Cite as 2026 Ark. App. 195 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION I No. CV-25-342
KAYLA MARIE HARDAGE Opinion Delivered March 18, 2026
APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE GARLAND COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT V. [NO. 26DR-23-377]
WILLIAM ANDREW HARDAGE HONORABLE LYNN WILLIAMS, APPELLEE JUDGE
REVERSED AND REMANDED
WENDY SCHOLTENS WOOD, Judge
Kayla Hardage appeals the Garland County Circuit Court’s order denying her motion
to modify custody. Kayla contends first that the circuit court erroneously imposed a
presumption of joint custody in a modification case and, second, that the court erred in
denying her motion to change custody. Because the circuit court did not apply the
appropriate legal standard in this modification-of-custody case, we reverse and remand.
Kayla and William Hardage were divorced by decree entered November 3, 2023, and
were awarded joint custody of their children, MC1 (07/21/17) and MC2 (12/11/19),
pursuant to an incorporated child-custody and property-settlement agreement. In May 2024,
William filed an ex parte emergency motion alleging that a material change in circumstances
warranted a modification of custody. He alleged that since the divorce, Kayla had exposed
the children to unsanitary conditions, allowed an unknown “paramour” (who acted aggressively toward William at a custody exchange) to live in the home with the children,
refused to communicate with William regarding the children, and physically and sexually
abused the children. He also alleged that the children had been tardy to school, had begun
having night terrors and fears, and had expressed extreme fear of Kayla and her paramour.
The allegations triggered investigations by the Arkansas State Police Crimes Against
Children Division and the Arkansas Department of Children and Family Services (ADCFS),
and an attorney ad litem (AAL) was appointed.
On July 1, the AAL moved for emergency ex parte relief to suspend Kayla’s visitation
and to modify her custody during the investigation into the abuse allegations. The AAL’s
motion stated that she had met with the children and was made aware of “continued sexual
abuse” by Kayla and that “the children have expressed, in great detail, the abuse they have
endured while at their mother’s residence.” On the advice of counsel, Kayla ceased
communication and visitation with the children for ten weeks pending the investigations.
The investigations concluded that the allegations of sexual and physical abuse were
unsubstantiated, and joint custody resumed on August 29.
On October 23, Kayla filed a petition for change of custody and requested primary
custody subject to William’s reasonable standard visitation. She alleged that William’s
actions in planting sexual- and physical-abuse allegations in the children’s minds and
coaching them to lie about Kayla were detrimental to the children. She also alleged that
William had continued to harass her by placing hidden cameras in her house (that they had
formerly shared). Kayla said William failed to coparent with her by not allowing the children
2 to call her “mom,” instructing them to call her “witch,” requiring them to call his new wife
“mom” when at his home, and failing to inform Kayla that he had obtained glasses from an
optometrist for one of the children, which he told the child to keep at school. She alleged
that these actions constituted a material change in circumstances and that it was in the
children’s best interest that custody be modified. William denied the allegations, claimed he
did not coach the children, and said that the cameras were inoperative.
On February 27, 2025, the AAL filed a second motion for emergency ex parte relief
raising concerns about the children. She alleged that there had been a material change in
circumstances warranting modification of custody and that modification was in the
children’s best interest. She alleged that she had met with the children on numerous
occasions in person and over the phone and that the children told her the prior abuse did
not happen, the abuse allegations were falsified by William, and that William instructed
them to lie to the court, the AAL, and ADCFS about their mother’s behavior. The AAL
alleged that William recently told the children to fight and leave bruises on each other while
in their mother’s care so that William could demonstrate to the court harm done to them
by Kayla. The children appeared worried and quiet when discussing their father and
expressed concern about what would happen if William found out about their conversations
with the AAL. The AAL expressed concern about the mental manipulation the children
experienced in William’s care and opined that continued visitation with William was not in
their best interest and would ultimately be a cause of irreparable harm. She asked the court
to terminate his custody and transfer custody to Kayla until a hearing on the matter was held.
