FOURTH DIVISION DILLARD, P. J., RICKMAN and BROWN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
October 27, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A20A0888. EDWARDS v. THE STATE.
BROWN, Judge.
Following a combined suppression hearing and bench trial, Kayra Edwards was
found guilty of obstruction of an officer. Edwards appeals her conviction and the trial
court’s denial of her motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of the
warrantless search of her home. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse the denial
of Edwards’ motion to suppress as well as her conviction, and remand the case to the
trial court.
When conducting an appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress
evidence, we follow three fundamental principles:
First, when a motion to suppress is heard by the trial judge, that judge sits as the trier of facts. The trial judge hears the evidence, and his findings based upon conflicting evidence are analogous to the verdict of a jury and should not be disturbed by a reviewing court if there is any evidence to support them. Second, the trial court’s decision with regard to questions of fact and credibility must be accepted unless clearly erroneous. Third, the reviewing court must construe the evidence most favorably to the upholding of the trial court’s findings and judgment.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Francis v. State, 345 Ga. App. 586, 588 (1) (814
SE2d 571) (2018). However, to the extent that “the evidence at a suppression hearing
is uncontroverted and the credibility of witnesses is not in question, we conduct a de
novo review of the trial court’s application of the law to the undisputed facts.”
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Stephens v. State, 346 Ga. App. 686, 689 (2) (816
SE2d 748) (2018). Significantly, “where controlling facts are not in dispute, such as
those facts discernible from a videotape, our review is de novo.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Benton v. State, 302 Ga. 570, 572 (2) (807 SE2d 450) (2017).
Finally, “[w]hen a defendant moves to suppress evidence based on an illegal search,
the State bears the burden of proving that the search was lawful.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Landers v. State, 355 Ga. App. 69, 70 (842 SE2d 525) (2020).
The evidence shows that officers from the Rome Police Department (“RPD”)
responded to a report that Devion Tremaine Neal had pulled a gun on his child’s
mother. Neal was not at the scene when the officers arrived, but the victim told police
2 that Neal likely would be at his apartment or at Edwards’ house. The officers also
learned that Neal left the scene in a blue, four-door car.
The officers first attempted to locate Neal at his apartment, but the apartment
was dark, and the described vehicle was not there. The officers proceeded to
Edwards’ house, where an officer from the Floyd County Sheriff’s Department
(“FCSD”) met them.1 The FCSD officer informed the other officers that Neal was a
convicted felon and that the vehicle Neal was reportedly driving was registered to
Edwards. The vehicle was not at Edwards’ house when the officers arrived.
Video footage from two of the officers’ body cameras was played for the trial
court and shows the following. The officers approach Edwards’ home and knock on
the door. Edwards answers the door, and one of the officers asks her to step outside
of the house. Edwards refuses and asks what is going on and why the officers are
there. One officer explains that they “have a situation with Devion Neal” and that he
is supposedly driving Edwards’ vehicle. Edwards denies this, stating her mother has
her vehicle. The officer then mentions the smell of marijuana and tells Edwards they
have two choices: she can give them consent to search her house or they can obtain
1 At the time, Edwards was employed by the FCSD, and the RPD officers contacted them for assistance.
3 a search warrant. Edwards replies that they can get a warrant. The officer tells
Edwards to step outside of the house and sit outside and that the officers have the
authority to “clear the house.” Edwards steps outside as instructed. The officer asks
if anyone else is in the home, Edwards responds that her friend is, and a second
female steps outside. The officers then enter the house as Edwards asks why they are
going inside. After entering, the officers find Neal.2 It is undisputed that the officers
never attempted to obtain a search warrant of Edwards’ house or an arrest warrant for
Neal.
During the combined suppression hearing and bench trial, the officers testified
that they smelled marijuana as they approached Edwards’ house. One officer
confirmed that the officers were concerned about people getting rid of drugs, but that
the officers did not enter the home “just because [they] smelled marijuana.” The
officers also testified that they entered the home to do “a safety sweep for other
persons within the residence,” and that they were concerned Neal was armed. One of
the officers acknowledged that they were not in “hot pursuit” of Neal.
