Kelley v. Horton

2025 Ohio 5252

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: November 21, 2025
• Docket: C-240644
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as Kelley v. Horton, 2025-Ohio-5252.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

NANETTE KELLEY, : APPEAL NO. C-240644 TRIAL NO. A-2300099 Plaintiff-Appellant, :

vs. : JUDGMENT ENTRY EDWARD S. HORTON, JR., M.D., :

ZAINAB P. CONTRACTOR, M.D., :

GROUP HEALTH TRIHEALTH : PHYSICIAN PARTNERS, : TRIHEALTH G, LLC, : TRIHEALTH H, LLC, : TRIHEALTH HOSPITAL, INC., : and : TRISTATE IMG, INC., : Defendants-Appellees. :

This cause was heard upon the appeal, the record, the briefs, and arguments. For the reasons set forth in the Opinion filed this date, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Further, the court holds that there were reasonable grounds for this appeal, allows no penalty, and orders that costs be taxed under App.R. 24. The court further orders that (1) a copy of this Judgment with a copy of the Opinion attached constitutes the mandate, and (2) the mandate be sent to the trial court for execution under App.R. 27. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

To the clerk: Enter upon the journal of the court on 11/21/2025 per order of the court.

By:_______________________ Administrative Judge [Cite as Kelley v. Horton, 2025-Ohio-5252.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

NANETTE KELLEY, : APPEAL NO. C-240644 TRIAL NO. A-2300099 Plaintiff-Appellant, :

vs. : OPINION EDWARD S. HORTON, JR., M.D., :

GROUP HEALTH TRIHEALTH : PHYSICIAN PARTNERS, : TRIHEALTH G, LLC, : TRIHEALTH H, LLC, : TRIHEALTH HOSPITAL, INC., : and : TRISTATE IMG, INC., : Defendants-Appellees. :

Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 21, 2025

The Donahey Law Firm, LLC, Danny M. Newman, Jr., Flowers & Grube, Louis E. Grube and Kendra Davitt, for Plaintiff-Appellant Nanette Kelley,

Calderhead, Lockemeyer & Peschke, David C. Calderhead and Evan S. Miller, for Defendants-Appellees Edward S. Horton, Jr., M.D., and TriState IMG, Inc.,

Rendigs, Fry, Kiely & Dennis, LLP, and Brian D. Goldwasser, for Defendants- OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

Appellees Zainab P. Contractor, M.D., Group Health TriHealth Physician Partners, TriHealth G, LLC, TriHealth H, LLC, and TriHealth Hospital Inc. [Cite as Kelley v. Horton, 2025-Ohio-5252.]

MOORE, Judge.

{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Nanette Kelley appeals the judgment of the

Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas after a jury found co-defendants and co-

appellees Dr. Edward S. Horton, Jr., M.D., Dr. Zainab P. Contractor, M.D., Tristate

IMG, Inc., and several TriHealth subsidiaries (collectively, “defendants”), had not

committed medical malpractice. During the course of the trial below, Kelley argued

that defendants’ medical malpractice caused Kelley to lose vision in her right eye.

{¶2} Kelley now raises two assignments of error. First, Kelley alleges the

court erred in allowing defendants to cross-examine one of Kelley’s witnesses with a

publication under the learned-treatise exception without first requiring defendants to

lay a proper foundation. Second, Kelley argues the court’s jury instructions on remote,

intervening, and superseding causation were legally inaccurate and prejudiced her.

{¶3} For the reasons set forth below, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

I. Factual History

{¶4} On January 10, 2023, Kelley filed a complaint against defendants,

alleging claims for medical malpractice. From September 26 through October 4, 2024,

the court held a seven-day jury trial.

{¶5} In October 2019, Kelley had her first visit with defendant Dr.

Contractor, a neurologist and headache specialist at TriHealth Hospital. On Kelley’s

diagnostic form, Kelley stated that she had a 30-year history of headaches, that the

number of headache days she experienced monthly increased from one to three and

then from three to five, that the location of her headaches had recently shifted from

the left to right side of her head, and that her right temple would become sore to the

touch during headache flareups. Material to this appeal, Kelley was 50 years old when

she visited with Dr. Contractor and had previously been diagnosed with Chronic OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

Kidney Disease in 2016.

{¶6} At the close of the visit, Dr. Contractor ordered a magnetic resonance

imaging (“MRI”) scan of Kelley’s brain without intravenous (“IV”) fluid contrast. Dr.

Contractor explained she normally orders a MRI scan without IV contrast to establish

a baseline, and that she would request a scan with IV contrast if she had reason to

believe a tumor was present. In her deposition, Dr. Contractor stated that because of

Kelley’s history of Chronic Kidney Disease, an MRI scan without contrast was

appropriate for initial screening purposes.

