2025 IL App (1st) 241667-U
No. 1-24-1667
Order filed October 31, 2025
FIFTH DIVISION
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
PURAB KAUR, as Executor of the Estate of ) Appeal from the Amarpal Singh Matharu, Deceased, PURAB ) Circuit Court of KAUR, individually, and MAYHER KAUR ) Cook County, MATHARU, ) Law Division. ) Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) ) v. ) No. 2021 L 005684 ) FISCHEL & KAHN, LTD., an Illinois ) Honorable Corporation, ROBERT W. KAUFMAN, ) Mary C. Roberts, individually, and DEBORAH JO SOEHLIG, ) Judge, presiding. individually, ) ) Defendants-Appellees. )
PRESIDING JUSTICE MITCHELL delivered the judgment of the court. Justice Mikva and Justice Oden Johnson concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The circuit court erred in dismissing plaintiff’s legal malpractice claim where the attorneys owed a duty to the decedent’s Estate. The circuit court did not err in granting summary judgment on plaintiffs’ claims for fraudulent misrepresentation and aiding and abetting where there was no evidence to support allegations of knowledge and wrongful conduct. The circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying plaintiffs’ motion for voluntary dismissal while a summary judgment motion was pending. No. 1-24-1667
¶2 Plaintiffs Purab Kaur, individually and as Independent Administrator of the Estate of
Amarpal Singh Matharu, Deceased, and Mayher Kaur Matharu, individually, appeal the circuit
court’s dismissal of their legal malpractice claim and summary judgment in favor of defendants
Fischel & Kahn, Ltd., Robert W. Kaufman, and Deborah Jo Soehlig on claims of fraudulent
misrepresentation and aiding and abetting. At issue is (1) whether the circuit court erred in
dismissing the plaintiff’s legal malpractice claim because the attorneys owed a duty to the
decedent’s Estate; (2) whether the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment on plaintiffs’
fraudulent misrepresentation claim because the attorneys acted with reckless disregard to their
statements’ falsity in submitting an invalid will to the probate court; (3) whether the circuit court
erred in granting summary judgment on plaintiffs’ aiding and abetting claim because the attorneys
knowingly and substantially assisted in the performance of a wrongful act which caused an injury;
and (4) whether the circuit court abused its discretion in denying plaintiffs’ motion for voluntary
dismissal after defendants filed for summary judgment. For the following reasons, we affirm in
part, reverse in part, and remand.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 The facts alleged in the complaint are as follows. In June 2020, Amarpal Matharu was
suddenly hospitalized with Stage IV cancer. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, visitors to the hospital
were limited. In July, Amarpal contacted Robert Kaufman, an attorney at Fischel & Kahn, to help
him prepare an estate plan, specifically a will and trust. Amarpal filled out an estate planning
questionnaire indicating that he wanted all his property to go to his daughter, Mayher. Upon receipt
of the questionnaire, Kaufman emailed Amarpal to confirm his intent and suggested Illinois law
may impact his decision to leave nothing to his wife, Purab. Amarpal responded that he did not
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believe Purab would get nothing because, according to him, she would get money from his life
insurance policy under their ongoing divorce case. The spouses were in their fifth year of divorce
proceedings.
¶5 On July 9, 2020, Kaufman sent Amarpal a draft will and trust that left his entire estate to
Mayher. Kaufman and Amarpal corresponded with revisions, but Kaufman never confirmed that
the documents were signed. Because restrictions at the hospital prevented Kaufman from
overseeing the will execution in person, Kaufman continued to follow up via email. On August
13, Kaufman emailed Amarpal, “We did not hear from you after we provided you with the ‘final’
estate planning documents, so we do not know if you signed them or not *** please let us know.”
¶6 In September 2020, Kaufman learned from one of the executors named in the will that
Amarpal had died. Kaufman asked the executor to send him the will, and the executor did. The
executors retained Fischel & Kahn to represent Amarpal’s Estate in the probate proceedings, and
Fischel & Kahn attorney Deborah Soehlig joined Kaufman in the representation.
¶7 Later in September, defendant attorneys filed their appearances in the probate court on
behalf of the executors along with a will that appeared to have been executed on July 9, 2020.
After realizing the will was only a copy, defendants secured and filed the original document. Purab
retained counsel to challenge the will. Purab’s counsel notified the Fischel & Kahn attorneys of
her concerns about the signatures, date, and presence of witnesses, and the Fischel & Kahn
attorneys began investigating the circumstances surrounding the will’s execution. After an inquiry
and months of litigation, they concluded the will was not validly executed and withdrew it from
the probate proceedings in February 2021. As a result, Purab became independent administrator
of Amarpal’s Estate. The probate proceedings remain pending.
