OPINION Nos. 04-09-00684-CR 04-09-00685-CR
Keith ALFARO, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the County Court at Law No. 6, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court Nos. 223315, 223316 Honorable Phil Chavarria, Jr., Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice
Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Delivered and Filed: October 6, 2010
AFFIRMED
Keith J. Alfaro was charged with assault with bodily injury, resisting arrest, and evading
arrest. The jury found him not guilty on the assault with bodily injury charge, but guilty on the
resisting arrest and evading arrest charges. Alfaro appeals his convictions and, in one issue,
contends the trial court erred in denying his requested charge on the defense of mistake of fact.
We find no error and affirm the trial court’s judgments. 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing jury charge error, we first determine whether there is error in the jury
charge. Durden v. State, 290 S.W.3d 413, 415 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.). If we find
error, then we determine whether the error was the subject of a timely objection in the trial court.
Id. If there was a timely objection, as there was in this case, then we reverse if the error was
calculated to injure the rights of the defendant. Id. (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
36.19 (West 2006) and Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)).
MISTAKE OF FACT DEFENSE TO RESISTING AND EVADING ARREST
The Texas Penal Code provides that “[it] is a defense to prosecution that the actor
through mistake formed a reasonable belief about a matter of fact if his mistaken belief negated
the kind of culpability required for commission of the offense.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 8.02(a) (West 2003).
“[A]n accused has the right to an instruction on any defensive issue raised by the
evidence, whether that evidence is weak or strong, unimpeached or contradicted, and regardless
of what the trial court may or may not think about the credibility of the defense.” Hamel v. State,
916 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The defendant’s testimony alone may be
sufficient to raise the issue and warrant a requested defensive instruction. Hayes v. State, 728
S.W.2d 804, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). In reviewing whether the trial court erred in refusing
to submit a requested defensive instruction, we must examine the evidence offered in support of
that defensive issue in the light most favorable to the defense. Durden, 290 S.W.3d at 416. When
evidence from any source raises a defensive issue, and the defendant properly requests a jury
charge on that issue, the trial court must submit the issue to the jury. Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d
238, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
-2- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
With regard to the offense of resisting arrest, the Texas Penal Code provides that “[a]
person commits an offense if he intentionally prevents or obstructs a person he knows is a peace
officer or a person acting in a peace officer’s presence and at his direction from effecting an
arrest, search, or transportation of the actor or another by using force against the peace officer or
another.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.03(a) (West 2003). With regard to the offense of evading
arrest, the Texas Penal Code provides that “[a] person commits an offense if he intentionally
flees from a person he knows is a peace officer attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him.” Id.
38.04(a).
At trial, Alfaro requested the following instruction on mistake of fact as to both resisting
arrest and evading arrest:
Therefore, if you believe from the evidence that on the occasion in question the defendant, through mistake, formed a reasonable belief that he was not “under arrest,” as that term is used in the charge, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, then you will find the defendant [n]ot [g]uilty.
THE EVIDENCE PERTAINING TO RESISTING AND EVADING ARREST
At trial, Tamara Vaughan testified that on July 22, 2007, she was spending time at the
community pool in the Trinity Oaks subdivision where she lived. She was accompanied by
several family members. When Vaughan became bothered by the smell of a cigar, she asked the
man who was smoking the cigar, to put it out. The man smoking the cigar was Alfaro, an off-
duty city police officer. He was standing and talking on his phone when she approached him.
According to Vaughan, Alfaro argued with her and used racial slurs. He then punched her in the
face, and she fell to the ground. She could not get up because he continued to punch her and
choke her. At that point, Vaughan’s cousin jumped on Alfaro’s back to try to get him off of
Vaughan. Alfaro then left the pool area. Vaughan and her family members got into a car driven
by Vaughan’s grandmother and began looking for Alfaro. They did find him, and he told them he
-3- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
was a police officer and that he was going to call the police. Vaughan testified that the police did
arrive, and she showed them her injuries. An ambulance then arrived and took her to the hospital.
Vaughan’s cousin, Tylia Hopkins, testified that she was at the swimming pool with
Vaughan on the day in question. She saw Vaughan approach Alfaro, who was smoking a cigar
and talking on his cell phone. Alfaro started yelling at Vaughan, and then he hit her in the face.
Hopkins then ran over and jumped on top of Alfaro as Alfaro was choking Vaughan. Her
grandmother then came to pick up the family members from the pool. They drove to where
Alfaro and another man were standing in a cul-de-sac. The police arrived and they tried to arrest
Alfaro.
