Katzman v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority

72 F. Supp. 3d 1091, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 156253, 2014 WL 5698207

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: November 4, 2014
• Docket: Case No.: 13-CV-00438-LHK
• Status: Published

Opinion

ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, AND DENYING IN PART AND GRANTING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

LUCY H. KOH, United States District Judge

Plaintiff Richard Katzman (“Plaintiff’) brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against defendant Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (“Defendant”), alleging deprivation of property without due process of law, denial of equal protection of the law, conspiracy to deny him equal protection of the law, and impairment of contracts, in violation of his rights under the. Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, Article 1, § 10 of the U.S. Constitution, and Article 1, § 9 of the California Constitution. Before the Court is Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Mot.), ECF. No. 45, and Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 63. Having considered the record in this case, applicable law,' and the parties’ briefs, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment and DENIES IN PART AND GRANTS IN PART Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Plaintiff is a resident of Campbell, California, and a retired former employee of the Defendant. Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl.”), ECF No. 48, ¶¶ 1-2.

1. Plaintiffs Employment History With Defendant.

Defendant first hired Plaintiff in 1986. Katzman Decl. ¶ 3. Defendant subsequently re-hired Plaintiff in 1988. Katz-man Decl. ¶ 3. As part of his employment contract with Defendant; Defendant promised to pay Plaintiff a pension. Katzman Decl. ¶ 4. In 1995, Plaintiff left his job with Defendant to take a job with the County of Los Angeles. Katzman Decl. ¶ 6. On June 30, 1995, Plaintiff received a letter from Defendant stating that under the terms of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Non-Contract Employees Retirement Income Plan (“Plan”), any employee terminating employment with Defendant after 5 % years of service had a vested interest in the Plan. Exhibit A to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl. Ex. A”), ECF No. 49-1, at 1. The letter further advised Plaintiff that because he was vested in the Plan, Plaintiff needed to make an irrevocable selection to either have his contributions returned, or leave his contributions in the Plan. Id. Plaintiff chose to do the latter. Katzman Decl. ¶ 6.

Plaintiff retired in 2007. Katzman Decl. ¶ 9. Upon retirement, Plaintiff received an application for deferred retirement benefits from Defendant titled, “LACMTA Non-Contract Employees Retirement Income (New) Plan.” Id. The application informed Plaintiff that he could elect to receive his pension in monthly payments of $639.86, or a lump sum payment of $89,937.44. Exhibit B to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl. Ex. B”), ECF No. 49-1, at 1. Plaintiff elected to receive monthly payments. Id. On May 21, 2007, Plaintiff received a letter from Defendant regarding his “Retirement Estimate.”' Exhibit C to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl. Ex. C”), ECF No. 49-1, at 1. The letter informed him that he would receive a monthly pension of $639.86 per month for his lifetime. Id. At some point, Plaintiff received a booklet from Defendant that contained general information about Defendant’s retirement income plan for non-contract employees. Katzman Decl. ¶ 9.

After Plaintiff retired, he received several other sources of income besides the Defendant’s pension. Beginning in either 2008 or 2009, Plaintiff worked for a forensics accounting firm until December 2013. Deposition Excerpts of Plaintiffs Deposition in Support of Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Dep.”), ECF No. 52-2, Tr. 12:11-13:1. Plaintiff earned between $5,000 and $20,000 a year from this job, earning $7,000 in 2013. Katzman Dep. Tr. 14:1-15:1. Plaintiff also receives a pension from Los Angeles County that started at $729 per month, and is now approximately $780 a month. Katzman Dep. Tr. 15:21-16:3. Plaintiff also receives a pension from the California Public Employees’ Retirement System of approximately $3,500 per month. Katzmán Dep. Tr. 16:4-:17. Finally, Plaintiff receives approximately $30,000 per year in rental income from a single property. Katzman Dep. Tr. 56:17-:24.

