Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Maxey,
TMs is an appeal from the decree of-the Orphans’ Court of Cumberland County, dismissing exceptions to the First and Final Account of Huida G-. Keefer, Executrix of the will of Edgar C. Keefer, deceased, which exceptions involved construing the will of Jennie A. Keefer, deceased, the first wife of said Edgar C. Keefer.
Jennie A. Keefer, who died on December 7,1939, and whose entire estate was personal property of the net value of $6,042.75, made a will dated January 27, 1936, which provided as follows:
“I, Jennie A. Keefer, make my will as follows. I will devise and bequeath all my estate real and personal to my beloved husband Edgar C. Keefer and appoint him to be the executor of this my will. In case of the death of both of us, Robert L. Sutliff to get 1,000 dollars and Minnie C. Deardorff or her heirs now residing at 305 E.
Queen Street, Chambersburg, the estate of real and personal property and appoint the First Nat. Bank of Sbg. as the executor of this my will.”
Edgar O. Keefer died on March 13, 1943, leaving his entire estate, with the exception of three legacies, to his second wife, the appellee. She claims that her husband took under his first wife’s'will-an absolute estate in her property and that this by Ms will passed-to her. The appellant, who is the administrator of the estate of the above named Minnie C. Deardorff, deceased, (Mrs. Deardorff being Jennie A. Keefer’s sister) contend that Edgar O. Keefer took only a life estate in his-first-wife’s property and that upon his death, the estate of Jennie A. Keefer passed to Minnie C. Deardorff and Robert L. Sutliff, as provided in Jennie A. Keefer’s will.
The “pole star” long fixed for the guidance of courts in interpreting wills is a testator’s intention. In
Anderson’s Estate,
243 Pa. 34, 89 A. 306, this court-said: “It is a cardinal rule that the actual intent of the testator-must prevail when it can be ascertained’* from the language of his will. This principle has been frequently reiterated by this and other courts. The United States -Supreme Court said in Y.
W. G. H. v. French,
187 U. S. 401, 411: “The intention of the testator expressed in his'will, or clearly deducible therefrom, must prevail -if consistent with the rules of law.” 69 C. J., sec. 1121, page 66, states this principle: “Where particular terms, as expressed in some part of the willj are inconsistent with and repugnant to the testator’s general intention as ascertained from all the provisions of the will, the general intention must prevail [citing cases], and in case of doubt a will should be construed in favor of a general or primary intention.” In
Lefebvre v. D’Arcy,
236 Pa. 235, 238, 84 A. 765, “In construing a will regard must be had to its whole scheme, and if it is found that a particular' intent is inconsistent with a general intent j the former must give way to the latter.” In
Sheetz’s Appeal,
82 Pa. 213, this court said: “While there is no doubt that of two
contradictory clauses in a will tlie first must give way, and the last must take effect, yet the two clauses must refer to the same subject-matter, and the last must be clearly inconsistent with the first. . . . The clearly-expressed purpose of a testator is not to be overborne by modifying directions that are ambiguous and equivocal, and may justify either of two opposite interpretations. Such directions are to be so construed as to support the testator’s distinctly announced main intention.”
The court below, in interpreting the will in question, said: “The disposition of the estate in the second sentence was not a gift of the remainder after a life estate, but was a substituted or alternative absolute gift if the absolute gift first given to the husband could not take effect by reason of his being dead when the testator died.” This conclusion is reached by interpreting the phrase “in case of the death of both of us” as meaning “if my husband predeceases me” (that is, the testatrix). This would obviously be the correct interpretation if the testatrix had written “in case of the death of my husband.” Appellant contends that the phrase should be interpreted as meaning “when both my husband and I aré dead.” This latter interpretation impresses us (1) as being more nearly justified by the language used, and (2) as being-more nearly conformable to reason, by taking into consideration the situation of the testatrix and the circumstances surrounding her at the time the will was executed, as this court said in
McGlathery’s
Estate, 311 Pa. 351, 355, 166 A. 886, (quoting from Jarman on Wills, 7th ed., 749) a judicial interpretation of a will should do in seeking a testator’s intention.