2 One officer testified that he saw what appeared to be marijuana in the toilet and assumed that Neal was attempting to flush it. This is not visible in the video.
4 Edwards was charged with hindering apprehension of a criminal (OCGA § 16-
10-50) and obstruction of an officer (OCGA § 16-10-24). She filed a motion to
suppress the discovery of Neal in her home as the fruit of an illegal search of her
home, and the trial court held a combined suppression hearing and bench trial after
Edwards waived her right to a jury trial. At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial
court made oral findings of fact on the record.3
The trial court rejected the State’s argument that the officers were justified in
entering Edwards’ home to conduct a protective sweep, when the only thing
connecting Neal to Edwards’ home was the victim’s tip. In this regard, the trial court
found as follows:
Every police officer testified honestly they just didn’t know [whether Neal was at Edwards’ house]. They didn’t know. They suspicioned, but suspicion — but they’ve got no witness who saw it, car’s not there. They don’t have anything connecting [Neal] there except information given by a victim, which they’re uncertain about. They don’t know which residence, if either, he might have been at. And [the officers] can’t verify that [Neal is] really not at the first place[, Neal’s residence].
3 The court later entered a written order denying the motion to suppress “[f]or the reasons stated in open Court. . . .”
5 But, the trial court orally denied Edwards’ motion to suppress based on the inevitable
discovery doctrine, finding that the officers could have obtained a search warrant
based on the odor of marijuana and inevitably would have discovered Neal in the
home. The court then found Edwards guilty of obstruction, but not guilty of hindering
apprehension of a criminal.
1. In her sole enumeration of error on appeal, Edwards argues that the trial
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FOURTH DIVISION DILLARD, P. J., RICKMAN and BROWN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
October 27, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A20A0888. EDWARDS v. THE STATE.
BROWN, Judge.
Following a combined suppression hearing and bench trial, Kayra Edwards was
found guilty of obstruction of an officer. Edwards appeals her conviction and the trial
court’s denial of her motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of the
warrantless search of her home. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse the denial
of Edwards’ motion to suppress as well as her conviction, and remand the case to the
trial court.
When conducting an appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress
evidence, we follow three fundamental principles:
First, when a motion to suppress is heard by the trial judge, that judge sits as the trier of facts. The trial judge hears the evidence, and his findings based upon conflicting evidence are analogous to the verdict of a jury and should not be disturbed by a reviewing court if there is any evidence to support them. Second, the trial court’s decision with regard to questions of fact and credibility must be accepted unless clearly erroneous. Third, the reviewing court must construe the evidence most favorably to the upholding of the trial court’s findings and judgment.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Francis v. State, 345 Ga. App. 586, 588 (1) (814
SE2d 571) (2018). However, to the extent that “the evidence at a suppression hearing
is uncontroverted and the credibility of witnesses is not in question, we conduct a de
novo review of the trial court’s application of the law to the undisputed facts.”
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Stephens v. State, 346 Ga. App. 686, 689 (2) (816
SE2d 748) (2018). Significantly, “where controlling facts are not in dispute, such as
those facts discernible from a videotape, our review is de novo.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Benton v. State, 302 Ga. 570, 572 (2) (807 SE2d 450) (2017).
Finally, “[w]hen a defendant moves to suppress evidence based on an illegal search,
the State bears the burden of proving that the search was lawful.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Landers v. State, 355 Ga. App. 69, 70 (842 SE2d 525) (2020).
The evidence shows that officers from the Rome Police Department (“RPD”)
responded to a report that Devion Tremaine Neal had pulled a gun on his child’s
mother. Neal was not at the scene when the officers arrived, but the victim told police
2 that Neal likely would be at his apartment or at Edwards’ house. The officers also
learned that Neal left the scene in a blue, four-door car.