2. Defendant’s Bi-Annual Audit Policy of Pensioners

Currently, there are approximately 2,500 people who receive a pension from Defendant. Declaration of Janice Olsen in Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Olsen Decl.”), ECF No. 63-2, ¶ 5. Defendant performs a bi-annual audit of its pensioners by mailing each pensioner an audit form letter every two years. Id. ¶4. The letter is sent via standard mail of the United States Post Office. Id. ¶ 6. The pensioners are required to fill out the letter, sign it, have it notarized, and return it to Defendant within 30 days. Id.; see also Exhibit D to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl. Ex. D”), ECF No. 49-1, at 1. If a pensioner fails to return the audit letter, Defendant suspends the pensioner’s payments. Olsen Decl. ¶ 4. Should the pensioner subsequently fill out, notarize (or otherwise have the pensioner’s signature verified), and return the letter, Defendant reinstates the pension and provides any missed payments in one lump sum. Id.

Defendant conducted its first bi-annual audit in approximately 1983, and it has conducted approximately 15 bi-annual audits to date. Exhibit B to the Declaration of G. Whitney Leigh in Support of Plaintiffs Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Whitley Decl. Ex. B”), ECF No. 55-2, at 5. In a March 2, 2012 letter provided to Plaintiff, Defendant stated that the Joint Pension Plan.Committee approved the bi-annual audit policy at an April 21, 1983 meeting. Exhibit 3 to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Def. Ex. 3”), ECF No. 63-3, Ex. 3, at 1. Defendant’s letter attached the minutes from the Southern California Rapid Transit District Joint Pension Committee Meeting of April 21, 1983.¹ Exhibit 4 to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Def. Ex. 4”), ECF No. 63-3, at 2. The minutes stated that the “Committee approved the Audit of the Retirees as presented in a letter dated April 13, 1983.” Id. at 4. There is no letter from April 13, 1983 attached, and Defendant stated it does not “have much hope of finding” this letter. Id. at 1.

Among the reasons Defendant conducts a bi-annual audit of its pensioners are: to prevent fraud by ensuring that the individuals who are receiving the pension payments are in fact the retirees who are entitled to them, Olsen Decl. ¶ 9; to ensure that Defendant has up-to-date contact information for its pensioners, id. ¶ 10; and to ensure that, if a pensioner dies, joint survivor benefits are paid, id. ¶ 12. In discovery, Defendant claimed the biannual audit had uncovered five instances of fraud. Whitley Decl. Ex. B at 6. In one instance, after Defendant suspended a pensioner’s payments due to failure to return an audit letter, a man not authorized to receive pension payments contacted Defendant to inquire as to why his relative did not receive her monthly pension payment. Olsen Decl. ¶ 11. The man stated that the pensioner had died two years before Defendant suspended pension payments. Id. The man also said that prior to calling Defendant, he had closed the pensioner’s account, thereby preventing Defendant from recovering payments. Id.

In 2011, Defendant sent bi-annual audit letters to approximately 2,300 pensioners. Id. ¶ 16. As a result of the audit, Defendant suspended 197 pensions. Id. Subsequently, “191 of those suspended pensions were reinstated or the recipient was determined to be deceased.” Id. In 2013, Defendant sent bi-annual audit letters to approximately 2,500 pensioners. Id. ¶ 15. As a result of that audit, Defendant suspended 186 pensions. Id. Subsequently, “166 of those suspended pensions [were] reinstated or the recipient was determined to be deceased.” Id.

Plaintiff claimed that none of the documents Defendant sent to Plaintiff informed him of a policy regarding bi-annual audits. See Katzman Decl., Exs. A, B, C. The booklet that Plaintiff said he received from Defendant containing general information about Defendant’s pension policies similarly did not disclose such a policy. See Exhibit H to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl. Ex. H”), ECF No. 49-1.²

Prior to implementing the audit procedure it uses currently, Defendant had a different procedure whereby it would send an initial audit letter to pensioners notifying them of the audit and the due date for a response. Id. ¶ 13. If a pensioner did not promptly respond, Defendant would send several reminders over several months that the audit form was due. Id. According to Defendant, this practice was a “significant burden” to its staff and resulted in a “significant expense.” Id. ¶ 13.