3 On April 8, the circuit court held a hearing to address all three motions: Williams’s
motion to modify custody, Kayla’s motion to change custody, and the AAL’s second motion
for emergency ex parte relief. At the conclusion of the hearing, the circuit court stated from
the bench:
I don’t have anything like that, you know, material change in circumstances to change from clear and convincing evidence that these two parents cannot do joint parenting. That’s not my rule. That is the Arkansas General Assembly has made that rule, and I have to follow that rule. And it’s not my choice. It’s their choice. And I have not heard that there was clear and convincing evidence that I need to change joint parenting amongst these parties.
Thereafter, the court entered an order on April 10 denying all three motions to modify
custody. The court found that “[n]o party overcame the presumption set forth by Arkansas
law by clear and convincing evidence” and that the terms of the parties’ child-custody and
property-settlement agreement (joint custody) “shall remain in full force and effect.” The
court’s order did not include findings that there was no material change of circumstances or
that modification of custody was not in the children’s best interest. Kayla’s appeal followed.
This court performs a de novo review of child-custody matters, but we will not reverse
a circuit court’s findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Pace v. Pace, 2020 Ark. 108, at 9,
595 S.W.3d 347, 352. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to
support it, the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been made. Smith v. Parker, 67 Ark. App. 221, 224, 998 S.W.2d 1, 3 (1999). We recognize
and give special deference to the superior position of a circuit court to evaluate the witnesses,
4 their testimony, and the child’s best interest. Cunningham v. Cunningham, 2019 Ark. App.
416, at 4, 588 S.W.3d 38, 40.
For her first point on appeal, Kayla contends that the circuit court erroneously
applied the rebuttable presumption of joint custody in this modification-of-custody case. She
argues that that joint-custody presumption applies only in an original custody determination
and not in a modification-of-custody case. She contends that the court “should have utilized
the change-in-circumstances and best interest of the children to determine if custody should
be modified.”
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Cite as 2026 Ark. App. 195 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION I No. CV-25-342
KAYLA MARIE HARDAGE Opinion Delivered March 18, 2026
APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE GARLAND COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT V. [NO. 26DR-23-377]
WILLIAM ANDREW HARDAGE HONORABLE LYNN WILLIAMS, APPELLEE JUDGE
REVERSED AND REMANDED
WENDY SCHOLTENS WOOD, Judge
Kayla Hardage appeals the Garland County Circuit Court’s order denying her motion
to modify custody. Kayla contends first that the circuit court erroneously imposed a
presumption of joint custody in a modification case and, second, that the court erred in
denying her motion to change custody. Because the circuit court did not apply the
appropriate legal standard in this modification-of-custody case, we reverse and remand.
Kayla and William Hardage were divorced by decree entered November 3, 2023, and
were awarded joint custody of their children, MC1 (07/21/17) and MC2 (12/11/19),
pursuant to an incorporated child-custody and property-settlement agreement. In May 2024,
William filed an ex parte emergency motion alleging that a material change in circumstances
warranted a modification of custody. He alleged that since the divorce, Kayla had exposed
the children to unsanitary conditions, allowed an unknown “paramour” (who acted aggressively toward William at a custody exchange) to live in the home with the children,
refused to communicate with William regarding the children, and physically and sexually
abused the children. He also alleged that the children had been tardy to school, had begun
having night terrors and fears, and had expressed extreme fear of Kayla and her paramour.
The allegations triggered investigations by the Arkansas State Police Crimes Against
Children Division and the Arkansas Department of Children and Family Services (ADCFS),
and an attorney ad litem (AAL) was appointed.
On July 1, the AAL moved for emergency ex parte relief to suspend Kayla’s visitation
and to modify her custody during the investigation into the abuse allegations. The AAL’s
motion stated that she had met with the children and was made aware of “continued sexual
abuse” by Kayla and that “the children have expressed, in great detail, the abuse they have
endured while at their mother’s residence.” On the advice of counsel, Kayla ceased
communication and visitation with the children for ten weeks pending the investigations.
The investigations concluded that the allegations of sexual and physical abuse were
unsubstantiated, and joint custody resumed on August 29.