Vaughan’s grandmother, Dina Bushrod, also testified about the events in question. She
drove to the swimming pool to pick up Vaughan and other family members. She saw that
Vaughan’s face was red and her lip was bleeding. After Vaughan and the other family members
got in the car, she began looking for Alfaro, the man who had beaten Vaughan. She located him
in a cul-de-sac behind the swimming pool. Alfaro was standing there along with one or two other
men. One of the other men told her Alfaro was a police officer. Bushrod then went to look for a
woman who had witnessed the altercation at the pool. According to Bushrod, the police then
arrived. She gave a statement, and then the police talked to Alfaro. Alfaro then turned around
and left.
Bexar County Sheriff’s Deputy Jesse Padilla testified that he responded to the incident in
question. The dispatcher informed him the incident involved an assault and an off-duty city
officer. When he arrived, Alfaro was standing on a sidewalk adjacent to the pool and was waving
him down. Alfaro said he had called the incident in and was a city officer. A car then drove up,
and Alfaro told Deputy Padilla the other person involved in the incident was in the car. Deputy
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Padilla then asked Alfaro to tell him about the incident. According to Deputy Padilla, Alfaro
reported he had been at the community pool when a female approached him and began to yell at
him because he was smoking a cigar.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION Nos. 04-09-00684-CR 04-09-00685-CR
Keith ALFARO, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the County Court at Law No. 6, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court Nos. 223315, 223316 Honorable Phil Chavarria, Jr., Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice
Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Delivered and Filed: October 6, 2010
AFFIRMED
Keith J. Alfaro was charged with assault with bodily injury, resisting arrest, and evading
arrest. The jury found him not guilty on the assault with bodily injury charge, but guilty on the
resisting arrest and evading arrest charges. Alfaro appeals his convictions and, in one issue,
contends the trial court erred in denying his requested charge on the defense of mistake of fact.
We find no error and affirm the trial court’s judgments. 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing jury charge error, we first determine whether there is error in the jury
charge. Durden v. State, 290 S.W.3d 413, 415 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.). If we find
error, then we determine whether the error was the subject of a timely objection in the trial court.
Id. If there was a timely objection, as there was in this case, then we reverse if the error was
calculated to injure the rights of the defendant. Id. (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
36.19 (West 2006) and Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)).
MISTAKE OF FACT DEFENSE TO RESISTING AND EVADING ARREST
The Texas Penal Code provides that “[it] is a defense to prosecution that the actor
through mistake formed a reasonable belief about a matter of fact if his mistaken belief negated
the kind of culpability required for commission of the offense.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 8.02(a) (West 2003).
“[A]n accused has the right to an instruction on any defensive issue raised by the
evidence, whether that evidence is weak or strong, unimpeached or contradicted, and regardless
of what the trial court may or may not think about the credibility of the defense.” Hamel v. State,
916 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The defendant’s testimony alone may be
sufficient to raise the issue and warrant a requested defensive instruction. Hayes v. State, 728
S.W.2d 804, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). In reviewing whether the trial court erred in refusing
to submit a requested defensive instruction, we must examine the evidence offered in support of
that defensive issue in the light most favorable to the defense. Durden, 290 S.W.3d at 416. When
evidence from any source raises a defensive issue, and the defendant properly requests a jury
charge on that issue, the trial court must submit the issue to the jury. Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d
238, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
-2- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
With regard to the offense of resisting arrest, the Texas Penal Code provides that “[a]
person commits an offense if he intentionally prevents or obstructs a person he knows is a peace
officer or a person acting in a peace officer’s presence and at his direction from effecting an
arrest, search, or transportation of the actor or another by using force against the peace officer or
another.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.03(a) (West 2003). With regard to the offense of evading
arrest, the Texas Penal Code provides that “[a] person commits an offense if he intentionally
flees from a person he knows is a peace officer attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him.” Id.
38.04(a).
At trial, Alfaro requested the following instruction on mistake of fact as to both resisting
arrest and evading arrest:
Therefore, if you believe from the evidence that on the occasion in question the defendant, through mistake, formed a reasonable belief that he was not “under arrest,” as that term is used in the charge, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, then you will find the defendant [n]ot [g]uilty.
THE EVIDENCE PERTAINING TO RESISTING AND EVADING ARREST
At trial, Tamara Vaughan testified that on July 22, 2007, she was spending time at the
community pool in the Trinity Oaks subdivision where she lived. She was accompanied by
several family members. When Vaughan became bothered by the smell of a cigar, she asked the
man who was smoking the cigar, to put it out. The man smoking the cigar was Alfaro, an off-
duty city police officer. He was standing and talking on his phone when she approached him.