{¶7} On December 6, 2019, Kelley underwent the MRI scan. Dr. Contractor’s

notes reviewing the scan identified a few “white matter” abnormalities, but noted that

these were consistent with patients of Kelley’s age, and that it was unlikely that these

were the cause of Kelley’s headaches. Dr. Contractor believed that these abnormalities

were attributable to Kelley’s age or her history of Chronic Kidney Disease. At the close

of the visit, Dr. Contractor scheduled a follow-up visit with Kelley in December 2020.

{¶8} Defendant Dr. Horton, a radiologist, also testified that he interpreted

Kelley’s scans. Dr. Horton’s report interpreting the 2019 MRI scan concluded that

there were no significant abnormalities, such as tumors or hemorrhaging present.

{¶9} Despite Dr. Contractor’s care plan, Kelley never returned for her follow-

up. Kelley explained that she was reluctant to complete her follow-up with Dr.

Contractor, since this was during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Kelley

testified that she continued to work with her primary-care provider throughout 2020

and most of 2021 and that her symptoms had not worsened or changed. However, in

December 2021, Kelley’s vision in her right eye abruptly worsened, resulting in near

total vision loss.

{¶10} After Kelley’s ophthalmologist could not resolve the issue, she was

6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

referred to a neurologist and underwent MRI scans with and without contrast. Dr.

Horton again interpreted Kelley’s MRI, and concluded that Kelley had a meningioma

that had encompassed her right optical nerve.1 Despite surgery and radiation

treatments, Kelley’s vision in her right eye could not be restored. Kelley recalled that

when speaking with her neurosurgeon and radiologist she learned that the

meningioma was identifiable in her 2019 MRI scan.

{¶11} Dr. Horton testified that he produced a report for both of Kelley’s MRI

scans. Dr. Horton conceded that when comparing the 2022 scan with the 2019 scan,

he could observe a tumor present within the initial scan. However, Dr. Horton argued

that his initial interpretation did not breach the standard of care. Dr. Horton explained

that the tumor was only detectable with the benefit of hindsight, and that many of the

abnormalities that would indicate the presence of a tumor were too subtle for Dr.

Horton to have conclusively determined the presence of a meningioma near Kelley’s

optic nerve.

{¶12} In addition to Kelley, Dr. Contractor, and Dr. Horton, the court heard

testimony from several experts. On whether Dr. Contractor breached the standard of

care, the parties called competing neurologists. Kelley introduced Dr. Mankowski,

while defendants called Dr. Merkler. On whether Dr. Horton breached the standard of

care, the parties called competing radiologists. Kelley relied upon Dr. Berger, while

defendants called Dr. Cizek. Defendants also called Dr. Volpe, a neuro-opthamologist,

who testified that detection of the tumor in 2019-2020 would not have prevented

Kelley from losing her vision in 2021.

1 A meningioma is a tumor that grows from the membranes that surround the brain and spine, and

may damage nerves near the brain as the tumor grows. See Mayo Clinic, Meningioma, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20355643 (accessed Nov. 6, 2025) [https://perma.cc/QQ3Y-AEJH].

7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

{¶13} Material to this appeal, Dr. Mankowski testified that given Kelley’s

symptoms, Dr. Contractor’s decision to order an MRI scan without IV contrast

breached the standard of care. During cross-examination, Dr. Mankowski was asked

if he was aware of a guideline from the American College of Radiology (“ACR”), the

ACR appropriateness criteria for headaches, and whether neurologists were involved

in developing the appropriateness criteria. Dr. Mankowski answered that he was

generally aware of all three. When asked whether Dr. Mankowski was “aware that the

American College of Radiology --,” counsel for Kelley objected.

{¶14} The parties discussed the objection in chambers. Kelley emphasized two

points, that Dr. Mankowski was not a radiologist and therefore the reference to the

ACR was irrelevant, and that defendants failed to share the document in advance of

trial. At no point during this initial objection did Kelley contend that the ACR guideline

was inadmissible hearsay, argue that defendants failed to set forth the proper

foundation, or assert that the ACR guideline failed to qualify as a learned treatise. The

court overruled Kelley’s objection and permitted the defense to continue its line of

questioning. After recommencing cross-examination, counsel asked Dr. Mankowski

whether he was aware that the ACR’s appropriateness criteria considered an MRI

without IV contrast appropriate, to which Dr. Mankowski answered that he was not

aware. Once the parties completed their respective examinations, the court dismissed

Dr. Mankowski. At the start of the proceedings the next day, Kelley revisited her

objection and raised a hearsay objection, arguing that the ACR guideline was not

admissible under the learned-treatise hearsay exception under Evid.R. 803(18).

Again, the court overruled Kelley’s objection.

