Dob, C. J.
By express statutory provisions, the administration of all the fiscal, prudential, and municipal affairs of a city, and the government thereof, are vested in the city councils; and all powers vested by law in towns, or in the inhabitants thereof, are exercised by the city councils.
Perry
v. Keene, 58 N. H. 40. These provisions are not expressly modified by Gen. Laws,
c.
46, s. 18, which requires the mayor and aldermen to call a general meeting of the inhabitants for any purpose not unconstitutional or otherwise illegal, when requested to do so, in writing, by one hundred legal voters. And there is not sufficient ground for holding this section to be an implied qualification of the sections which transfer to city councils the powers of municipal legislation, and administration. If the legislature had intended to reserve a popular right of resuming and exercising these powers, it is to be inferred that provision would have been made for organization, official oaths, check-list, and records, and for executing the votes of the meeting, or requiring the city government to execute them. The complicated and conflicting system would require regulation, which the law does not
furnish. The practical difficulties in the way of carrying on the representative government of a city, under an undefined popular power of occasional or constant suspension and control, are great .and obvious. And the absence of statutory methods of obviating them is satisfactory evidence of the legislative intention. The vote passed at the meeting of inhabitants, instructing their representatives in the city legislature in regard to this bridge, was merely advisory, as would have been a vote of the same persons instructing their representatives in the state legislature.
As the public- convenience may require a sidewalk as well as a carriage track in a highway
(Graves
v. Shattuck, 35 N. H. 257, 270), so it may require two carriage tracks. And the law does not require such tracks to be on the same level, nor forbid one to be built over the other. How many tracks there shall be, and what shall be their relative position, are questions of fact to be determined upon considerations of public convenience, and the statute requiring the highway to be suitable for the travel thereon. And the municipal decision of these questions is not subject to an appeal to this court on a bill in equity for an injunction. The case does not raise the question of the right of the public on an elevated railway, or other structure in a highway, to make a use of the land that was not contemplated when the owner’s damages were assessed. The plaintiffs are not owners of land under or adjoining this new highway.
The highway across the river was unconditionally and legally laid out; and, a bridge being necessary for the public use of the way, the city can be compelled by indictment to perform its duty of making the way passable by building a bridge which will be a part of the highway on which it is built. G. L., c. 71,
s.
1; c. 1, s. 25;
State
v. Canterbury, 28 N. H. 195, 228, 232.
The plaintiffs admit the necessity of a bridge, but object to the form and expense of the one projected. “Towns may, at any legal meeting, grant and vote such sums of money as they shall judge necessary * * * for building and repairing bridges.” G. L.,
c.
37,
s.
4. The city councils have determined that the public expense shall not exceed $60,000, and have voted to authorize the defendants to contract for a bridge with “a roadway or lower deck as a way to the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company and the Stark Mills, provided said companies contribute the sum of $7,000 for the same.” The execution of this conditional vote would furnish two public tracks in the highway, and no private one. Whether the public convenience requires the upper one, or the lower one, or both, is a question of fact which is not brought here, on appeal, by this bill. A construction of a street that makes it accessible from the land on either side is not of( itself unlawful. The owners of the adjoining land are a part of the public; and the law does not fix the number of travellers for whose use a highway must be convenient. A law requiring every highway to be equally
useful to all members of the community would prohibit all highways. The question as to the lower track is not made a question of law by the circumstance that that track is to run to land of the two companies.
State
v.
Northumberland,
44 N. H. 628, was a case of a bridge which only one person had occasion to use. The number of workmen benefited by a track running to the adjoining land of these companies might be large; and if their number were small, it would not turn a question of fact into a question of law.
Hopkinton
v. Winship, 85 N. H. 209, 216;
Parks
v.
Boston,
8 Pick. 218, 227.
A town can accept a private contribution offered for constructing a town hall,.sewer, or highway, on a proper plan. 2 Dillon Mun. Corp.,
ss.
566-574. The offer may be rejected for defects of the plan, or other sufficient reason. But if the plan is the best, the town are not obliged to reject the contribution in order to make an appropriation of their own money for construction on the same plan. In this case it does not appear that the proposed plan of two tracks is not the best for the accommodation of the public. And, on the ground on which the bill puts the plaintiffs’ case, evidence that there is a better plan, or that the sum appropriated is too large, would be inadmissible. The judgment of the city councils having been fairty exercised on those points, we could not quash their proceedings for a difference between their opinion and ours on questions of fact which the law submits to their decision.