The officers first attempted to locate Neal at his apartment, but the apartment
was dark, and the described vehicle was not there. The officers proceeded to
Edwards’ house, where an officer from the Floyd County Sheriff’s Department
(“FCSD”) met them.1 The FCSD officer informed the other officers that Neal was a
convicted felon and that the vehicle Neal was reportedly driving was registered to
Edwards. The vehicle was not at Edwards’ house when the officers arrived.
Video footage from two of the officers’ body cameras was played for the trial
court and shows the following. The officers approach Edwards’ home and knock on
the door. Edwards answers the door, and one of the officers asks her to step outside
of the house. Edwards refuses and asks what is going on and why the officers are
there. One officer explains that they “have a situation with Devion Neal” and that he
is supposedly driving Edwards’ vehicle. Edwards denies this, stating her mother has
her vehicle. The officer then mentions the smell of marijuana and tells Edwards they
have two choices: she can give them consent to search her house or they can obtain
1 At the time, Edwards was employed by the FCSD, and the RPD officers contacted them for assistance.
3 a search warrant. Edwards replies that they can get a warrant. The officer tells
Edwards to step outside of the house and sit outside and that the officers have the
authority to “clear the house.” Edwards steps outside as instructed. The officer asks
if anyone else is in the home, Edwards responds that her friend is, and a second
female steps outside. The officers then enter the house as Edwards asks why they are
going inside. After entering, the officers find Neal.2 It is undisputed that the officers
never attempted to obtain a search warrant of Edwards’ house or an arrest warrant for
Neal.
During the combined suppression hearing and bench trial, the officers testified
that they smelled marijuana as they approached Edwards’ house. One officer
confirmed that the officers were concerned about people getting rid of drugs, but that
the officers did not enter the home “just because [they] smelled marijuana.” The
officers also testified that they entered the home to do “a safety sweep for other
persons within the residence,” and that they were concerned Neal was armed. One of
the officers acknowledged that they were not in “hot pursuit” of Neal.
2 One officer testified that he saw what appeared to be marijuana in the toilet and assumed that Neal was attempting to flush it. This is not visible in the video.
4 Edwards was charged with hindering apprehension of a criminal (OCGA § 16-
10-50) and obstruction of an officer (OCGA § 16-10-24). She filed a motion to
suppress the discovery of Neal in her home as the fruit of an illegal search of her
home, and the trial court held a combined suppression hearing and bench trial after
Edwards waived her right to a jury trial. At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial
court made oral findings of fact on the record.3
The trial court rejected the State’s argument that the officers were justified in
entering Edwards’ home to conduct a protective sweep, when the only thing
connecting Neal to Edwards’ home was the victim’s tip. In this regard, the trial court
found as follows:
Every police officer testified honestly they just didn’t know [whether Neal was at Edwards’ house]. They didn’t know. They suspicioned, but suspicion — but they’ve got no witness who saw it, car’s not there. They don’t have anything connecting [Neal] there except information given by a victim, which they’re uncertain about. They don’t know which residence, if either, he might have been at. And [the officers] can’t verify that [Neal is] really not at the first place[, Neal’s residence].
3 The court later entered a written order denying the motion to suppress “[f]or the reasons stated in open Court. . . .”
5 But, the trial court orally denied Edwards’ motion to suppress based on the inevitable
discovery doctrine, finding that the officers could have obtained a search warrant
based on the odor of marijuana and inevitably would have discovered Neal in the
home. The court then found Edwards guilty of obstruction, but not guilty of hindering
apprehension of a criminal.
1. In her sole enumeration of error on appeal, Edwards argues that the trial
court erred in denying her motion to suppress. Edwards contends that the inevitable
discovery doctrine does not apply because the officers were not “actively pursuing”
a search warrant before entering and searching her home. We agree.
“When evidence is obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, the
judicially developed exclusionary rule usually precludes its use in a criminal
proceeding against the victim of the illegal search and seizure.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Mobley v. State, 307 Ga. 59, 68 (4) (834 SE2d 785) (2019).
