claims of the plaintiif and the judgment -in the action.
Are Miller and wife affected with notice of this action, or can its pendency in any way affect their title to the notes in question ? The doctrine of Us pendens, in its application to real estate, was described by Chancellor Kekt, in Mtirray et al. v. Ballon et al., 1 Johns. Ch. 566. He says: “ The established rule is, that a Us pendens, duly prosecuted and not collusive, is notice to a purchaser so as to affect and bind his interest by the decree; and that the Us pendens begins from the service of the subpoenas after the bill is filed.” He adds, “that it is no more than the adoption of the rule in a real action at common law, where, if the defendant aliens after the pendency of the writ, the judgment in such real action will overreach such alienation.”
In Murray v. Lylburn, 2 Johns. Ch. 441, the principles asserted in Murray v. Ballou, were held to apply to choses in action. In Diamond v. Lawrence County, St Pa. St. 353 (where nearly all the authorities on this point are cited), the court held that the pendency of a suit between a county and a. railroad company, in regard to bonds issued by the county in payment of its subscription to the stock of the company, is notice to all the world of the facts alleged in the pleadings therein; and that the purchasers of such bonds from the company, and all subsequent purchasers, were affected by the decree of the court in the suit pending at the time of the pur-[27]*27cbase. The court beld, however, that the bonds were not commercial paper; and it is very evident, from the opinion, that they would not apply the doctrine of Us pendens to bills of exchange or promissory notes negotiable according to the law merchant and not due at the time of transfer. Chancellor KeNt also, in Murray v. Lylburn, expressed a doubt whether the rule of lis pendens was to be carried so far as to aifect negotiable paper not due.
In actions respecting real estate, our statute provides that the pendency of the action shall be constructive notice only from the time of filing notice of Us pendens in the office of the register of deeds; but the rule in respect to personal property remains as at common law, in full force; and we see no reason why the Us pendens does not affect promissory notes transferred by a party to the suit during its pendency, and which were past due at the time of the transfer. They appear to be within the rule as expounded by the cases cited. We hold, therefore, that the pendency of the action was constructive notice to Miller and wife, so far as to affect their title to the two notes against West of $400 each, past due when they received them.
The foregoing was written under the supposition that what was assumed by the counsel for the appellants in his argument, and not denied by the counsel for the respondents, to wit, that, at the time of the transfer of the notes to Miller and wife, there was a Us pendens, was true. But on looking into the record we find that the complaint and summons were not filed in the circuit court till the 18th of November, 1861; so that after the service of the summons and complaint, and before they were filed, the notes were transferred to Miller and wife. This presents a new question.
Was the filing of the complaint at or before the time of the transfer absolutely necessary to affect Miller and wife with the constructive notice of Us pendens ? If the doctrine applies only where a purchaser, upon searching the records of a court, [28]*28could have actual notice, then the purchasers before the complaint was filed cannot be affected by the suit. In two of the cases above cited, the court say the Us pendens begins from the service of the subpoena after the bill is filed; and to the same effect are several other American decisions. Rut in all these cases the law in force at the time the bill was filed, and the practice of the court, required the bill to be filed before the subpoena was issued; so that there could be no service of the subpoena till after the bill was filed. They cannot, therefore, be regarded as decisions to the effect that the Us pendens, in a case where the law authorized the subpoena to issue and be served before the bill was filed, would not begin until the filing of the bill. Formerly the practice was in England for the subpoena to issue before the bill was filed, and the English courts held that there was no lis pendens until the service of the subpoena and bill filed, but when the bill was filed, the Us pendens existed from the service of the subpoena, although the bill was not filed until long after; so that a purchaser after service of the subpoena, and before the bill was filed, would, after the filing of the bill, be deemed to be a lite pendente purchaser. Pigott v. Nower, 3 Swanst. 536; 1 Vernon, 318. See also Newman v. Chapman, 2 Randolph, 102. The rule of Us pendens, as adopted by the common law courts, was not based so much on the idea of notice to the purchaser, actual or constructive, as upon the necessity of such a rule to give effect to their judgments. For at common law the writ was pending from the first moment of the day on which it bore teste and was issued.
