1 WO MW 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8
No. CV-19-05306-PHX-MTL (MHB) 9 Sarbjit Kaur,
10 Petitioner, ORDER v. 11 12 William Barr, et al., 13 Respondents. 14 15 Petitioner Sarbjit Kaur, who is detained in the CoreCivic Eloy Detention Center in 16 Eloy, Arizona, has filed, through counsel, a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus under 28 17 U.S.C. § 2241 (Doc. 1) and a Motion for Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary 18 Restraining Order (Doc. 2). The Court will issue a temporary stay of removal, call 19 Respondents to answer the Petition and respond to the Motion for Preliminary Injunction, 20 and deny the Motion for Temporary Restraining Order. 21 I. Background 22 Petitioner is a native and citizen of India. On June 26, 2019, she entered the United 23 States without inspection near Calexico, California, and was encountered and taken into 24 custody by the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (Doc. 1-3.) 25 Petitioner was determined to be inadmissible to the United States and placed in expedited 26 removal proceedings pursuant to Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA) § 235(b)(1), 27 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1). (Docs. 1-3, 1-7.) Petitioner expressed a fear of persecution or 28 torture if returned to India and was referred to an asylum officer for a credible fear 1 determination. (Doc. 1-3.) 2 On August 12, 2019, Petitioner received a credible fear interview with the use of a 3 telephonic Punjabi translator. (Doc. 1-4.)1 The asylum officer determined that Petitioner 4 did not have a credible fear of persecution or torture, and on August 30, 2019, Petitioner 5 was ordered removed from the United States. (Docs. 1-4, 1-6, 1-7, 1-9.) Petitioner 6 requested review of the negative credible fear finding by an Immigration Judge (IJ). 7 (Doc. 1-6.) A hearing was scheduled for September 18, 2019, and Petitioner retained 8 counsel, who filed a notice of appearance with the immigration court the same day. 9 (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 20-22.) At the conclusion of the hearing held on September 18, 2019, the IJ 10 affirmed Petitioner’s negative credible fear determination. (Doc. 1-8.) 11 II. Petition 12 In her Petition, Petitioner names United States Attorney General William Barr, 13 Acting DHS Secretary Kevin McAleenan, Executive Office for Immigration Review 14 (EOIR) Director James McHenry, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Phoenix 15 Field Office Director Enrique Lucero, and United States Immigration Judge Irene Feldman 16 as Respondents.2 Petitioner asserts that the Court has habeas corpus jurisdiction to review 17 her claims pursuant to the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Thuraissigiam v. U.S. Dep’t of 18 Homeland Sec., 917 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir. 2019). She brings two grounds for relief. 19 In Grounds One and Two, Petitioner claims that her credible fear proceedings 20 denied her a fair and meaningful opportunity to apply for relief in violation of the governing 21 1 The Court notes that the asylum officer’s Record of Determination/Credible Fear 22 Worksheet (Form I-870) (Doc. 1-4) reports that Petitioner received a credible fear interview on August 12, 2019, whereas the “Credible-Fear Interview” transcript (Doc. 1- 23 5) reports that Petitioner received an in-person credible fear interview on August 16, 2019.
24 2 Under the rationale articulated in Armentero, infra, and in the absence of authority addressing whether the proper respondent in immigration habeas corpus proceedings under 25 § 2241 is the Attorney General, the Acting DHS Secretary, or the ICE Field Office Director, the Court will not dismiss these Respondents or the Petition for failure to name a proper 26 respondent at this stage of the proceedings. See Armentero v. INS, 340 F.3d 1058, 1071- 73 (9th Cir. 2003) (finding the DHS Secretary and the Attorney General were proper 27 respondents), withdrawn, 382 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. 2004) (order); see also Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 435 n.8 (2004) (declining to resolve whether the Attorney General 28 is a proper respondent in an immigration habeas corpus petition). However, the Court will dismiss Respondents McHenry and Feldman because the rationale articulated in Armentero 1 statute and implementing regulation, 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1) and 8 C.F.R. § 208.30(d), and 2 the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Petitioner alleges DHS failed to employ 3 the required non-adversarial procedures when conducting her credible fear interview, failed 4 to consider binding case law, and failed to apply the correct legal standard when evaluating 5 her credible fear claim. Petitioner further alleges that the IJ denied her a reasonable 6 opportunity to present her case, applied the wrong legal standard, and considered evidence 7 outside the record without providing her with prior notice and an opportunity for rebuttal. 8 In her demand for relief, Petitioner asks the Court to: (1) determine that her 9 expedited removal order violated her statutory, regulatory, and constitutional rights and, as 10 a result, she is being detained in violation of the law; (2) vacate the expedited removal 11 order; and (3) order that she “be provided a new, meaningful opportunity to apply for 12 asylum and other relief from removal.” (Doc. 1 at 20-21.) 