However, “the courts have identified a number of exceptions to the usual rule of
exclusion,” including the inevitable discovery doctrine. Id. Pursuant to this exception,
“if the State can prove by a preponderance of the evidence that evidence derived from
police error or illegality would have been ultimately or inevitably discovered by
lawful means, then the evidence is not suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree.”
6 Taylor v. State, 274 Ga. 269, 274 (3) (553 SE2d 598) (2001), disapproved on other
grounds, State v. Chulpayev, 296 Ga. 764, 783 (3) (b) (770 SE2d 808) (2015). See
also Teal v. State, 282 Ga. 319, 323 (2) (647 SE2d 15) (2007). For the doctrine to
apply, “there must be a reasonable probability that the evidence in question would
have been discovered by lawful means, and the prosecution must demonstrate that the
lawful means which made discovery inevitable were possessed by the police and were
being actively pursued prior to the occurrence of the illegal conduct.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.) Mobley, 307 Ga. at 76 (4) (b). This “‘active
pursuit rule’ . . . is a judicial effort to prevent application of the inevitable discovery
doctrine from emasculating the search warrant requirement of the Fourth
Amendment.” Teal, 282 Ga. at 325 (2).
Assuming without deciding that the officers had the requisite probable cause
to obtain a warrant based on the odor of marijuana,4 there is no evidence that the
officers had applied for a warrant or even were preparing an application for a warrant
prior to entering and searching Edwards’ home. See Mobley, 307 Ga. at 76-77 (4)
(inevitable discovery doctrine did not apply where there was no evidence that officers
4 We agree with the trial court that there was not enough evidence for the officers to obtain a warrant based on their suspicion that Neal might be in the house.
7 applied for warrant, were preparing an application, or contemplated a warrant prior
to the search). Accordingly, the State has failed to lay an evidentiary foundation for
the application of the inevitable discovery exception.
2. The State argues that this Court should nonetheless affirm the trial court’s
denial of Edwards’ motion to suppress because the officers were justified in entering
Edwards’ home to conduct a protective sweep or, alternatively, to prevent the
imminent destruction of evidence. We find no merit in these contentions.
“As a rule to justify a nonconsensual, warrantless intrusion into a person’s
home, there must exist probable cause for the arrest or search inside the home and a
showing of exigent circumstances.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis
supplied.) Watson v. State, 302 Ga. App. 619, 622 (1) (691 SE2d 378) (2010). Thus,
“even if officers have probable cause, absent exigent circumstances or proper consent,
warrantless searches and seizures within a home by officers in pursuit of their
traditional law enforcement duties are presumptively unreasonable.”5 Arp v. State,
327 Ga. App. 340, 342 (1) (759 SE2d 57) (2014). Such “[e]xigent circumstances
include where an officer is in hot pursuit of a fleeing felon, where an officer
5 It is undisputed in this case that Edwards did not consent to the officers’ initial entry and search of her home.
8 reasonably fears the imminent destruction of evidence if entry into the residence is
not immediately effected, and where an officer reasonably perceives that a suspect
within the dwelling poses a risk of danger to the police or others.” (Citations and
punctuation omitted.) Minor v. State, 298 Ga. App. 391, 396-397 (1) (b) (680 SE2d
459) (2009). Finally, we must keep in mind that “[p]hysical entry of the home is the
chief evil against which the wording of the Fourth Amendment is directed.” (Citation
and punctuation omitted.) Little v. State, 353 Ga. App. 549, 551 (1) (839 SE2d 15)
(2020).
(a) Protective sweep.