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The following opinion was filed at the June term, 1865 :
DowNee, J.
This action was commenced on the 6th day of November, 1861, in the Racine circuit court, by the service of the summons, injunction order and complaint on the defendant Fancher. Some two or three days after, Fancher, at Elkhorn, in Walworth county, sold and transferred to Miller and wife, three notes, two for $400 each, then past due, against one West, and one for $500, not due, made by Farr & Moore; all the notes being partnership property. The partnership between Fa/ncher and the Kelloggs was carried on in the name of Fancher. Miller a/nd his wife gave for the notes transferred to them by Fancher, notes held by them, or one of them, against him, amounting to about the same sum. Miller a/nd his wife testify, in substance, that the consideration of the notes they held against Fa/ncher, was money loaned to Fa/ncher by his sister, Mrs. Miller, before her marriage, and interest thereon. They testify that they had no knowledge, at the time they purchased the notes of Fa/ncher, of the pendency of this action, or that Fancher had any partners ; and they claim the protection which innocent purchasers for a valuable consideration are entitled to. They took the notes transferred to them in payment of an antecedent indebtedness. There is some conflict of authorities as to whether such purchasers can be Iona fide purchasers. We think, however, that the weight of authority is, that the extinguishment or payment of an antecedent [26]*26indebtedness is as good and valuable a consideration as tbe payment of money. We see nothing to impeach the testimony of Miller and wife, and must take their testimony as true. We hold, therefore, that they are entitled to protection against the claim or lien of the partners of Fancher, and against the creditors of the firm, unless the pendency of the action was a constructive notice to them, or the policy of the law is such that they must, by reason of the lis pendens, hold their title to the notes subject to the claims of the plaintiif and the judgment -in the action.
Are Miller and wife affected with notice of this action, or can its pendency in any way affect their title to the notes in question ? The doctrine of Us pendens, in its application to real estate, was described by Chancellor Kekt, in Mtirray et al. v. Ballon et al., 1 Johns. Ch. 566. He says: “ The established rule is, that a Us pendens, duly prosecuted and not collusive, is notice to a purchaser so as to affect and bind his interest by the decree; and that the Us pendens begins from the service of the subpoenas after the bill is filed.” He adds, “that it is no more than the adoption of the rule in a real action at common law, where, if the defendant aliens after the pendency of the writ, the judgment in such real action will overreach such alienation.”
In Murray v. Lylburn, 2 Johns. Ch. 441, the principles asserted in Murray v. Ballou, were held to apply to choses in action. In Diamond v. Lawrence County, St Pa. St. 353 (where nearly all the authorities on this point are cited), the court held that the pendency of a suit between a county and a. railroad company, in regard to bonds issued by the county in payment of its subscription to the stock of the company, is notice to all the world of the facts alleged in the pleadings therein; and that the purchasers of such bonds from the company, and all subsequent purchasers, were affected by the decree of the court in the suit pending at the time of the pur-[27]*27cbase. The court beld, however, that the bonds were not commercial paper; and it is very evident, from the opinion, that they would not apply the doctrine of Us pendens to bills of exchange or promissory notes negotiable according to the law merchant and not due at the time of transfer. Chancellor KeNt also, in Murray v. Lylburn, expressed a doubt whether the rule of lis pendens was to be carried so far as to aifect negotiable paper not due.
In actions respecting real estate, our statute provides that the pendency of the action shall be constructive notice only from the time of filing notice of Us pendens in the office of the register of deeds; but the rule in respect to personal property remains as at common law, in full force; and we see no reason why the Us pendens does not affect promissory notes transferred by a party to the suit during its pendency, and which were past due at the time of the transfer. They appear to be within the rule as expounded by the cases cited. We hold, therefore, that the pendency of the action was constructive notice to Miller and wife, so far as to affect their title to the two notes against West of $400 each, past due when they received them.
The foregoing was written under the supposition that what was assumed by the counsel for the appellants in his argument, and not denied by the counsel for the respondents, to wit, that, at the time of the transfer of the notes to Miller and wife, there was a Us pendens, was true. But on looking into the record we find that the complaint and summons were not filed in the circuit court till the 18th of November, 1861; so that after the service of the summons and complaint, and before they were filed, the notes were transferred to Miller and wife. This presents a new question.