13 For the following reasons, the Court asks that Respondents Barr, McAleenan, and 14 Lucero answer the Petition. 15 III. Motion for Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary Restraining Order 16 A party seeking injunctive relief under Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil 17 Procedure must show that: (1) she is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) she is likely to 18 suffer irreparable harm in the absence of injunctive relief; (3) the balance of equities tips 19 in her favor; and (4) an injunction is in the public interest.3 Winter v. Natural Resources 20 Defense Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008); Pom Wonderful LLC v. Hubbard, 775 F.3d 21 1118, 1124 (9th Cir. 2014); Pimentel v. Dreyfus, 670 F.3d 1096, 1105-06 (9th Cir. 2012); 22 Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush & Co., Inc., 240 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th 23 Cir. 2001). Where the movant seeks a mandatory injunction, rather than a prohibitory 24 injunction, injunctive relief is “subject to a heightened scrutiny and should not be issued 25 3 Where a party “can only show that there are ‘serious questions going to the 26 merits’—a lesser showing than likelihood of success on the merits—then a preliminary injunction may still issue if the ‘balance of hardships tips sharply in the [party]’s favor,’ 27 and the other two Winter factors are satisfied.” Shell Offshore, Inc. v. Greenpeace, Inc., 709 F.3d 1281, 1291 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 28 F.3d 1127, 1135 (9th Cir. 2011)). Under this Ninth Circuit “serious questions” test, “[t]he elements . . .
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1 WO MW 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8
No. CV-19-05306-PHX-MTL (MHB) 9 Sarbjit Kaur,
10 Petitioner, ORDER v. 11 12 William Barr, et al., 13 Respondents. 14 15 Petitioner Sarbjit Kaur, who is detained in the CoreCivic Eloy Detention Center in 16 Eloy, Arizona, has filed, through counsel, a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus under 28 17 U.S.C. § 2241 (Doc. 1) and a Motion for Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary 18 Restraining Order (Doc. 2). The Court will issue a temporary stay of removal, call 19 Respondents to answer the Petition and respond to the Motion for Preliminary Injunction, 20 and deny the Motion for Temporary Restraining Order. 21 I. Background 22 Petitioner is a native and citizen of India. On June 26, 2019, she entered the United 23 States without inspection near Calexico, California, and was encountered and taken into 24 custody by the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (Doc. 1-3.) 25 Petitioner was determined to be inadmissible to the United States and placed in expedited 26 removal proceedings pursuant to Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA) § 235(b)(1), 27 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1). (Docs. 1-3, 1-7.) Petitioner expressed a fear of persecution or 28 torture if returned to India and was referred to an asylum officer for a credible fear 1 determination. (Doc. 1-3.) 2 On August 12, 2019, Petitioner received a credible fear interview with the use of a 3 telephonic Punjabi translator. (Doc. 1-4.)1 The asylum officer determined that Petitioner 4 did not have a credible fear of persecution or torture, and on August 30, 2019, Petitioner 5 was ordered removed from the United States. (Docs. 1-4, 1-6, 1-7, 1-9.) Petitioner 6 requested review of the negative credible fear finding by an Immigration Judge (IJ). 7 (Doc. 1-6.) A hearing was scheduled for September 18, 2019, and Petitioner retained 8 counsel, who filed a notice of appearance with the immigration court the same day. 9 (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 20-22.) At the conclusion of the hearing held on September 18, 2019, the IJ 10 affirmed Petitioner’s negative credible fear determination. (Doc. 1-8.) 11 II. Petition 12 In her Petition, Petitioner names United States Attorney General William Barr, 13 Acting DHS Secretary Kevin McAleenan, Executive Office for Immigration Review 14 (EOIR) Director James McHenry, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Phoenix 15 Field Office Director Enrique Lucero, and United States Immigration Judge Irene Feldman 16 as Respondents.2 Petitioner asserts that the Court has habeas corpus jurisdiction to review 17 her claims pursuant to the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Thuraissigiam v. U.S. Dep’t of 18 Homeland Sec., 917 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir. 2019). She brings two grounds for relief. 19 In Grounds One and Two, Petitioner claims that her credible fear proceedings 20 denied her a fair and meaningful opportunity to apply for relief in violation of the governing 21 1 The Court notes that the asylum officer’s Record of Determination/Credible Fear 22 Worksheet (Form I-870) (Doc. 1-4) reports that Petitioner received a credible fear interview on August 12, 2019, whereas the “Credible-Fear Interview” transcript (Doc. 1- 23 5) reports that Petitioner received an in-person credible fear interview on August 16, 2019.