An individual’s gift of a library to a town for public use would not be illegal merely because it might be or would be more useful to the donor than to his neighbors. If the Amoskeag and Stark companies should build the whole of the projected double-track bridge and give it to the city, the gift would not be rendered unlawful by the circumstance that the lower' track would be more useful to the companies and their employes than to others. If the companies should so far build the bridge as to leave but one plank necessary for its completion, the legal authority of the city to furnish a plank, instead of the $60,000 appropriated by the city councils, would not be withdrawn or suspended. If the companies should pay into the city treasury a sum equal to the whole cost of construction less one dollar, the city would not be disabled to apply the gift to the public use, or to add a dollar to the fund. How small apart of the cost the city will accept from contributors, and how large a part the city will bear, are municipal questions of fact, decided by the municipal government, and not opened by this bill. A town can appropriate a sum sufficient to buy a fire-engine of the second class, with a proviso that if enough more to enable the town to buy one of the first class is contributed by individuals and given to the town, the best shall be bought. With the appropriation and contribution the town may obtain for public use something better than the town, unassisted, could afford to pay for. To
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Dob, C. J.
By express statutory provisions, the administration of all the fiscal, prudential, and municipal affairs of a city, and the government thereof, are vested in the city councils; and all powers vested by law in towns, or in the inhabitants thereof, are exercised by the city councils.
Perry
v. Keene, 58 N. H. 40. These provisions are not expressly modified by Gen. Laws,
c.
46, s. 18, which requires the mayor and aldermen to call a general meeting of the inhabitants for any purpose not unconstitutional or otherwise illegal, when requested to do so, in writing, by one hundred legal voters. And there is not sufficient ground for holding this section to be an implied qualification of the sections which transfer to city councils the powers of municipal legislation, and administration. If the legislature had intended to reserve a popular right of resuming and exercising these powers, it is to be inferred that provision would have been made for organization, official oaths, check-list, and records, and for executing the votes of the meeting, or requiring the city government to execute them. The complicated and conflicting system would require regulation, which the law does not
furnish. The practical difficulties in the way of carrying on the representative government of a city, under an undefined popular power of occasional or constant suspension and control, are great .and obvious. And the absence of statutory methods of obviating them is satisfactory evidence of the legislative intention. The vote passed at the meeting of inhabitants, instructing their representatives in the city legislature in regard to this bridge, was merely advisory, as would have been a vote of the same persons instructing their representatives in the state legislature.
As the public- convenience may require a sidewalk as well as a carriage track in a highway
(Graves
v. Shattuck, 35 N. H. 257, 270), so it may require two carriage tracks. And the law does not require such tracks to be on the same level, nor forbid one to be built over the other. How many tracks there shall be, and what shall be their relative position, are questions of fact to be determined upon considerations of public convenience, and the statute requiring the highway to be suitable for the travel thereon. And the municipal decision of these questions is not subject to an appeal to this court on a bill in equity for an injunction. The case does not raise the question of the right of the public on an elevated railway, or other structure in a highway, to make a use of the land that was not contemplated when the owner’s damages were assessed. The plaintiffs are not owners of land under or adjoining this new highway.
The highway across the river was unconditionally and legally laid out; and, a bridge being necessary for the public use of the way, the city can be compelled by indictment to perform its duty of making the way passable by building a bridge which will be a part of the highway on which it is built. G. L., c. 71,
s.
1; c. 1, s. 25;
State
v. Canterbury, 28 N. H. 195, 228, 232.
The plaintiffs admit the necessity of a bridge, but object to the form and expense of the one projected. “Towns may, at any legal meeting, grant and vote such sums of money as they shall judge necessary * * * for building and repairing bridges.” G. L.,
c.
37,
s.
4. The city councils have determined that the public expense shall not exceed $60,000, and have voted to authorize the defendants to contract for a bridge with “a roadway or lower deck as a way to the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company and the Stark Mills, provided said companies contribute the sum of $7,000 for the same.” The execution of this conditional vote would furnish two public tracks in the highway, and no private one. Whether the public convenience requires the upper one, or the lower one, or both, is a question of fact which is not brought here, on appeal, by this bill. A construction of a street that makes it accessible from the land on either side is not of( itself unlawful. The owners of the adjoining land are a part of the public; and the law does not fix the number of travellers for whose use a highway must be convenient. A law requiring every highway to be equally
useful to all members of the community would prohibit all highways. The question as to the lower track is not made a question of law by the circumstance that that track is to run to land of the two companies.
State
v.
Northumberland,
44 N. H. 628, was a case of a bridge which only one person had occasion to use. The number of workmen benefited by a track running to the adjoining land of these companies might be large; and if their number were small, it would not turn a question of fact into a question of law.
Hopkinton
v. Winship, 85 N. H. 209, 216;
Parks
v.
Boston,
8 Pick. 218, 227.
A town can accept a private contribution offered for constructing a town hall,.sewer, or highway, on a proper plan. 2 Dillon Mun. Corp.,
ss.