3. The Bi-Annual Audit As Applied to Plaintiff.

In June 2009, Plaintiff received a form from Defendant titled “2009 Pension Recipient Audit Form.” Katzman Decl. Ex. D. The form stated that in an “effort to protect the assets in [the] Pension Plan and to protect all the recipients of pension benefits, we are conducting our bi-annual audit of pension plan recipients.” Id. The form instructed the recipient to complete the form, sign it, have the signature notarized, and return it before July 31, 2009. Id. The form further stated that if it is not convenient for the recipient to have his signature notarized, Defendant can verify the recipient’s signature at the office of the Pension and Benefits Department, if the recipient brings the form in person and shows identification. Id. The form then stated: “Failure to return a properly completed audit form will result in the suspension of your pension benefits.” Id. Plaintiff filled out the form and signed it, but did not have it notarized. Id.; see also Katzman Decl. ¶ 11. Around the time Defendant received Plaintiffs form, Plaintiff had several conversations with Defendant’s staff regarding the notarization requirement. Olsen Decl. ¶ 19. Defendant decided to exempt Plaintiff from the notarization requirement for that audit period after a staff member verified Plaintiffs identity over the phone. Id.

Approximately two years later, around October 2011, Plaintiff noticed his pension payment had not been electronically-deposited into his bank account as usual. Katzman Decl. ¶¶ 12-13. Plaintiff contacted Defendant, and two of Defendant’s staff told Plaintiff that he had failed to return an audit form Defendant mailed that year. Id. Plaintiff stated he never received the audit form mailed in 2011, id. ¶ 13, although during the course of this litigation Plaintiff obtained a copy of it, see Exhibit I to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl. Ex. I”), ECF No. 49-1. The 2011 audit form is similar to the 2009 audit form, except the 2011 form is preceded by a letter that states, among other things, that the pensioner can also have his or her signature verified by a bank. Id. at 1. In November 2011, Plaintiff notified Defendant’s staff that he would not complete the 2011 audit form. Olsen Decl. ¶ 18. Plaintiff eventually provided a signed audit form in 2012. Id.

In August 2012, Plaintiffs attorney raised several concerns about the audit process with Defendant in an email. Exhibit E to the Declaration of Richard Katz-man in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl. Ex. E”), ECF No. 49-1. Among the concerns was that Plaintiff traveled frequently and that mail service at his home was “spotty,” and therefore a single audit letter provided insufficient notice to Plaintiff that his pension might be suspended. Id. at 2. The email suggested that Defendant put additional notice procedures in place before suspending pension payments due to a pensioner’s failure to timely return an audit letter. Id. Plaintiff also objected that he be forced to pay the notarization fee. Id.

In a response to that email, Defendant stated that it sends audit letters in mid-April; therefore, Defendant advised Plaintiff that if he had not received an audit letter by the end of April, he should contact the Defendant’s pension benefits department.³ Exhibit F to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Katzman Decl. Ex. F”), ECF No. 49-1, at 2. Defendant further stated that it does not send out audit letters by certified mail because the time and expense of doing so would be “unduly burdensome.” Id. Defendant also stated that it does not send multiple audit letters because to do so would likewise be “unduly burdensome.” Id. Defendant also stated that it will not absorb the cost of notarization for all its pension benefit recipients, but that Defendant would accept a certification from Plaintiffs bank verifying Plaintiffs signature in lieu of notarization. Id. Defendant contended that most banks provide this service for free. Id.

B. Procedural History

Plaintiff filed his Complaint, (“Compl.”), ECF No. 1, against Defendant and County of Los Angeles on January 31, 2013. Defendant and County of Los Angeles answered on April 1, 2013. ECF No. 5. On April 2, 2013, County of Los Angeles filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state claim, and a motion to change venue. ECF No. 6. On July 29, 2013, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed County of Los Angeles from the case, ECF. No. 23, and this Court subsequently denied as moot County of Los Angeles’ motion to dismiss and motion to change venue, ECF No. 24.

Plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment on March 11, 2014 as to his claim that Defendant violated his rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Defendant filed its opposition (“Def.’s Opp’n”) on March 25, 2014. ECF No. 52. Plaintiff filed his reply (“PI. Reply”) on April 1, 2014. ECF No. 54. The parties filed various declarations and exhibits in support of their arguments regarding Plaintiffs motion. In support of his motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff filed the Richard Rymer Declaration, (“Rymer Decl.”), ECF No. 46; the G. Whitney Leigh Declaration, ECF No. 47; and the Richard Katzman Declaration with nine exhibits, ECF No. 49-1. In support of its opposition Defendant filed the Janice Olsen Declaration with two exhibits, ECF No. 52-1, and excerpts of Plaintiffs deposition transcript, ECF No. 63-3. In support of his reply, Plaintiff filed the G. Whitney Leigh Declaration, with two exhibits, ECF Nos. 55, 55-1 & 55-2.

Defendant subsequently filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on May 21, 2014 as to all four of Plaintiffs claims for relief: (1) violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; (3) conspiracy to violate Plaintiffs Equal Protection rights; and (4) violation of Article 1, § 10 of the U.S. Constitution, and Article 1, § 9 of the California Constitution. Plaintiff filed his opposition. (“PI. Opp’n”) on June 25, 2014. ECF No. 66. Defendant filed his reply (“Def. Reply”) on July 9, 2014. ECF No. 69. Again, the parties filed declarations and exhibits in support of their arguments regarding Defendant’s motion. In support of its motion for summary judgment, Defendant filed the Abraham Escar-eno Declaration, ECF No. 63-1; the Janice Olsen Declaration, ECF No. 63-2; and seven exhibits, ECF No. 63-3. In support of his opposition, Plaintiff filed the G. Whitney Leigh Declaration, ECF No. 67, with five exhibits, ECF Nos. 67-1, 67-2, 67-3, 67-4, & 67-5. Plaintiff also filed the Richard Katzman Declaration, ECF No. 68, with seven exhibits, ECF Nos. 68-1, 68-2, 68-3, 68-4, 68-5, 68-6, & 68-7.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there are no genuine issues of material fact, and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 321, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Where, as here, parties submit cross-motions for summary judgment, each motion must be considered on its own merits, and the court must consider the evidence submitted with both motions before ruling. Fair Hous. Council of Riverside County, Inc. v. Riverside Two, 249 F.3d 1132, 1135-36 (9th Cir.2001). At the summary judgment stage, the Court “does not assess credibility or weigh the evidence, but simply determines whether there is a genuine factual issue for trial.” House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 559-60, 126 S.Ct. 2064, 165 L.Ed.2d 1 (2006). A fact is “material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law,” and a dispute as to a material fact is “genuine” if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable trier of fact to decide in favor of the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). “If the evidence is merely color-able, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Id. (internal citations omitted).

The moving party bears the initial burden of identifying those portions of the pleadings, discovery, and affidavits that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Where the moving party will have the burden of proof on an issue at trial, it must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party, but on an issue for which the opposing party will have the burden of proof at trial, the party moving for summary judgment need only point out “that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.” Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548; accord Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007). Once the moving party meets its initial burden, the nonmoving party must set forth, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Rule 56, “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

III. DISCUSSION

A plaintiff asserting a claim under § 1983 must demonstrate that (1) the action occurred “under color of state law,” and (2) the action resulted in the deprivation of a constitutional or federal statutory right. Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 632-33 (9th Cir.1988) (internal citations omitted). The parties do not dispute that Defendant, a state chartered regional transportation planning and operating agency, acted under color of state law. They dispute only whether Defendant in fact violated any of Plaintiffs U.S. or state constitutional rights.

A. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs Due Process Claim

Plaintiff moved for summary judgment as to his Due Process claim, see PL Mot., on the ground that Defendant suspended his pension with insufficient notice, and therefore deprived Plaintiff of his property in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, Compl. ¶¶ 20-26. Defendant denied Plaintiffs motion on two grounds. First, Defendant claimed that Plaintiff does not have a property interest in his pension and therefore has no protection from the Due Process Clause. Second, even if Plaintiff did have a property interest in his pension, Defendant argued its mailing of the bi-annual audit letter provided Plaintiff with constitutionally adequate process. Def. Opp’n, ECF No. 52, at 5-14. Plaintiff bears the burden of proof at trial on his § 1983 claims. Therefore, Plaintiff must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than that he had a property interest in his pension, and that the Defendant did not provide adequate process in connection with the suspension of his pension payments. As discussed more fully below, the Court finds that Plaintiff does have a property interest in his pension. However, construing all evidence in favor of Defendant, a triable issue exists as to whether Defendant’s bi-annual audit policy provided Plaintiff with constitutionally sufficient process. Therefore, as detailed further below, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment.