24 2 Under the rationale articulated in Armentero, infra, and in the absence of authority addressing whether the proper respondent in immigration habeas corpus proceedings under 25 § 2241 is the Attorney General, the Acting DHS Secretary, or the ICE Field Office Director, the Court will not dismiss these Respondents or the Petition for failure to name a proper 26 respondent at this stage of the proceedings. See Armentero v. INS, 340 F.3d 1058, 1071- 73 (9th Cir. 2003) (finding the DHS Secretary and the Attorney General were proper 27 respondents), withdrawn, 382 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. 2004) (order); see also Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 435 n.8 (2004) (declining to resolve whether the Attorney General 28 is a proper respondent in an immigration habeas corpus petition). However, the Court will dismiss Respondents McHenry and Feldman because the rationale articulated in Armentero 1 statute and implementing regulation, 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1) and 8 C.F.R. § 208.30(d), and 2 the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Petitioner alleges DHS failed to employ 3 the required non-adversarial procedures when conducting her credible fear interview, failed 4 to consider binding case law, and failed to apply the correct legal standard when evaluating 5 her credible fear claim. Petitioner further alleges that the IJ denied her a reasonable 6 opportunity to present her case, applied the wrong legal standard, and considered evidence 7 outside the record without providing her with prior notice and an opportunity for rebuttal. 8 In her demand for relief, Petitioner asks the Court to: (1) determine that her 9 expedited removal order violated her statutory, regulatory, and constitutional rights and, as 10 a result, she is being detained in violation of the law; (2) vacate the expedited removal 11 order; and (3) order that she “be provided a new, meaningful opportunity to apply for 12 asylum and other relief from removal.” (Doc. 1 at 20-21.) 13 For the following reasons, the Court asks that Respondents Barr, McAleenan, and 14 Lucero answer the Petition. 15 III. Motion for Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary Restraining Order 16 A party seeking injunctive relief under Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil 17 Procedure must show that: (1) she is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) she is likely to 18 suffer irreparable harm in the absence of injunctive relief; (3) the balance of equities tips 19 in her favor; and (4) an injunction is in the public interest.3 Winter v. Natural Resources 20 Defense Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008); Pom Wonderful LLC v. Hubbard, 775 F.3d 21 1118, 1124 (9th Cir. 2014); Pimentel v. Dreyfus, 670 F.3d 1096, 1105-06 (9th Cir. 2012); 22 Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush & Co., Inc., 240 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th 23 Cir. 2001). Where the movant seeks a mandatory injunction, rather than a prohibitory 24 injunction, injunctive relief is “subject to a heightened scrutiny and should not be issued 25 3 Where a party “can only show that there are ‘serious questions going to the 26 merits’—a lesser showing than likelihood of success on the merits—then a preliminary injunction may still issue if the ‘balance of hardships tips sharply in the [party]’s favor,’ 27 and the other two Winter factors are satisfied.” Shell Offshore, Inc. v. Greenpeace, Inc., 709 F.3d 1281, 1291 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 28 F.3d 1127, 1135 (9th Cir. 2011)). Under this Ninth Circuit “serious questions” test, “[t]he elements . . . must be balanced, so that a stronger showing of one element may offset a 1 unless the facts and law clearly favor the moving party.” Dahl v. HEM Pharms. Corp., 7 2 F.3d 1399, 1403 (9th Cir. 1993). 3 Unlike a preliminary injunction, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a), a temporary restraining 4 order (“TRO”) may be entered “without written or oral notice to the adverse party.” Fed. 5 R. Civ. P. 65(b). A TRO may issue, ex parte, if: “(A) specific facts in an affidavit or a 6 verified complaint clearly show that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will 7 result to the movant before the adverse party can be heard in opposition; and (B) the 8 movant’s attorney certifies in writing any efforts made to give notice and the reasons why 9 it should not be required.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b) (emphasis added). 10 Petitioner moves the Court to enjoin her continued detention, to order Respondents 11 to provide her with an individualized asylum hearing, and to stay her removal from the 12 United States while this action is pending. To the extent Petitioner seeks release from 13 custody and a new hearing on her asylum claims, she has not demonstrated that she will 14 suffer irreparable injury before Respondents can be heard in opposition. She therefore fails 15 to meet her burden to demonstrate that she is entitled to immediate injunctive relief, and 16 her Motion for Temporary Restraining Order will be denied. See Granny Goose Foods, 17 Inc. v. Brotherhood of Teamsters & Auto Truck Drivers Local No. 70, 415 U.S. 423, 439 18 (1974) (consistent with the “stringent” restrictions of Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b), a temporary 19 restraining order may be entered only to execute the “underlying purpose of preserving the 20 status quo and preventing irreparable harm just so long as is necessary to hold a hearing, 21 and no longer”). 