A protective sweep is a limited search of the premises primarily to ensure officer safety by detecting the presence of other occupants. . . . [O]fficers are authorized to perform a protective sweep in connection with an in-home arrest when they possess articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, would warrant a reasonably prudent officer in believing that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) State v. Gray, 285 Ga. App. 124, 127-128 (2)
(645 SE2d 598) (2007). See also Kirsche v. State, 271 Ga. App. 729, 732-733 (611
SE2d 64) (2005) (“use of protective sweeps has been limited to sweeps conducted in
connection with an in-home arrest . . . or where the officers have articulable facts
9 suggesting that an area may be harboring someone who poses a danger to them”)
(citations omitted).
First, there was no “in-home” arrest, which would have justified the sweep, as
no one had been arrested at the time the sweep occurred. See Gray, 285 Ga. App. at
127-128 (2). “Instead, the undisputed evidence shows that the officers’ entry into and
search of the residence preceded [Neal’s discovery and] arrest. . . .” State v. Pando,
284 Ga. App. 70, 73 (1) (b) (643 SE2d 342) (2007), overruled on other grounds, State
v. Kazmierczak, 331 Ga. App. 817, 823 (771 SE2d 473) (2015).
Second, as the trial court found, the State failed to show that the officers
possessed articulable facts that would warrant a reasonably prudent officer in
believing that Edwards’ home harbored an individual posing a danger to them. There
was no evidence that Edwards’ car, allegedly being driven by Neal, was at Edwards’
home when the officers arrived. Nothing connected Neal to Edwards’ home apart
from the victim’s tip that Neal might be found at either his apartment or Edwards’
house, and as the trial court also found, the officers were not sure that Neal was not
in his apartment when they entered Edwards’ house. “A mere inchoate and
unparticularized suspicion or hunch that the home may harbor an individual posing
a danger to the officers is insufficient to support a warrantless sweep.” (Citation and
10 punctuation omitted.) Causey v. State, 334 Ga. App. 170, 173 (2) (778 SE2d 800)
(2015). Accordingly, the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the officers
were not authorized in entering Edwards’ home to conduct a protective sweep. See
Gray, 285 Ga. App. at 127-128 (2) (officers’ warrantless entry into home not justified
as protective sweep where it was not incident to arrest and there was no evidence that
someone was inside the house or that officers and others standing outside the house
were in danger); Pando, 284 Ga. App. at 72-74 (1) (b) (same).
(b) Prevent imminent destruction of evidence. To the extent the State now
contends that the warrantless entry and sweep were justified to prevent the imminent
destruction of evidence by someone inside Edwards’ home, the evidence presented
at the bench trial does not support this contention. “[E]xigent circumstances may be
found where an officer reasonably fears the imminent destruction of evidence if entry
into the residence is not immediately effected.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)
James v. State, 294 Ga. App. 656, 659 (670 SE2d 181) (2008). However, “the
presence of contraband [inside a residence] without more does not give rise to exigent
circumstances.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Curry v. State, 271 Ga. App. 672,
675 (2) (610 SE2d 635) (2005). Compare State v. Alford, 347 Ga. App. 208, 214 (3)
(818 SE2d 668) (2018) (“Under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement
11 imposed by the Fourth Amendment, a police officer may search a car without [a]
warrant if he has probable cause to believe the car contains contraband, even if there
is no exigency preventing the officer from getting a search warrant.”) (Citation and
punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.) See also State v. Vickers, 339 Ga. App. 272,
273-277 (793 SE2d 167) (2016) (physical precedent only) (automobile exception did
not apply to car parked in residential driveway and thus odor of marijuana emanating
from car did not justify warrantless search of car absent exigent circumstances).
Here, the record simply lacks any evidence that a protective sweep was
justified or that contraband was in immediate danger of destruction such that the
officers were authorized to enter Edwards’ home without a search warrant.6
Accordingly, the trial court should have granted the motion to suppress. Thus,
Edwards’ conviction must be reversed, and the case remanded to the trial court with
direction to grant her motion to suppress.
Judgment reversed and case remanded with direction. Dillard, P. J., and
Rickman, J., concur.
6 The State does not allege other exigent circumstances to justify the warrantless entry and search.