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¶8 Purab, both individually and on behalf of the Estate, joined with Mayher to file a complaint
against defendants. Plaintiffs alleged defendants committed legal malpractice in the creation and
presentation of the will and fraudulent misrepresentation in knowingly presenting an invalid will
to the court. Plaintiffs also alleged defendants aided and abetted Amarpal in evading orders from
the divorce court and disinheriting Purab. Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under
section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2020). The circuit court
dismissed only the legal malpractice claim.
¶9 After discovery, defendants moved for summary judgment as to fraudulent
misrepresentation and aiding and abetting on the grounds that plaintiffs lacked evidence to support
their claims. Eight days later, plaintiffs’ counsel moved to withdraw from the case, and plaintiffs
orally moved to voluntarily dismiss the case without prejudice. The circuit court continued the
motion to withdraw and denied plaintiffs’ motion for voluntary dismissal. 735 ILCS 5/2-1009(b)
(West 2024). Ultimately, the circuit court granted summary judgment on the fraudulent
misrepresentation and aiding and abetting counts. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (West 2024). This timely
appeal followed. Ill. S. Ct. R. 303 (eff. July 1, 2017).
¶ 10 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 11 A. Count I – Legal Malpractice
¶ 12 Plaintiffs argue that the circuit court erred in dismissing their legal malpractice claim
because defendant attorneys owed a duty to the Estate and damages resulted. Defendants argue
they owed no duty. Additionally, they argue plaintiffs have not suffered damages or, alternatively,
that the issue is premature as the probate matter is still pending. We review the dismissal of a claim
de novo. Cowper v. Nyberg, 2015 IL 117811, ¶ 12.
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¶ 13 The circuit court dismissed the legal malpractice claim because it concluded the complaint
failed to allege a duty: “Defendants were never attorneys for the administrators of [decedent’s]
Estate. They were attorneys for the decedent himself. As such, the Court holds that Defendants did
not owe a duty to [the] Estate sufficient to support a claim for legal malpractice.”
¶ 14 To state a claim for legal malpractice, a plaintiff must allege that an attorney owed a duty
arising from an attorney-client relationship, breached that duty, and that “actual damages
proximately result[ed] from the breach.” Warren v. Williams, 313 Ill. App. 3d 450, 453 (2000).
Whether a duty exists is a question of law. Pelham v. Griesheimer, 92 Ill. 2d 13, 18-19 (1982).
¶ 15 An attorney owes a professional duty to his client. Jewish Hospital of St. Louis v.
Boatmen’s National Bank of Belleville, 261 Ill. App. 3d 750, 759 (1994). Under the Illinois
Survival Act, an action for an injury resulting from an attorney’s professional services may be
commenced after a person’s death where the injury does not occur until the death of the person for
whom the services were rendered. 755 ILCS 5/27-6 (West 2020); 735 ILCS 5/13-214.3(d) (West
2020). In other words, a decedent’s estate may commence a malpractice action against an attorney
after the death of the decedent-client. Beastall v. Madson, 235 Ill. App. 3d 95, 98-99 (1992). In
addition to attorneys owing a duty of care to their clients, attorneys hired by estate executors to
assist in the administration of an estate also owe a duty to the estate itself. Estate of Hudson v.
Tibble, 2018 IL App (1st) 162469, ¶ 33.
¶ 16 Here, defendants had two distinct attorney-client relationships. Defendants represented
Amarpal and owed him a duty of care. Any malpractice action Amarpal had against his attorneys
that would not have created an injury until after his death, such as an action involving his will,
survives him and can be brought by his Estate. See McGill v. Lazzaro, 62 Ill. App. 3d 151, 154
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(1978) (explaining that a legal malpractice action against an attorney survives the death of either
party). Additionally, defendants represented the executors in administering the Estate. As attorneys
for the executors, defendants owed the Estate a duty.
¶ 17 Defendants assert that it is improper for Purab to bring a claim alleging breach of duty to
the Estate because Purab contested the will while defendants represented the Estate. However,
Purab contested the will in her individual capacity and now brings a malpractice claim as the
administrator of the Estate. The Estate’s claim belongs to the Estate, not the administrator
individually. Defendants also assert they do not owe a duty because they represented the executors
in connection with the Estate before Purab was administrator. Even so, now that Purab is
administrator, she can sue to enforce the duty that defendants owed the Estate when representing
it through the first set of executors. See Tibble, 2018 IL App (1st) 162469, ¶ 26 (showing it was
proper for the Estate as plaintiff in a legal malpractice suit to sue an attorney retained by the
Estate’s previous administrator for breach of the attorney’s duty to the Estate). Defendants owed
a duty both to Amarpal and his Estate.