When the testatrix wrote in the will the phrase “in case of the death of both of us,” she clearly contemplated the time when both she and her husband would be dead, and not merely a time when her husband would be dead and she would still be living. If it was the latter contingency she had in mind, she would have undoubtedly written “if my husband dies before I do.” Almost any lit
erate husband or wife knows how to express in a will a contingency that the other spouse may die before the maker of the will dies. We decide that this testatrix did
not
intend to say that only in the event of her husband’s death before her will became operative by her own death should Eobert L. Sutliff “get 1,000 dollars” and her sister, “Minnie C. Deardorff or her heirs . . . [get] the estate . . .” We decide that she meant that when the time should come when “both of us,” that is, her husband and herself were dead, the two persons named in the last sentence of the will should get what she “willed” them to have.
No one contends that the last sentence in the will is meaningless. It obviously was meant to describe one of three possible contingencies, to-wit: (1) The death of the husband before the will became operative by the maker’s death, (2) the death of both husband and wife at the same moment, and (3) the time when both husband and wife were dead, even though they did not die simultaneously, and the estate would because of that fact be of no avail to either of them. We reject the first interpretation (contended for by appellee) because (as above stated) of the use of the phrase “both of us.” “Both” is a word of well known meaning and as here used it clearly refers to the death of both spouses. The use of the phrase “in case of,” which is often used to describe a contingency that
possibly
will
not
happen, i. e., a chance event, did
not
indicate that the testatrix had any doubt that the time
would
come when
both
she
and
her husband would be dead. We reject the second possible interpretation because the simultaneous death of husband and wife is of such rare occurrence that a husband or wife in making a will seldom think of that contingency and in those cases where they do they always make clear what they have in mind by using such a simple phrase as, e.
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Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Maxey,
TMs is an appeal from the decree of-the Orphans’ Court of Cumberland County, dismissing exceptions to the First and Final Account of Huida G-. Keefer, Executrix of the will of Edgar C. Keefer, deceased, which exceptions involved construing the will of Jennie A. Keefer, deceased, the first wife of said Edgar C. Keefer.
Jennie A. Keefer, who died on December 7,1939, and whose entire estate was personal property of the net value of $6,042.75, made a will dated January 27, 1936, which provided as follows:
“I, Jennie A. Keefer, make my will as follows. I will devise and bequeath all my estate real and personal to my beloved husband Edgar C. Keefer and appoint him to be the executor of this my will. In case of the death of both of us, Robert L. Sutliff to get 1,000 dollars and Minnie C. Deardorff or her heirs now residing at 305 E.
Queen Street, Chambersburg, the estate of real and personal property and appoint the First Nat. Bank of Sbg. as the executor of this my will.”
Edgar O. Keefer died on March 13, 1943, leaving his entire estate, with the exception of three legacies, to his second wife, the appellee. She claims that her husband took under his first wife’s'will-an absolute estate in her property and that this by Ms will passed-to her. The appellant, who is the administrator of the estate of the above named Minnie C. Deardorff, deceased, (Mrs. Deardorff being Jennie A. Keefer’s sister) contend that Edgar O. Keefer took only a life estate in his-first-wife’s property and that upon his death, the estate of Jennie A. Keefer passed to Minnie C. Deardorff and Robert L. Sutliff, as provided in Jennie A. Keefer’s will.
The “pole star” long fixed for the guidance of courts in interpreting wills is a testator’s intention. In
Anderson’s Estate,
243 Pa. 34, 89 A. 306, this court-said: “It is a cardinal rule that the actual intent of the testator-must prevail when it can be ascertained’* from the language of his will. This principle has been frequently reiterated by this and other courts. The United States -Supreme Court said in Y.