1. Whether Plaintiff has a Constitutionally Protected Property Interest in his Pension

An individual has a property interest in a government benefit only if he or she has a legitimate claim of entitlement to it. Knudson v. City of Ellensburg, 832 F.2d 1142, 1144 (9th Cir.1987) (citing Board of Regenets v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972)). A mere abstract need or desire is not enough. Id. The underlying substantive interest can be created by “ ‘existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law,’ ” id. (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701), or from written contracts that serve as “clear evidence of a formal understanding supporting a claim of entitlement,” San Bernardino Physicians’ Servs. Med. Group, Inc. v. County of San Bernardino, 825 F.2d 1404, 1408 (9th Cir.1987). However, federal constitutional law determines whether that interest constitutes “property” protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, Knudson, 832 F.2d at 1144-45.

Not every state entitlement rises to the level of a constitutionally protected property interest. See, e.g., San Bernardino Physicians’ Servs., 825 F.2d at 1408-09 (supplier of medical services to county did not have a constitutionally protected entitlement in its services contract.) However, under Ninth Circuit precedent, “the deprivation of pension or disability benefits amounts to the deprivation of constitutionally protected property.” Portman v. County of Santa Clara, 995 F.2d 898, 905-07 (9th Cir.1993) (emphasis in original); see also Kaplan v. Cal. Pub. Employees’ Retirement Sys., No. C98-1246 CRB, 1998 WL 575095, at *9 (N.D.Cal. Sept. 3, 1998) (“The Ninth Circuit has held that the complete deprivation of pension or disability benefits amounts to the deprivation of constitutionally protected property.”) (Breyer, J.).

Defendant argued that Plaintiff does not have a constitutionally protected property interest in his pension because he does not have a “legitimate claim of entitlement” to it. Instead, Defendant claimed that Plaintiffs only interest is the right for payment under contract. Def. Opp’n, at 7, 9. In support, Defendant cited Lujan v. G & G Fire Sprinklers, Inc., in which a state agency pursuant to state law withheld payment from a subcontractor on public works projects, due to the subcontractor’s violations of the California Labor Code. 532 U.S. 189, 191-93, 121 S.Ct. 1446, 149 L.Ed.2d 391 (2001). The Supreme Court held that G & G had no present entitlement to the money G & G claimed was owed; all G & G had was a claim that it complied with the Labor Code and was therefore owed payment in full, a claim that could “be fully protected by an ordinary breach-of-contract suit.” Id. at 196, 121 S.Ct. 1446. Defendant also cited DeBoer v. Pennington, 287 F.3d 748 (9th Cir.2002) (Pennington II), which involved the termination of a services contract between a city and the operating company of a city-owned cemetery. DeBoer v. Pennington, 206 F.3d 857, 860-62 (9th Cir.2000), vacated by City of Bellingham v. DeBoer, 532 U.S. 992, 121 S.Ct. 1651, 149 L.Ed.2d 635 (2001). In Pennington II, the Ninth Circuit held that a common law breach of contract claim provided adequate process for the plaintiffs alleged deprivation of property, because the deprivation did not constitute a denial of a “present entitlement.” Pennington II, 287 F.3d at 749-50. “Present entitlement” was defined as “a right by virtue of which [one is] presently entitled either to exercise ownership dominion over real or personal property, or to pursue a gainful occupation.” Id. (quoting Lujan, 532 U.S. at 196, 121 S.Ct. 1446).