566-574. The offer may be rejected for defects of the plan, or other sufficient reason. But if the plan is the best, the town are not obliged to reject the contribution in order to make an appropriation of their own money for construction on the same plan. In this case it does not appear that the proposed plan of two tracks is not the best for the accommodation of the public. And, on the ground on which the bill puts the plaintiffs’ case, evidence that there is a better plan, or that the sum appropriated is too large, would be inadmissible. The judgment of the city councils having been fairty exercised on those points, we could not quash their proceedings for a difference between their opinion and ours on questions of fact which the law submits to their decision.
An individual’s gift of a library to a town for public use would not be illegal merely because it might be or would be more useful to the donor than to his neighbors. If the Amoskeag and Stark companies should build the whole of the projected double-track bridge and give it to the city, the gift would not be rendered unlawful by the circumstance that the lower' track would be more useful to the companies and their employes than to others. If the companies should so far build the bridge as to leave but one plank necessary for its completion, the legal authority of the city to furnish a plank, instead of the $60,000 appropriated by the city councils, would not be withdrawn or suspended. If the companies should pay into the city treasury a sum equal to the whole cost of construction less one dollar, the city would not be disabled to apply the gift to the public use, or to add a dollar to the fund. How small apart of the cost the city will accept from contributors, and how large a part the city will bear, are municipal questions of fact, decided by the municipal government, and not opened by this bill. A town can appropriate a sum sufficient to buy a fire-engine of the second class, with a proviso that if enough more to enable the town to buy one of the first class is contributed by individuals and given to the town, the best shall be bought. With the appropriation and contribution the town may obtain for public use something better than the town, unassisted, could afford to pay for. To
a like extent, on many subjects, tbe state power of local legislation is delegated to the popular legislatures of towns, and the representative legislatures of cities. The power of applying a necessary sum of public money for a convenient public bridge on this new highway is the power of applying the same sum, and another sum given by individuals, for a more convenient public bridge at the same place. So far as the questions raised in this case are concerned, it is immaterial whether the power is exercised by the state legislature, or by the city councils to whom the state has delegated it. The delegation of the power does not authorize the court to prohibit its exercise..
Evidence of a donation of $7,000 would tend to show that the city, by accepting it, could obtain a public bridge for $7,000 less than its cost. Such evidence may properly be considered and acted upon by the city. It is as competent as evidence of the amount of land damages and the public cost of construction would be on the question whether the highway should be laid out. Besides expense of construction, there are other things to be considered, such as the safety, durability, and public convenience of the proposed structure, and the cost of maintaining it. But evidence, admissible on the' question of the public expense of construction, is not rendered inadmissible by the existence of other questions on which it gives no light. If there are authorities in conflict with this application. of elementary principle, we are unable to follow them.
Com.
v. Cambridge, 7 Mass. 158, 166;
Com.
v. Sawin, 2 Pick. 547;
Parks
v. Boston, 8 Pick. 218;
Freetown
v.
County
Commissioners, 9 Pick. 46;
Jones
v. Andover, 9 Pick. 146, 153;
Copeland
v. Packard, 16 Pick. 217, 220 ;
Foster
v. Boston, 22 Pick. 33;
White
v.
County
Commissioners, 2 Cush. 361;
Crocket
v.
Boston,
5 Cush. 182, 190;
Townsend
v.
Hoyle,
20 Conn. 1;
Hoadley
v.
Waterbury,
34 Conn. 38 ;
Dudley
v. Gilley, 5 N. H. 558 ;
Dudley
v.
Butler,
10 N. H. 281, 289;
Smith
v.
Conway,
17 N. H. 586;
State
v.
Newmarket,
20 N. H. 519, 521;
Knowles' Petition,
22 N. H. 361, 363;
Goodwin
v.
Milton,
25 N. H. 458, 472;
Gurnsey
v.
Edwards,
26 N. H. 224 ;
Proctor
v.
Andover,
42 N. H. 348, 356-359;
Freeman
v.
Plainfield,
52 N. H. 146.
Two other questions, which there is no apparent necessity of considering, will be examined if a decision of them will be of any practical importance to the parties. The defendants were directed to make such changes, of a certain limited character, in a certain plan, as in their judgment would be for the best interests of the city, and to contract for a double track if the companies contributed $7,000. The objection to the delegation to the defendants of a restricted power of altering the plan and making the contract, and the objection that the city should not act upon a promise of a contribution that might require the cost and risk of litigation for its enforcement, can be easily and properly avoided by a vote of the city councils, altering the plan, and making the contract, and by
the payment of the $7,000 to the city treasurer. When these objections are thus obviated, the injunction will be dissolved.
Stanley, Smith, and Clark, J J., did not sit: the others concurred.