¶ 18 In dismissing the claim, the circuit court also concluded the complaint failed to allege
damages: “Plaintiffs cannot assert a claim for legal malpractice without showing concrete
damages. As the probate matter concerning the decedent’s intestacy is still pending, all allegations
of damages remain speculative at best.”
¶ 19 To recover damages in a legal malpractice case, a client must affirmatively establish they
have suffered monetary loss. Northern Illinois Emergency Physicians v. Landau, Omahana, &
Kopka, Ltd., 216 Ill. 2d 294, 306-07 (2005). “[W]here an attorney’s neglect is a direct cause of the
legal expenses incurred by the plaintiff, the attorney fees incurred are recoverable as damages.”
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Lucey v. Law Offices of Pretzel & Stouffer, Chartered, 301 Ill. App. 3d 349, 355 (1998). Damages
are not speculative just because the exact amount is uncertain or yet to be fully determined.
Palmros v. Barcelona, 284 Ill. App. 3d 642, 647 (1996).
¶ 20 The complaint alleges the Estate suffered monetary loss when defendants “cost the Estate
of [Amarpal] hundreds of thousands of dollars in lost legal fees.” The complaint alleges that these
fees were caused by defendants’ negligence when defendants “continued to litigate the question
of the fraudulent estate planning documents for many months” “even though they were well aware
that no estate planning documents were executed on July 9, 2020.” Additionally, the complaint
alleges defendants caused delay and additional legal expenses by withdrawing the will “long after
they knew or should have known the will was false.” The complaint sufficiently alleges the Estate
suffered damages when defendants cost the Estate unnecessary legal fees. The Estate, therefore,
properly alleged duty and damages, and the circuit court erred in dismissing the Estate’s legal
malpractice claim.
¶ 21 B. Count II – Fraudulent Misrepresentation
¶ 22 Plaintiffs argue the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment for defendants on
their fraudulent misrepresentation claim. Specifically, plaintiffs argue they established that
defendants were culpably ignorant of the will’s invalidity and should have known the will and trust
contravened Amarpal’s intent and the divorce court orders. Further, they argue circumstantial
evidence showed defendants intended to induce plaintiffs into accepting the estate plan despite its
invalidity. Defendants contend the circuit court did not err because no evidence showed they knew
the will was invalid when they offered it to the probate court. They further contend that any failure
to investigate the date on the executed will before filing it in probate court did not amount to an
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intent to mislead or induce plaintiffs. We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Coehn v.
Chicago Park District, 2017 IL 121800, ¶ 17.
¶ 23 Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on
file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c)
(West 2020). “The purpose of summary judgment is to determine whether a triable issue of fact
exists.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Johnson v. Waterfront Services Co., 391 Ill. App. 3d
985, 993 (2009) (quoting Luu v. Kim, 323 Ill. App. 3d 946, 952 (2001)). While a plaintiff does not
need to prove his case, he must present some evidence that “would arguably entitle him to
judgment.” Smith v. Kurtzman, 176 Ill. App. 3d 840, 846 (1988). “Mere speculation is not enough
***.” Judge-Zeit v. General Parking Corp., 376 Ill. App. 3d 573, 584 (2007).
¶ 24 Fraudulent misrepresentation consists of a “(1) false statement of material fact (2) known
or believed to be false by the party making it; (3) intent to induce the other party to act; (4) action
by the other party in reliance on the truth of the statement; and (5) damage to the other party
resulting from such reliance.” Soules v. General Motors Corp., 79 Ill. 2d 282, 286 (1980). Since
all five elements of fraudulent misrepresentation must be established, the absence of evidence on
any element will warrant summary judgment. See Lewis v. Lead Industries Ass’n, 2020 IL 124107,
¶ 15.
¶ 25 The defendant’s knowledge that their statement is false is generally required for a claim of
fraudulent misrepresentation. Park v. Sohn, 89 Ill. 2d 453, 459 (1982). Here, no evidence suggests
defendants knew the will was invalid when they presented it to the probate court. In fact, plaintiffs
alleged that defendants did not investigate the will and trust’s validity until after their submission
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to probate. Further, plaintiffs admitted in depositions that nothing shows defendants knew or
believed the estate documents or planning questionnaire did not reflect Amarpal’s true intent.
Additionally, defendants did not have knowledge of the divorce court orders the will and trust
purportedly violated because they never received or read the orders.