On October 23, Kayla filed a petition for change of custody and requested primary
custody subject to William’s reasonable standard visitation. She alleged that William’s
actions in planting sexual- and physical-abuse allegations in the children’s minds and
coaching them to lie about Kayla were detrimental to the children. She also alleged that
William had continued to harass her by placing hidden cameras in her house (that they had
formerly shared). Kayla said William failed to coparent with her by not allowing the children
2 to call her “mom,” instructing them to call her “witch,” requiring them to call his new wife
“mom” when at his home, and failing to inform Kayla that he had obtained glasses from an
optometrist for one of the children, which he told the child to keep at school. She alleged
that these actions constituted a material change in circumstances and that it was in the
children’s best interest that custody be modified. William denied the allegations, claimed he
did not coach the children, and said that the cameras were inoperative.
On February 27, 2025, the AAL filed a second motion for emergency ex parte relief
raising concerns about the children. She alleged that there had been a material change in
circumstances warranting modification of custody and that modification was in the
children’s best interest. She alleged that she had met with the children on numerous
occasions in person and over the phone and that the children told her the prior abuse did
not happen, the abuse allegations were falsified by William, and that William instructed
them to lie to the court, the AAL, and ADCFS about their mother’s behavior. The AAL
alleged that William recently told the children to fight and leave bruises on each other while
in their mother’s care so that William could demonstrate to the court harm done to them
by Kayla. The children appeared worried and quiet when discussing their father and
expressed concern about what would happen if William found out about their conversations
with the AAL. The AAL expressed concern about the mental manipulation the children
experienced in William’s care and opined that continued visitation with William was not in
their best interest and would ultimately be a cause of irreparable harm. She asked the court
to terminate his custody and transfer custody to Kayla until a hearing on the matter was held.
3 On April 8, the circuit court held a hearing to address all three motions: Williams’s
motion to modify custody, Kayla’s motion to change custody, and the AAL’s second motion
for emergency ex parte relief. At the conclusion of the hearing, the circuit court stated from
the bench:
I don’t have anything like that, you know, material change in circumstances to change from clear and convincing evidence that these two parents cannot do joint parenting. That’s not my rule. That is the Arkansas General Assembly has made that rule, and I have to follow that rule. And it’s not my choice. It’s their choice. And I have not heard that there was clear and convincing evidence that I need to change joint parenting amongst these parties.
Thereafter, the court entered an order on April 10 denying all three motions to modify
custody. The court found that “[n]o party overcame the presumption set forth by Arkansas
law by clear and convincing evidence” and that the terms of the parties’ child-custody and
property-settlement agreement (joint custody) “shall remain in full force and effect.” The
court’s order did not include findings that there was no material change of circumstances or
that modification of custody was not in the children’s best interest. Kayla’s appeal followed.
This court performs a de novo review of child-custody matters, but we will not reverse
a circuit court’s findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Pace v. Pace, 2020 Ark. 108, at 9,
595 S.W.3d 347, 352. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to
support it, the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been made. Smith v. Parker, 67 Ark. App. 221, 224, 998 S.W.2d 1, 3 (1999). We recognize
and give special deference to the superior position of a circuit court to evaluate the witnesses,
4 their testimony, and the child’s best interest. Cunningham v. Cunningham, 2019 Ark. App.
416, at 4, 588 S.W.3d 38, 40.
For her first point on appeal, Kayla contends that the circuit court erroneously
applied the rebuttable presumption of joint custody in this modification-of-custody case. She
argues that that joint-custody presumption applies only in an original custody determination
and not in a modification-of-custody case. She contends that the court “should have utilized
the change-in-circumstances and best interest of the children to determine if custody should
be modified.”
In an action concerning an original child-custody determination in a divorce matter,
there is a rebuttable presumption that joint custody is in the best interest of the child. Ark.
Code Ann. § 9-13-101(a)(1)(A)(iv)(a) (Supp. 2025). The presumption that joint custody is in
the best interest of the child may be rebutted if the court finds by clear and convincing
evidence that joint custody is not in the best interest of the child. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-13-
101(a)(1)(A)(iv)(b)(1). Interpreting the plain language of section 9-13-101(a)(1)(A)(iv), this
court has held that this presumption is limited to original custody determinations and does
not change the burden of proof for a modification of custody or visitation. Stormes v. Gleghorn,
2022 Ark. App. 416, at 11, 653 S.W.3d 820, 827; Baggett v. Benight, 2022 Ark. App. 153, at
10, 643 S.W.3d 836, 841.