According to Vaughan, Alfaro argued with her and used racial slurs. He then punched her in the
face, and she fell to the ground. She could not get up because he continued to punch her and
choke her. At that point, Vaughan’s cousin jumped on Alfaro’s back to try to get him off of
Vaughan. Alfaro then left the pool area. Vaughan and her family members got into a car driven
by Vaughan’s grandmother and began looking for Alfaro. They did find him, and he told them he
-3- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
was a police officer and that he was going to call the police. Vaughan testified that the police did
arrive, and she showed them her injuries. An ambulance then arrived and took her to the hospital.
Vaughan’s cousin, Tylia Hopkins, testified that she was at the swimming pool with
Vaughan on the day in question. She saw Vaughan approach Alfaro, who was smoking a cigar
and talking on his cell phone. Alfaro started yelling at Vaughan, and then he hit her in the face.
Hopkins then ran over and jumped on top of Alfaro as Alfaro was choking Vaughan. Her
grandmother then came to pick up the family members from the pool. They drove to where
Alfaro and another man were standing in a cul-de-sac. The police arrived and they tried to arrest
Alfaro.
Vaughan’s grandmother, Dina Bushrod, also testified about the events in question. She
drove to the swimming pool to pick up Vaughan and other family members. She saw that
Vaughan’s face was red and her lip was bleeding. After Vaughan and the other family members
got in the car, she began looking for Alfaro, the man who had beaten Vaughan. She located him
in a cul-de-sac behind the swimming pool. Alfaro was standing there along with one or two other
men. One of the other men told her Alfaro was a police officer. Bushrod then went to look for a
woman who had witnessed the altercation at the pool. According to Bushrod, the police then
arrived. She gave a statement, and then the police talked to Alfaro. Alfaro then turned around
and left.
Bexar County Sheriff’s Deputy Jesse Padilla testified that he responded to the incident in
question. The dispatcher informed him the incident involved an assault and an off-duty city
officer. When he arrived, Alfaro was standing on a sidewalk adjacent to the pool and was waving
him down. Alfaro said he had called the incident in and was a city officer. A car then drove up,
and Alfaro told Deputy Padilla the other person involved in the incident was in the car. Deputy
-4- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
Padilla then asked Alfaro to tell him about the incident. According to Deputy Padilla, Alfaro
reported he had been at the community pool when a female approached him and began to yell at
him because he was smoking a cigar. Alfaro told Deputy Padilla that he told the woman “that she
didn’t know who the f— she was talking to, that he was a f—ing Po-Po and that she just needed
to go back to the East Side where she belonged.” According to Deputy Padilla, Alfaro said that
because the woman would not back up, he walked up to her and punched her in the face. Further,
once she dropped to the ground, he got on top of her and began to punch her several times. When
Deputy Padilla asked Alfaro what the woman did to provoke him, he said, “Nothing.” Deputy
Padilla testified that he could not believe what Alfaro was telling him about the incident so he
asked Alfaro to repeat what he had said. Alfaro then repeated what had happened, word-for-
word. According to Deputy Padilla, he decided to get all the facts before making an arrest. A Hill
Country Village police officer arrived, so Deputy Padilla asked that officer to stay with Alfaro
while he questioned the other people involved in the incident.
Deputy Padilla walked over to Vaughan, Hopkins, and Bushrod. Vaughan and Hopkins
appeared physically shaken, they were crying, and their hair was in a mess. Vaughan’s blouse
was pulled loose like she had been in a struggle. Her eyes were bloodshot, and she had been
crying. There was a bruise on her face and forehead and redness to her throat. He then called for
medical assistance for Vaughan. Deputy Padilla testified that he called his supervisors because a
city officer was involved, and he wanted them to make the call on the arrest. After talking with
his supervisors, he felt the appropriate action was to arrest Alfaro. After his supervisors advised
him to arrest Alfaro, he walked over to Alfaro and proceeded to place him under arrest.