W. G. H. v. French,
187 U. S. 401, 411: “The intention of the testator expressed in his'will, or clearly deducible therefrom, must prevail -if consistent with the rules of law.” 69 C. J., sec. 1121, page 66, states this principle: “Where particular terms, as expressed in some part of the willj are inconsistent with and repugnant to the testator’s general intention as ascertained from all the provisions of the will, the general intention must prevail [citing cases], and in case of doubt a will should be construed in favor of a general or primary intention.” In
Lefebvre v. D’Arcy,
236 Pa. 235, 238, 84 A. 765, “In construing a will regard must be had to its whole scheme, and if it is found that a particular' intent is inconsistent with a general intent j the former must give way to the latter.” In
Sheetz’s Appeal,
82 Pa. 213, this court said: “While there is no doubt that of two
contradictory clauses in a will tlie first must give way, and the last must take effect, yet the two clauses must refer to the same subject-matter, and the last must be clearly inconsistent with the first. . . . The clearly-expressed purpose of a testator is not to be overborne by modifying directions that are ambiguous and equivocal, and may justify either of two opposite interpretations. Such directions are to be so construed as to support the testator’s distinctly announced main intention.”
The court below, in interpreting the will in question, said: “The disposition of the estate in the second sentence was not a gift of the remainder after a life estate, but was a substituted or alternative absolute gift if the absolute gift first given to the husband could not take effect by reason of his being dead when the testator died.” This conclusion is reached by interpreting the phrase “in case of the death of both of us” as meaning “if my husband predeceases me” (that is, the testatrix). This would obviously be the correct interpretation if the testatrix had written “in case of the death of my husband.” Appellant contends that the phrase should be interpreted as meaning “when both my husband and I aré dead.” This latter interpretation impresses us (1) as being more nearly justified by the language used, and (2) as being-more nearly conformable to reason, by taking into consideration the situation of the testatrix and the circumstances surrounding her at the time the will was executed, as this court said in
McGlathery’s
Estate, 311 Pa. 351, 355, 166 A. 886, (quoting from Jarman on Wills, 7th ed., 749) a judicial interpretation of a will should do in seeking a testator’s intention.
When the testatrix wrote in the will the phrase “in case of the death of both of us,” she clearly contemplated the time when both she and her husband would be dead, and not merely a time when her husband would be dead and she would still be living. If it was the latter contingency she had in mind, she would have undoubtedly written “if my husband dies before I do.” Almost any lit
erate husband or wife knows how to express in a will a contingency that the other spouse may die before the maker of the will dies. We decide that this testatrix did
not
intend to say that only in the event of her husband’s death before her will became operative by her own death should Eobert L. Sutliff “get 1,000 dollars” and her sister, “Minnie C. Deardorff or her heirs . . . [get] the estate . . .” We decide that she meant that when the time should come when “both of us,” that is, her husband and herself were dead, the two persons named in the last sentence of the will should get what she “willed” them to have.
No one contends that the last sentence in the will is meaningless. It obviously was meant to describe one of three possible contingencies, to-wit: (1) The death of the husband before the will became operative by the maker’s death, (2) the death of both husband and wife at the same moment, and (3) the time when both husband and wife were dead, even though they did not die simultaneously, and the estate would because of that fact be of no avail to either of them. We reject the first interpretation (contended for by appellee) because (as above stated) of the use of the phrase “both of us.” “Both” is a word of well known meaning and as here used it clearly refers to the death of both spouses. The use of the phrase “in case of,” which is often used to describe a contingency that
possibly
will
not
happen, i. e., a chance event, did
not
indicate that the testatrix had any doubt that the time
would
come when
both
she
and
her husband would be dead. We reject the second possible interpretation because the simultaneous death of husband and wife is of such rare occurrence that a husband or wife in making a will seldom think of that contingency and in those cases where they do they always make clear what they have in mind by using such a simple phrase as, e. g., “in case of my wife’s and my death at the same time.” If they are a married couple who do considerable travel-ling in conveyances subject to hazards which make fatal
accidents not unlikely the husband may use in his will the phrase: “In case of the death of my wife and myself in the same accident, I devise and bequeath my property in manner following.” The third possible interpretation is the one which impresses us as being expressive of the testatrix’s intention .in . testamentarily recording her wishes as to what was to be doné with her property when
“both”
she and her husband were dead.