Neither Lujan or DeBoer is applicable here. Both cases involved plaintiffs who lacked a “present entitlement” to the claimed property. Here, Defendant conceded that “Plaintiffs retirement in 2007 triggered an obligation to pay a public pension.” Def. Opp’n at 1. Furthermore, in its responses to Plaintiffs first request for admission (“Admit that Katzman’s pension vested prior to August 2011”), Defendant responded, “Admit.” Exhibit A to the Declaration of G. Whitney Leigh in Support of Plaintiffs Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Whitley Deck Ex. A”), ECF No. 55-2, at 2. Indeed, Defendant sent Plaintiff a letter dated June 30, 1995 confirming that Plaintiff was vested in the pension plan and that, upon his retirement and successful application for benefits, he would be entitled to receive payments under the plan.' Katz-man Deck, Ex. A, at 1. Once his pension vested, Plaintiff had a present entitlement to it. See Knudson, 832 F.2d at 1147 (equating a regular pension with a disability benefit, and noting that once a disability benefit vested, the recipient “is entitled under [state] law to receive the benefit”).⁴

The Court finds that Plaintiff has a present entitlement to his pension, the deprivation of which amounts to a deprivation of constitutionally protected property.

2. Whether Defendant Provided Plaintiff Constitutionally Deficient Process Before Suspending His Pension

Whether Plaintiff has a constitutionally protected property interest does not end the inquiry. Next, the Court must employ a balancing test to determine what process is due. Due process is a flexible concept and its procedural requirements vary depending upon the particular deprivation. Orloff v. Cleland, 708 F.2d 372, 378 (9th Cir.1983) (citing Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972)). The determination of what procedures satisfy due process depends upon an analysis of the particular case in accordance with the three-part balancing test outlined in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). The factors that must be considered are: (1) the private interest that will be affected; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that interest through the procedure used; and (3) the government’s interest, including the fiscal and administrative burdens that any additional procedural requirements would entail. Id. at 335, 96 S.Ct. 893.

In applying the Mathews factors, it is clear that Plaintiff has not carried his burden of identifying the absence of a genuine issue of any material facts. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Under the first factor of the Mathews v. Eldridge test, the Court weighs the private interest Plaintiff has in the uninterrupted receipt of his pension. Relevant to this inquiry is the degree of “hardship imposed upon the [recipient] of the erroneously terminated” governmental benefit once the benefit ends. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 342, 96 S.Ct. 893. For instance, an individual “at the very margin of subsistence” or who relies on his benefits for “the very means by which to live” has a relatively strong private interest in the uninterrupted receipt of his benefit. Id. at 339, 96 S.Ct. 893 (internal quotation marks omitted). In contrast, one whose benefits “are not based upon financial need” is likely to have a weaker private interest. Id. at 340, 96 S.Ct. 893; see also id. at 343, 96 S.Ct. 893 (degree of private intérest diminished where individual has “other potential sources of ... income”); Parente v. Town of W. Warwick, 685 F.Supp. 873, 876 (D.R.I.1988) (applying Mathews test and finding that the plaintiff has a “substantial” private interest in his pension benefits when they “constitute a large portion of plaintiffs post-retirement income”). Also relevant in assessing the impact of official action on the private interest is “the possible length of wrongful deprivation of ... benefits,” or the time between when the benefits are terminated and when the individual may have a hearing on the benefits’ restoration. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 341-42, 96 S.Ct. 893 (citing Fusari v. Steinberg, 419 U.S. 379, 389, 95 S.Ct. 533, 42 L.Ed.2d 521 (1975)).

Here, Plaintiff argued that he has a “compelling interest” in his pension, but cited no facts or federal law to this effect. See PI. Mot. at 9. Plaintiff also stated that he “depends on his pension benefits from the MTA as one his few sources of post-retirement income,” but cited to no part of the record in support of this. Id. at 5. Indeed, the record demonstrates that while it is technically true that Plaintiff has few other sources of post-retirement income, Defendant’s pension payments constituted approximately 8 percent of Plaintiffs total income in 2013. Katzman Depo. Tr. 14:1-15:1; 15:21-16:17; 57:17-:24. In addition, the record demonstrated that when Defendant suspends a pensioner’s payments because of failure to respond to an audit letter, Defendant restores those payments when it receives a completed and notarized letter. Olson Deck ¶ 4. In sum, Plaintiff has not carried his burden to show the absence of a genuine issue with regards to the degree of his private interest in the uninterrupted payment of his pension.