¶ 26 Rather, plaintiffs claim that, based on the information defendants had, failing to investigate
matters further rendered them culpably ignorant. “[R]epresentations made in reckless disregard or
culpable ignorance of their truth or falsity” will also support an action for fraudulent
misrepresentation. Peter J. Hartmann Co. v. Capital Bank & Trust Co., 296 Ill. App. 3d 593, 602
(1998); see also Gerill Corp. v. Jack L. Hargrove Builders, Inc., 128 Ill. 2d 179, 194 (1989)
(explaining that it is reasonable to conclude a party acted with a reckless disregard for the truth
when the party’s misrepresentation concerned documents within their “exclusive control”).
Specifically, plaintiffs argue defendants should have known the will was not actually executed on
the listed date of July 9 because defendants made revisions after that date. Other than the date on
the signed will, however, plaintiffs did not show any other fact that would have signaled to
defendants that the will was invalid.
¶ 27 Plaintiffs similarly argue that because defendants knew of Amarpal’s divorce proceedings,
they should have pursued the divorce court file as part of their preparation of the will. However,
Amarpal told defendants that the divorce proceedings concerned only his life insurance policies
and retirement accounts which would not be included in his estate plan. Defendants did not pursue
the documents themselves to verify. Even assuming defendants should have inquired further to
confirm the date on the will or seek the divorce court orders before submitting the will to probate,
a claim of what defendants should have done is akin to a claim of negligence. Fraudulent
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misrepresentation, however, is more than just mere negligence. See Cokinis v. Maywood-Proviso
State Bank, 81 Ill. App. 3d 1057, 1064-65 (1980) (holding that an attorney overlooking a detail in
a series of revolving loans spanning multiple documents was “understandable,” not “deceitful or
reckless,” and “negligent at most, not fraudulent”); see also Viemont v. Dison, 407 Ill. App. 3d
1197, 15 (2011) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23) (“The worst one
could say is that, in this case, [defendant] was not diligent enough ***.” “It is arguable that
[defendant] breached the standard of care applicable to an attorney. *** It is not arguable, however,
that the advice was fraudulent.”). “[I]ndolence and folly” or “careless indifference” also do not
amount to fraudulent misrepresentation. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Broberg v. Mann, 66
Ill. App. 2d 134, 144 (1965).
¶ 28 Additionally, a fraudulent statement must be made “for the purpose of inducing the one to
whom the statement is made to act.” Szajna v. General Motors Corp., 115 Ill. 2d 294, 323 (1986).
The inducement element, therefore, requires an affirmative intent. Miller v. Willaim
Chevrolet/GEO, Inc., 326 Ill. App. 3d 642, 650 (2001). No evidence suggests defendants had the
affirmative intent to induce plaintiffs to act based on a false statement. The defendants’ depositions
show they understood they had a duty as attorneys for the Estate to submit the will and trust to the
probate court. In doing so, defendants believed they were acting in line with their duty. Plaintiffs
adduced nothing indicating defendants had any contrary intent. Even if, as plaintiffs argue,
defendants also had a duty to conduct their own investigation into the will before submitting it,
this does not establish an affirmative intent to induce plaintiffs with false statements. Since
plaintiffs failed to produce any evidence on these two elements of fraudulent misrepresentation,
the circuit court did not err in granting summary judgment for defendants.
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¶ 29 C. Count III – Aiding and Abetting
¶ 30 Plaintiffs argue the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment for defendants on
their claim of aiding and abetting because defendants assisted in a wrongful act by helping
Amarpal violate the divorce court orders and disinherit Purab. Plaintiffs also argue that because
their civil conspiracy case against the will’s executors remains ongoing, the court should stay this
matter pending resolution of that case. Defendants contend that they were unaware of the divorce
court orders, and, regardless, the pour over will and trust did not violate the orders. As to
disinheriting Purab, defendants contend there was nothing wrong with creating a will and trust that
reflected Amarpal’s intent to leave everything to his daughter, Mayher. We review a grant of
summary judgment de novo. Coehn, 2017 IL 121800, ¶ 17.
¶ 31 A claim for aiding and abetting requires that: “(1) the party whom the defendant aids must
perform a wrongful act which causes an injury; (2) the defendant must be generally aware of his
role as part of the overall or tortious activity at the time that he provides the assistance; [and] (3)
the defendant must knowingly and substantially assist the principal violation.” Wolf v. Liberis, 153
Ill. App. 3d 488, 496 (1987). An aiding and abetting claim, like a civil conspiracy claim, however,
is not an independent tort. Chadha v. North Park Elementary School Ass’n, 2018 IL App (1st)
171958, ¶ 58. Rather, it is liability based in a concert of action. Wolf, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 495-96.