■This conclusion is. strengthened by a consideration of the' circumstances .confronting-¡this-, testatrix when she made her1'will. In
Gilmore’s Estate, Dorrance’s Appeal,
154 Pa. 523, 530, 26 A. 614, we quoted with approval the following from' Jarman on Wills, vol. 1, sec. 394: “Though it is (as we have seen) the will itself (and not the intention as elsewhere collected) which constitutes the.real and only subject to be expounded, yet in performing this office a court of construction is not bound to shut its eyés to the state of facts upon which -the will was made-; on the contrary, an investigation of such facts often materially aids in elucidating the scheme of disposition which occupied, the-mind of the testator.” This -means that when a court is interpreting a somewhat unclear testamentary direction, a consideration of what one so circumstanced as was the testator
would be lilcely to intend,
is properly used as an aid to that interpretation.
. The following are some of. the circumstances which must-have been'in. Mrs.- Jennie-A. Keefer’s mind when she made this- will:' (1) she inherited her estate from her-father; (2)- she “did not. care for’.’ her husband’s relatives, and she had no .children; (3)' Minnie C. Deardorff was her sister and her nearest blood relative; (4) the testatrix had declared on several occasions prior to executing her-will-that-she intended that her estate should ultimately go to
her
relatives and not to her husband’s relatives. To these record circumstances may be added the circumstance ¡that it is a: matter of general knowledge that every married woman.knows that if she predeceases, her husband Ahere is a possibility-of his
marrying another woman (as did this testatrix’s husband), and it is reasonable to believe that any married woman prefers, after providing for her surviving husband’s maintenance during his remaining years, -that what is left of
her
estate should then go to her close kindred rather than to her husband’s second wife.
We are not unmindful of the principle that where there is no ambiguity in the terms used in a will the intent of the testator must be gathered from the terms of the will itself and cannot be changed or explained by parol:
Kemerer’s Estate,
251 Pa. 282, 96 A. 654;
Meetkirk’s Estate,
118 Pa. Superior Ct. 562. But there
was
ambiguity in the terms used in this will, and it was that which gave rise to our problem. To the question: Does the language of the . second sentence of the will clearly reduce to a life estate the “absolute estate” given in the first sentence? (to which the court below gave a negative answer), we give an affirmative answer.
Our decision is not in conflict with what we said in
Smith v. Glen Alden Coal Co. et al.,
347 Pa. 290, 297, 32 A. 2d 227 (cited by the court below), quoting from
Crawford v. Withrow,
314 Pa. 497, 171 A. 894, as follows : “Where there has been an absolute gift of a thing, later words in the same instrument will not operate to reduce the estate thus given, unless it is reasonably certain that such was the intention of the donor.’’ (Citing cases.) We
are
“reasonably certain” that it was this donor’s intention when she penned the second sentence of her will to reduce to a life estate in her husband the “absolute gift” which she had made him in the first sentence. In
Garrett’s Estate,
321 Pa. 74, 183 A. 785 (also cited by the court below), the testator devised and’bequeathed to his wife “all the rest, residue and remainder” of his estate “for her own absolute use and disposal.” As we said in that case: “Her [the wife’s] dominion over it [the estate] was to be absolute, that is to say, unlimited.” In the instant case we are confronted in the first sentence of the will with no such categorical command
as confronted us in the
Garrett
case, and,
unlike
the will in that case, the first sentence in the will now before us is followed by a second sentence which clearly cuts down the gift first made.
The decree is reversed, with a procedendo. Appellee to pay the costs.