{¶15} During the parties’ charging conference, which took place before the

defense completed its case and the parties made their closing arguments, the parties

8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

discussed the proposed jury instructions. Kelley objected that the “remote,

intervening, and superseding cause” language was inapplicable because defendants

had failed to introduce any evidence to demonstrate that Kelley was culpable for her

injuries. Defendants stated that they were not intending to argue that Kelley was

negligent. Instead, the defendants argued that the intervening and superseding

language must stay in, in case the jury found for Kelley, since the defendants would

need to assess if intervening conduct would adjust the damages award. Despite

objecting, Kelley ultimately agreed.

{¶16} However, during closing arguments, defendants repeatedly referenced

that Kelley’s actions lead to the late discovery of the tumor. Defendants argued that

Kelley chose not to come back to Dr. Contractor for a follow-up visit, and that “you

can’t blame a physician if a patient chooses not to follow up.” Despite defendants’

closing arguments, at no point did Kelley request another opportunity to discuss the

jury instructions, nor did she object to defendants’ closing remarks or renew her

objection to the jury instructions.

{¶17} This appeal followed.

II. Analysis

{¶18} Kelley raises two assignments of error on appeal, the first of which

argues the court erred in admitting testimony related to the ACR guideline, and the

second of which challenges the jury instructions.

A. Admission of a Learned Treatise

{¶19} A trial court wields broad discretion in the admission of evidence, and

its judgment shall not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Worley v. Durrani,

2025-Ohio-2245, ¶ 15 (1st Dist.); see In re K.M., 2024-Ohio-2278, ¶ 11 (1st Dist.), citing

HSBC Bank, USA, Natl. Assn. v. Gill, 2019-Ohio-2814, ¶ 1-5 (1st Dist.) (recognizing

9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

that the standard of review for hearsay determinations differs between Ohio appellate

districts, but concluding that this court’s prior holdings require that we analyze the

alleged improper admission of hearsay under Evid.R. 803 for an abuse of discretion).

{¶20} Under Evid.R. 803, hearsay evidence is generally inadmissible, unless a

hearsay exception applies. One such exception, under Evid.R. 803(18), admission as a

learned treatise, is material to this appeal. Evid.R. 803(18) provides,

Learned Treatises. To the extent called to the attention of an

expert witness upon cross-examination or relied upon by the expert

witness in direct examination, statements contained in published

treatises, periodicals, or pamphlets on a subject of history, medicine, or

other science or art, established as a reliable authority by the testimony

or admission of the witness or by other expert testimony or by judicial

notice. If admitted, the statements may be read into evidence but may

not be received as exhibits.

{¶21} The use of a learned treatise is appropriate for the purposes of

impeachment upon establishing that the authority referenced is reliable. Bogdanov v.

Ahres, 2021-Ohio-1322, ¶ 8 (1st Dist.), citing Bradley v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 2012-

Ohio-451, ¶ 23 (10th Dist.) (stating an expert need only testify that a learned treatise

is a reliable authority for a court to admit its content into the record).

{¶22} Should a party take issue with a court’s admission of evidence, the party

must set forth in a timely manner “the specific ground of objection, if the specific

ground is not apparent from the context” in which the objection was raised. Evid.R.

103(A)(1). “An objection is timely when the issue raised could have been avoided or

corrected by the court.” Edelstein v. Edelstein, 2025-Ohio-1514, ¶ 54 (1st Dist.), citing

State ex rel. Holwadel v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, 2015-Ohio-5306, ¶ 50. The

10 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

failure to timely object to an error waives all but plain-error review on appeal. Anders

v. Seitz, 2023-Ohio-668, ¶ 15, fn. 3 (12th Dist.) (holding a party’s objection to an

opponent’s qualification to cross-examine the party was untimely where the objection

was not raised until after the party had examined another witness); Secy. of Veterans

Affairs v. Leonhardt, 2015-Ohio-931, ¶ 47 (3d Dist.) (“The failure to timely object to

errors concerning testimony waives all but plain error on review.”). Plain error is

generally not favored in civil cases and may only be applied in the extremely rare

context in which an unobjected-to error hampers the basic tenants of fairness and

thereby challenges the validity of the decision of the court below. State ex rel. Target

Auto Repair v. Morales, 2022-Ohio-2062, ¶ 15, quoting Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio

St.3d 116, 122-123 (1997).

{¶23} Now on appeal, Kelley asserts the court erred in admitting the ACR

guideline because defendants failed to establish a foundation prior to its introduction.

However, Kelley failed to timely raise her hearsay objection. Below, Kelley only raised

a timely challenge to the admission of the ACR guideline on the basis of relevance. It

was not until Dr. Mankowski was excused and the court reconvened the following day

that Kelley asserted that the ACR guideline constituted inadmissible hearsay. Even

when assessing the context surrounding Kelley’s initial objection, it is not “obvious

from the context” that Kelley was raising a hearsay objection. Kelley’s attempt to

revisit, reframe, and reraise her objection was ultimately untimely.