The standard for modification of custody is more stringent than it is for the initial
custody determination. Reynolds v. Reynolds, 2024 Ark. App. 229, at 6, 687 S.W.3d 584, 589.
The reason for this more stringent standard for modifying custody is to promote stability
5 and continuity in the life of the child and to discourage repeated litigation of the same issues.
Id. at 7, 687 S.W.3d at 589.
Modification of custody is a two-step process: first, the circuit court must determine
whether a material change in circumstances has occurred since the last custody order; and
second, if the court finds that there has been a material change in circumstances, the court
must determine whether a change of custody is in the child’s best interest. Shell v. Twitty,
2020 Ark. App. 459, at 4, 608 S.W.3d 926, 929–30. We look at whether there has been a
material change in circumstances since issuance of the last order of custody—here, the divorce
decree. Failure of communication, increasing parental alienation by a custodial parent, and
inability to cooperate can all constitute a material change in circumstances sufficient to
warrant modification of custody. Cline v. Simpson, 2024 Ark. App. 611, at 11, 703 S.W.3d
497, 504. Further, we have held that the combined, cumulative effect of particular facts may
together constitute a material change. Shannon v. McJunkins, 2010 Ark. App. 440, at 10, 376
S.W.3d 489, 494; see also McCoy v. Kincade, 2015 Ark. 389, at 5, 473 S.W.3d 8, 11.
We agree with Kayla. This case is not an original child-custody-determination case but
a modification-of-custody case. Therefore, the circuit court erred as a matter of law in
applying the rebuttable joint-custody presumption and in finding that “no party overcame
the presumption . . . by clear and convincing evidence.”
William argues on appeal that the circuit court did not impose a joint-custody
presumption; rather, he contends that the court heard the testimony and found there had
6 not been a material change in circumstances warranting modification and therefore denied
all three motions to modify joint custody. We disagree.
The circuit court’s order denying the three motions for modification failed to make
either of the required findings: material change of circumstances or best interest. We
acknowledge that this failure alone is not determinative. This court has presumed that a
circuit court made findings necessary to support its judgment when its order failed to set
forth findings of fact regarding best interest, Cline, 2024 Ark. App. 611, at 12, 703 S.W.3d
at 505, and we have, under our de novo review, concluded that there was sufficient evidence
from which a circuit court could have found a material change in circumstances where it
failed to make specific findings about a change in circumstances. Hoover v. Hoover, 2016 Ark.
App. 322, at 8, 498 S.W.3d 297, 301; McNutt v. Yates, 2013 Ark. 427, at 8, 430 S.W.3d 91,
97. However, these exceptions occurred when the record demonstrated that the court had
applied the proper legal standard, made the requisite considerations, and simply failed to
put its findings in writing. See Hughes v. Bright, 2025 Ark. App. 180, at 20, 709 S.W.3d 883,
895–96 (presuming the circuit court made the findings necessary to support its judgment
when the court’s remarks setting out its reasons for modification at the conclusion of the
trial were clear that the best interest of the children was considered).
Here, the circuit court’s order denying the motions to change custody is silent on
material-change-of-circumstances and best-interest findings. And we cannot presume that the
court made the necessary findings to support its order denying the motions because the
record demonstrates that the court applied the incorrect standard of law, and there is no
7 indication that the court made the requisite considerations. Accordingly, we reverse and
remand the circuit court’s order.1
Reversed and remanded.
HARRISON and TUCKER, JJ., agree.
Schnipper, Britton & Stobaugh, by: Nicholas J. French, for appellant.
The Ray Firm, by: Jacob W. Ray, for appellee.
1 In light of this holding on Kayla’s first point on appeal, we need not reach her second point that the circuit court erred in finding there was no material change of circumstances sufficient to warrant a change in custody.