According to Deputy Padilla, he told Alfaro he was placing him under arrest. Alfaro asked what
he was being arrested for, and Deputy Padilla responded, “For assault.” Deputy Padilla stated to
-5- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
Alfaro that Alfaro had said he had punched Vaughan. At that point, according to Deputy Padilla,
Alfaro changed his story and said he had hit Vaughan because he felt threatened. Deputy Padilla
then tried to restrain Alfaro. He grabbed Alfaro’s right wrist in an attempt to handcuff Alfaro. At
that point, Alfaro said, “You’re not going to f—ing arrest me. You’re not going to f—ing put me
in that patrol car, and there’s no f—ing way you’re going to get me in that patrol car.” Alfaro
then jerked away from Deputy Padilla and pushed his arm toward Deputy Padilla. The deputy
lost his balance off the sidewalk and landed in the street, still standing. Alfaro then jerked away
from Deputy Padilla. At first, Alfaro began to run away, but then he stopped. According to
Deputy Padilla, he told Alfaro to stop and told him he was making matters worse. Alfaro then
proceeded down the cul-de-sac at a slow jog. As Deputy Padilla began walking toward Alfaro,
Alfaro picked up his pace and began to run. He ran into a house, which Deputy Padilla later
discovered was Alfaro’s residence. Deputy Padilla followed Alfaro, and they communicated
through the window. Deputy Padilla told Alfaro to step out and turn himself in. Alfaro again said
Deputy Padilla was not going to arrest him. According to Deputy Padilla, he backed away from
the house because he was concerned that Alfaro might have weapons in the house. He called his
supervisors and advised them of the situation. Deputy Padilla’s supervisors arrived at the scene
and decided it was safer to leave the location and obtain an arrest warrant.
Officer Kim Fieldhausen, who was employed by Hill Country Village at the time of the
incident, testified that he responded to the incident in question as a back-up to the Bexar County
Sheriff’s Office. When he arrived, he made contact with Deputy Padilla. He saw Vaughan sitting
on the curb, and he noticed her face was red and swollen. Officer Fieldhausen was requested to
get identification information from Alfaro, so he proceeded to do so. Alfaro explained to Officer
Fieldhausen that he had been at the pool when a lady started arguing with him and pushed him.
-6- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
Then another female jumped on his back, and Alfaro said he was trying to defend himself. Alfaro
identified himself as a police officer. Deputy Padilla then told Officer Fieldhausen he wanted to
talk to Alfaro. According to Officer Fieldhausen, when Deputy Padilla started to handcuff
Alfaro, Alfaro swung his arm away and told Deputy Padilla he was not going to arrest him.
Alfaro then started running, and the officers ran after him. As Officer Fieldhausen was running
after Alfaro, he yelled, “Stop” at least twice. Alfaro did not stop, but instead ran into a house. A
sheriff’s office lieutenant arrived and told the officer to leave the scene.
Bexar County Sergeant Yvonne Vann testified that on the day of the incident in question
she spoke with Deputy Padilla by telephone and determined that she needed to go to the scene
herself. Before she arrived, she told Deputy Padilla to detain Alfaro until she arrived so she could
better assess what was going on. Based on the information she had, she felt there was a need to
make an arrest. When she arrived, Sergeant Vann spoke with Deputy Padilla. She did not speak
with Alfaro because he was inside his residence. She knocked on the door and spoke to him, but
he never responded. After speaking with her supervisors, the decision was made to de-escalate
the scene and leave. An arrest warrant was issued the following day.
Lieutenant Scott Bell with the San Antonio Police Department testified that he was
involved in a three-way telephone conversation with Alfaro and Sergeant Trevino on the day of
the incident. According to Lieutenant Bell, Alfaro was under a lot of stress at the time and was
concerned about what he should do. Alfaro did not tell Lieutenant Bell that the sheriff’s office
had attempted to place him under arrest. Alfaro said he had been compliant in identifying himself
and then walked to his house. From what Lieutenant Bell heard, it seemed there was a little
confusion as to what was exactly happening, but there was never any kind of physical altercation
or attempt to take custody of Alfaro or any resistance by Alfaro to being arrested. Lieutenant
-7- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
Bell eventually spoke with Bexar County Sheriff supervisors, and the decision was made to leave
the scene. Lieutenant Bell was never told that Alfaro had a struggle or altercation with one of the
deputies.
Alex Tovar, a neighbor and friend of Alfaro’s, testified he was in his yard when the
incident occurred. He observed Alfaro and his family returning from the pool. Alfaro’s family
went inside their home, but Alfaro remained outside with Tovar until the police arrived. When
the police arrived, they first spoke to Vaughan and her family. Alfaro then approached the police
and spoke to them. Alfaro was talking on his cell phone and walked away from the police
officers. The officers did not attempt to subdue him or chase him. Alfaro then went to speak to
the officers again. According to Tovar, Alfaro then walked down the sidewalk to his house. The
sheriff’s deputy followed him. Neither the deputy nor Alfaro was running, jogging, or walking
fast. The officer gave no commands to stop and could have easily caught Alfaro if he had wanted
to. Alfaro went inside his house, and the officer knocked on the door and asked Alfaro to come
outside.
Alfaro testified that at the time of the incident in question he was a robbery detective with
the San Antonio Police Department. According to Alfaro, he and his family were at the
neighborhood swimming pool, and Alfaro was talking on his cell phone, when Vaughan walked
toward him aggressively. She stomped up to him, got directly in his face, and said, “You’re
going to put that f—ing cigar out.” As he tried to back away, she continued to confront him.