{¶24} Because Kelley failed to raise a timely objection, she has waived the

issue for purposes of appeal, Goldfuss at 121 (“[W]e have long recognized, in civil as

well as criminal cases, that failure to timely advise a trial court of possible error, by

objection or otherwise, results in a waiver of the issue for purposes of appeal.”), and

this case does not present one of the extremely rare circumstances in which plain-error

11 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

review would be applicable in a civil case. Goldfuss at 122-123 (“[I]n appeals of civil

cases, the plain error doctrine is not favored and may only be applied in the extremely

rare case involving exceptional circumstances where error, to which no objection was

made at the trial court, seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy of the underlying

judicial process itself.”). Further, Kelley failed to raise a plain-error argument on

appeal, and we decline to formulate an argument on her behalf. See State v. Williams,

2025-Ohio-1345, ¶ 45 (1st Dist.); Hotz v. City of Cleveland, 2020-Ohio-1383, ¶ 38 (8th

Dist.) (“A court will not sua sponte undertake a plain-error analysis if a defendant fails

to do so.”); State v. Brunson, 2022-Ohio-4299, ¶ 24, citing State v. Quarterman,

2014-Ohio-4034, ¶ 19 (“This court is not obligated to formulate legal arguments on

behalf of the parties, because acting as an appellate court, we preside as arbiters of the

legal questions presented and argued by the parties.”). (Emphasis added.)

{¶25} Even if Kelley’s objection had been timely raised, any reference to the

ACR guideline would constitute harmless error. See Hoke v. Miami Valley Hosp.,

2020-Ohio-3387, ¶ 75-76 (2d Dist.) (holding a failure to establish an adequate

foundation may give rise to harmless error). “Civ.R. 61 instructs us to ‘disregard any

error that does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.’” Travelers Property

Cas. Corp. v. Chiquita Brands Internatl., Inc., 2024-Ohio-1775, ¶ 36 (1st Dist.); United

Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners, Local Union No. 1581 v. Bell Eng. Ltd., 2006-Ohio-

1891, ¶ 31 (6th Dist.) (holding errors that do not affect a substantive right in an

outcome-determinative way must be disregarded). The admission of inadmissible

evidence may be harmless when the evidence was cumulative to other testimony and

evidence admitted at trial. In re Z., 2019-Ohio-1617, ¶ 15 (1st Dist.).

{¶26} Over the course of a seven-day trial, the only use of the ACR guideline

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came during Dr. Mankowski’s cross-examination. The reliance upon the ACR

guideline was to impeach Dr. Mankowski’s testimony that Dr. Contractor breached the

standard of care by ordering an MRI without IV contrast. To the contrary, the jury

heard testimony from Dr. Contractor and Dr. Merkler that Dr. Contractor’s diagnosis

and the ordered treatment did not breach the standard of care. Therefore, even if the

court erred in admitting inadmissible hearsay, doing so was harmless because it was

cumulative to other testimony provided by other witnesses.

{¶27} Accordingly, Kelley’s first assignment of error is overruled.

B. Jury Instruction

{¶28} In her second assignment of error, Kelley argues the court erred when

it administered a remote- or intervening-cause jury instruction.

{¶29} We review de novo whether a jury instruction is legally correct and

factually warranted. Clark v. Durrani, 2025-Ohio-3096, ¶ 36 (1st Dist.), quoting Jones

v. Durrani, 2024-Ohio-1776, ¶ 29 (1st Dist.), quoting Cromer v. Children’s Hosp. Med.

Ctr. of Akron, 2015-Ohio-229, ¶ 22. The Ohio Supreme Court has clearly stated that

Civ.R. 51(A) provides,

[A] party may not assign as error the giving or the failure to give any

instruction unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider its

verdict, stating specifically the matter objected to and the grounds of the

objection.

Leber v. Smith, 70 Ohio St.3d 548, 552 (1994), quoting Civ.R. 51(A).

{¶30} Here, Kelley objected to the remote-, intervening-cause language, but

ultimately agreed to the instruction. At the charging conference, Kelley objected

because she was concerned that the defendants were going to argue that her failure to

follow up was an intervening cause. Despite defendants stating they would not do so,

13 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

during closing arguments they reiterated that “you can’t blame a physician if a patient

chooses not to follow up.” Kelley never objected during closing arguments. In fact,

Kelley did not repeat her objection to the jury instruction after closing remarks

concluded or during the court’s oral jury instructions. Pursuant to Civ.R. 51(A), Kelley

waived this issue below and is precluded from now raising it on appeal. Accordingly,

Kelley’s second assignment of error is overruled.

III. Conclusion

{¶31} Having overruled Kelley’s assignments of error, we affirm the judgment

of the trial court.

Judgment affirmed.

ZAYAS, P.J., and CROUSE, J., concur.