Was the filing of the complaint at or before the time of the transfer absolutely necessary to affect Miller and wife with the constructive notice of Us pendens ? If the doctrine applies only where a purchaser, upon searching the records of a court, [28]*28could have actual notice, then the purchasers before the complaint was filed cannot be affected by the suit. In two of the cases above cited, the court say the Us pendens begins from the service of the subpoena after the bill is filed; and to the same effect are several other American decisions. Rut in all these cases the law in force at the time the bill was filed, and the practice of the court, required the bill to be filed before the subpoena was issued; so that there could be no service of the subpoena till after the bill was filed. They cannot, therefore, be regarded as decisions to the effect that the Us pendens, in a case where the law authorized the subpoena to issue and be served before the bill was filed, would not begin until the filing of the bill. Formerly the practice was in England for the subpoena to issue before the bill was filed, and the English courts held that there was no lis pendens until the service of the subpoena and bill filed, but when the bill was filed, the Us pendens existed from the service of the subpoena, although the bill was not filed until long after; so that a purchaser after service of the subpoena, and before the bill was filed, would, after the filing of the bill, be deemed to be a lite pendente purchaser. Pigott v. Nower, 3 Swanst. 536; 1 Vernon, 318. See also Newman v. Chapman, 2 Randolph, 102. The rule of Us pendens, as adopted by the common law courts, was not based so much on the idea of notice to the purchaser, actual or constructive, as upon the necessity of such a rule to give effect to their judgments. For at common law the writ was pending from the first moment of the day on which it bore teste and was issued. The Code, as to the forms of pleading, has abolished the distinction between law and equity, and permitted, in what before the Code were equity cases, the summons to be issued and served before the complaint is filed.
Shall we now adopt the rule, as to Us pendens, as held in suits at law, or as relaxed by the chancery courts in England on its first adoption in those courts; or shall it be further [29]*29relaxed, and declared not to exist nntil tbe complaint is filed after service of tbe summons ?
This point bas not been argued by counsel, and tbe arguments of learned counsel are of great assistance to tbe court.
A rebearing is therefore ordered in this case, tbe argument to be confined to this point.
Tbe cause was further argued at tbe February term, 1868, and finally disposed of at tbe June term of that year.
'Paine, J.
Tbe single question reserved for re-argument was, whether tbe purchasers of the notes, who purchased in good faith and without any actual notice, were to be charged with constructive notice by reason of tbe service of tbe summons and injunction on tbe original defendants, no papers having at tbe time of tbe purchase been filed in tbe office of tbe clerk. In principle it would seem clear that they ought not to be so charged. Tbe doctrine of constructive notice cannot justly be applied to tbe business transactions of men, unless there is a record somewhere, accessible to tbe party to be affected, and by examining which be may have actual notice. “Where this is tbe case, there is no injustice in applying tbe rule of Us pendens ; for tbe purchaser, by due diligence, might inform himself that tbe property was in litigation. But where this is not tbe ease, tbe application of that rule would expose, him to damage which no diligence could guard against.
Under tbe old system of practice tbe question could not arise, as tbe bill was required to be filed before an injunction was issued. But this bas been changed by tbe Code, so that injunctions may be granted and served, and tbe papers all remain in tbe possession of tbe parties to tbe suit or their attorneys. No case bas been cited under tbe Code, where the rule of Us pendens bas been applied before tbe papers were filed. And justice and sound policy require that it ought not [30]*30to be so applied. This conclusion is supported by tbe statutory rule concerning tbe Ms pendens as affecting real estate.,
We are not inclined to adopt tbe doctrine of relation that bas sometimes been applied, so as to bold that when tbe papers are filed tbe Ms pendens relates back to tbe service. This is only an indirect method of charging a party with notice of that which be bad no means of obtaining knowledge of.
Tbe true and just rule is to require tbe papers to be filed, so as to show upon tbe records that a suit bas been commenced, in which tbe property is drawn into litigation, before any purchaser is chargeable with notice of it. And this is no hardship upon tbe plaintiffs.
By the Oowrt. — Tbe judgment is affirmed, with costs.