They began to argue, and Vaughan tried to punch him. Alfaro then punched Vaughan on her
cheek. He tried to subdue her, but nothing worked. They tussled and then fell to the ground. She
continued to punch him, and he was trying to calm her down. At that point, another female
jumped on his back. After they got up off the ground, Vaughan came at him again and they got
-8- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
into another wrestling match. Alfaro was able to fend Vaughan off, but she started making death
threats at him. Alfaro and his family then left the pool area. His family went in the house, but he
remained outside. Alfaro then called the police and told them he had been assaulted at the pool.
When Deputy Padilla arrived, Alfaro told him what had happened. Deputy Padilla then
left to go speak with Vaughan and her family. Officer Fieldhausen then arrived, and Alfaro
spoke with him. According to Alfaro, Deputy Padilla never tried to detain him, never tried to
arrest him, never put his hands on him, and never told Alfaro he was going to arrest him. Deputy
Padilla said he would contact his supervisor, and Alfaro agreed to contact his own supervisor.
Alfaro then walked home. No one tried to stop him or arrest him. After he went into his house,
Deputy Padilla came to his door and told Alfaro he was making it hard on himself. Alfaro was on
the phone with Sergeant Trevino and told Deputy Padilla that Sergeant Trevino would like to
talk to him. Deputy Padilla then wrote down Sergeant Trevino’s number, and Alfaro never saw
him again. Alfaro did not believe he committed any offense. The next thing Alfaro knew
everyone was gone. The following morning, Alfaro was notified that he needed to go downtown
and turn himself in and he did so.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Alfaro contends he was entitled to a jury instruction on mistake of fact.
Specifically, Alfaro argues the degree of culpability necessary to obtain a conviction on evading
arrest required the State to show Alfaro fled from Deputy Padilla knowing Deputy Padilla was a
peace officer attempting to lawfully arrest and detain him. With regard to the resisting arrest
allegation, Alfaro urges the degree of culpability necessary to obtain a conviction required the
State to show Alfaro intentionally prevented and obstructed Deputy Padilla from arresting
Alfaro. In other words, according to Alfaro, he was entitled to a mistake of fact instruction since
-9- 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
there was some evidence that Alfaro acted under the mistaken belief that Deputy Padilla was not
trying to arrest him.
The State counters that the evidence before the trial court did not raise the defense of
mistake of fact because Alfaro made no claim that he was mistaken about any fact. Instead,
according to the State’s argument, Alfaro claimed Deputy Padilla did not attempt to arrest him,
never told him he was under arrest, never touched him, and further, that he never ran away from
Deputy Padilla. In short, the testimony is conflicting—Deputy Padilla testified he tried to arrest
Alfaro and that Alfaro resisted and ran away, whereas Alfaro testified Deputy Padilla never tried
to arrest him, he never resisted arrest, and he did not run away from Deputy Padilla. We agree
with the State that the evidence did not raise a mistake of fact on Alfaro’s part but that there was
merely conflicting evidence.
The mistake of fact defense would only apply if Alfaro’s mistake affected his culpable
mental state regarding commission of the offenses. See Durden, 290 S.W.3d at 416 (concluding
the trial evidence required a defensive instruction on mistake of fact). For instance, in Durden,
the accused was charged with theft of copper wire. According to the accused, he was walking
across a vacant lot when he found a wheelbarrow filled with copper wire. Id. He testified he
thought the wire was abandoned. Id. The Texarkana court found that the accused’s mistaken
belief that the wire was abandoned was some evidence that, if believed, would negate the
element of theft that the accused intended to deprive the rightful owner of the property. Id. at
419.
Similarly, the Court of Criminal Appeals found that the accused was entitled to a mistake
of fact instruction where he was charged with unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, but claimed
that an acquaintance had given him the keys so he could borrow the vehicle. Lynch v. State, 643
- 10 - 04-09-00684-CR & 04-09-00685-CR
S.W.2d 737, 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). In other words, because he mistakenly believed he had
permission to drive the vehicle, he was entitled to a mistake of fact instruction. See id.
As previously stated, Alfaro does not claim he mistakenly believed Deputy Padilla did
not try to arrest him, but rather that Deputy Padilla, in fact, did not try to arrest him. Whether
Deputy Padilla did or did not attempt to arrest Alfaro was a fact issue for the jury to decide.
Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s refusal to provide the jury with a
mistake of fact instruction. We affirm the trial court’s judgments.
Karen Angelini, Justice
PUBLISH
- 11 -