22 The potential interests of justice associated with the irrevocable nature of removal, 23 however, suggest the necessity of issuing a temporary stay of removal. The Ninth Circuit 24 Court of Appeals has mandated that “a petitioner seeking a stay of removal must show that 25 irreparable harm is probable and either: (a) a strong likelihood of success on the merits and 26 that the public interest does not weigh heavily against a stay; or (b) a substantial case on 27 the merits and that the balance of hardships tips sharply in the petitioner’s favor.” Leiva- 28 Perez v. Holder, 640 F.3d 962, 970 (9th Cir. 2011) (discussing application of Nken v. 1 Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 444 (2009)). 2 In Thuraissigiam, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(2)’s 3 statutory restriction on habeas corpus review violated the Suspension Clause as applied to 4 Thuraissigiam. On that basis, the district court’s initial decision was reversed, and the Ninth 5 Circuit remanded the matter with instructions to exercise jurisdiction and “consider 6 Thuraissigiam’s legal challenges to the procedures leading to his expedited removal order.” 7 917 F.3d at 1119. 8 Similarly, here, Petitioner has raised legal challenges to the process leading to her 9 expedited removal order and alleged circumstances which, if true, would present a 10 substantial case on the merits. This is, of course, without prejudice to Respondents 11 demonstrating to the contrary. Because removal would deprive her of the relief she seeks 12 – asylum in the United States – she has also shown that it is probable that she would suffer 13 irreparable harm absent a stay. 14 Lastly, the balance of hardships tips in Petitioner’s favor. A stay will maintain the 15 status quo until Respondents have had an opportunity to brief the Petition and Motion for 16 Preliminary Injunction and will facilitate a considered review of the parties’ arguments by 17 the Court and a reasoned decision on the issues presented. 18 Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED: 19 (1) Petitioner’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary 20 Restraining Order (Doc. 2) is denied in part as to Petitioner’s Motion for Temporary 21 Restraining Order. 22 (2) Respondents McHenry and Feldman are dismissed without prejudice. 23 (3) A temporary stay of removal is granted. Respondents are enjoined from 24 removing Petitioner Sarbjit Kaur (A# 201-741-799) from the United States pending further 25 order of this Court. 26 (4) The Clerk of Court shall serve: (1) a copy of the Summons, (2) the 27 Petition (Doc. 1), (3) the Motion for Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary Restraining 28 Order (Doc. 2), and (4) this Order upon the United States Attorney for the District of 1 Arizona by certified mail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United 2 States Attorney pursuant to Rule 4(i)(1)(A) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The 3 Clerk of Court shall also send by certified mail a copy of the Summons, the Petition, the 4 Motion for Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary Restraining Order, and this Order to 5 the United States Attorney General pursuant to Rule 4(i)(1)(B) and to Respondents Barr, 6 McAleenan, and Lucero pursuant to Rule 4(i)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 7 (5) The Clerk of Court shall email a copy of this Order to the United States 8 Attorney for the District of Arizona, to the attention of Peter M. Lantka at 9 peter.lantka@usdoj.gov and Mary Finlon at mary.finlon@usdoj.gov. 10 (6) Respondents Barr, McAleenan, and Lucero shall have 30 days from the date 11 of service to file a Response to Petitioner’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction (Doc. 2) in 12 accordance with this Order. 13 (7) Petitioner shall have 15 days from the filing of Respondents’ Response to 14 the Motion for Preliminary Injunction to file a Reply. 15 (8) Respondents shall have 30 days from the date of service to answer the 16 Petition (Doc. 1). Respondents shall not file a dispositive motion in place of an answer 17 absent leave of Court.4 18 (9) Petitioner shall have 15 days from the filing of Respondents’ Answer to the 19 Petition to file a Reply. 20 /// 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26
27 4 Regarding courtesy copies of documents for chambers, Respondents are directed to review Section II(D) of the Court’s Electronic Case Filing Administrative Policies and 28 Procedures Manual, which requires that “a courtesy copy of the filing, referencing the specific document number, shall be printed directly from CM/ECF.” CM/ECF Admin. l (10) Petitioner must file a “Notice of Custody Status” with the Clerk of Court 2| within 5 days of any material change in Petitioner’s custody status. Petitioner may not 3 | include a motion for other relief with the Notice. 4 Dated this 7th day of October, 2019. 5 WMichak To Siburdo Michael] T. Liburdi 8 United States District Judge 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28