Aiding and abetting, therefore, requires underlying conduct that is tortious, breaches a fiduciary
duty, or violates a statute. Id.; Thornwood, Inc. v. Jenner & Block, 344 Ill. App. 3d 15, 27-28
(2003); M.U. by and Through Kelly U. v. Team Illinois Hockey Club, Inc., 2022 IL App (2d)
210568, ¶¶ 18, 45-46.
¶ 32 There is no evidence indicating the will and trust violated any divorce court orders. The
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parties agree that some orders prevented Amarpal from altering the beneficiaries of his life
insurance policy and retirement accounts. But according to defendants’ depositions and the
pleadings, the parties understood the will and trust would not have any effect on those matters
because they were governed by separate contracts. Plaintiffs alleged that another order from the
divorce court prohibited Amarpal from transferring or otherwise disposing of his assets in India,
but there is no evidence of this order. It was never produced to the circuit court and is only quoted
in the complaint.
¶ 33 Further, plaintiffs concede that defendants never saw any divorce court orders prior to
Amarpal’s death, but they argue defendants’ knowledge that Amarpal was in divorce proceedings
should have put defendants on implied notice of the specific orders. But an aiding and abetting
claim requires evidence of actual knowledge. See Johnson v. Filler, 2018 IL App (2d) 170923, ¶
21 (explaining that the aiding and abetting cases require actual knowledge, “not constructive
knowledge”). Ultimately, defendants withdrew the will. Since the terms of the will never came
into effect, there is no evidence to suggest defendants aided in a wrongful act which caused an
injury.
¶ 34 Plaintiffs also argue that defendants aided in wrongfully disinheriting Purab under Illinois
law. Defendants advised Amarpal that Purab, if left with nothing, could potentially reach his assets
regardless of his will if they were still married at his death. Amarpal told defendants that Purab
would receive money from his life insurance policy and retirement accounts that would be
unaffected by his will. Therefore, Purab would not be completely disinherited, and defendants did
not knowingly assist in wrongfully disinheriting her. Further, since the will never came into effect,
Purab was not disinherited, and defendants did not aid in a wrongful act which caused an injury.
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Plaintiffs failed to provide evidence for their aiding and abetting claim, so the circuit court did not
err in granting summary judgment.
¶ 35 D. Counsel’s Motion to Withdraw and Plaintiffs’ Motion to Voluntarily Dismiss
¶ 36 Plaintiffs argue that the circuit court erred when it failed to rule on plaintiffs’ counsel’s
motion to withdraw. Defendants contend it was within the circuit court’s discretion to continue the
motion to avoid delaying the case. The circuit court never ruled on plaintiffs’ counsel’s motion to
withdraw, and counsel proceeded to file a response to defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
“The party filing a motion has the responsibility to bring it to the trial court’s attention and have it
resolved.” Muirfield Village-Vernon Hills, LLC v. K. Reinke, Jr., and Co., 349 Ill. App. 3d 178,
187 (2004). When a motion is not ruled on, it is presumed abandoned or waived. People v. Brusaw,
2023 IL 128474, ¶ 18; see People v. Hall, 114 Ill. 2d 376, 414 (1986) (“Because the defendant did
not obtain a ruling on the question, he cannot now complain that the court erred.”).
¶ 37 Plaintiffs also argue that the circuit court abused its discretion in denying plaintiffs’ motion
to voluntarily dismiss the case without prejudice. Defendants argue it was within the circuit court’s
discretion to deny plaintiffs’ voluntary motion to dismiss when defendants’ motion for summary
judgment was pending.
¶ 38 The denial of a motion for voluntary dismissal, when made in the face of a pending motion
that can result in the final disposition of the case, is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Fumarolo v.
Chicago Board of Education, 142 Ill. 2d 54, 66-67 (1990); Quigg v. Walgreen Co., 388 Ill. App.
3d 696, 699 (2009). The circuit court has discretion to deny a motion for voluntary dismissal to
prevent undue delay and abuse of judicial resources by avoiding a decision on the merits.
Fumarolo, 142 Ill. 2d at 68; Midwest REM Enterprises, Inc. v. Noonan, 2015 IL App (1st) 132488,
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¶ 54.
¶ 39 Here, plaintiffs’ motion for voluntary dismissal was made eight days after defendants filed
their motion for summary judgment, which could dispose of the case. Nearly three years had
passed since the case was first filed, and the parties had already undergone discovery. Given the
age of the case and the pending dispositive motion, the circuit court acted within its discretion in
denying the motion for voluntary dismissal.
¶ 40 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 41 The judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and
remanded.
¶ 42 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
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