The second factor of the Mathews v. Eldridge test is the risk that the MTA’s existing audit procedure will erroneously deprive a pensioner of his pension. Here, the Court focuses on “the generality of cases to which [the challenged process] applies.” Walters v. Nat’l Assn of Radiation Survivors, 473 U.S. 305, 330, 105 S.Ct. 3180, 87 L.Ed.2d 220 (1985); Mathews, 424 U.S. at 344, 96 S.Ct. 893 (“procedural due process rules are shaped by the risk of error inherent in the truthfinding process as applied to the generality of cases, not the rare exceptions.”) (emphasis added). Therefore, “process which is sufficient for the large majority of a group of claims is by constitutional definition sufficient for all of them.” Walters, 473 U.S. at 330, 105 S.Ct. 3180. It follows that one way to gauge the risk of error in existing procedures is to look at the percentage of individuals who are subject to erroneous deprivation. See Veterans for Common Sense v. Shinseki, 678 F.3d 1013, 1035-36 (9th Cir.2012) (risk of erroneous deprivation of veteran’s benefits was not high when approximately four percent of the total number of recipients were affected), cert denied, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 840, 184 L.Ed.2d 653 (2013); see also Graves v. Meystrik, 425 F.Supp. 40, 49 (E.D.Mo.1977) (error rate of 18.96 percent meant risk of erroneous deprivation of unemployment benefits was “slight”); Dupuy v. Samuels, 397 F.3d 493, 509 (7th Cir.2005) (affirming district court order finding that 74.6 percent error rate was constitutionally deficient under Mathews test).

In the instant case, Defendant claimed to have conducted approximately 15 biannual audits, Leigh Dec!., Ex. B, at 5, but Defendant provided approximate statistics for only two of its most recent audits, in 2011 and in 2013, Olsen Decl. ¶¶ 15-16. In 2011, Defendant sent approximately 2,300 bi-annual letters, and as a result of the audit suspended 197 pensions. Olsen Decl. ¶ 16. Defendant subsequently reinstated 191 of those suspended pensions, or determined that the recipient was der ceased (although the MTA does not specify how many pensions were reinstated and how many recipients were determined to be deceased.) Id. In 2013, Defendant sent approximately 2,500 bi-annual audit letters, and suspended 186 pensions as a result. Olsen Deck ¶ 15. Defendant subsequently reinstated 166 of those suspended pensions, or determined that the recipient was deceased (although, again, the separate numbers are not provided.) Id.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Defendant, the Court finds that there is a genuine issue as to the risk that Defendant’s existing procedures will erroneously deprive pensioners of their pensions. In his motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff cited Defendant’s biannual audit statistics from 2011 and 2013 to argue that the bi-annual audit had an error rate of over 90 percent. See PI. Reply at 4-5. To arrive at this figure, Plaintiff took the number of pensions that the Defendant reinstated after its audit for each year, and divided by the total number of pensions suspended in that year. Id. Plaintiffs statistical argument is unpersuasive. First, the statistics provided by the Defendant are imprecise. Presumably, if Defendant suspended a pension as a result of its biannual audit, and subsequently reinstated that pension, Defendant suspended that pension in error. However, Defendant combined the number of “suspended pensions ... reinstated” with the number of instances where “the recipient was determined to be deceased.” Olsen Deck ¶¶ 15-16. Therefore, because the numbers were combined, it is difficult to determine the error rate, even for the years that Defendant provided statistics. Second, the universe of statistics Defendant provided is limited. Defendant provided approximate audit statistics for only two of Defendant’s 15 bi-annual audits. This is too small a sample to conclude that Defendant’s biannual audit process has an unreasonably high risk of error. Finally, Plaintiff applied the wrong denominator in its statistical argument. To determine the error rate of Defendant’s bi-annual audit procedure, one should divide the number of erroneously-suspended pensions by the total number of -pensions audited, not use (as Plaintiff does) the number of pensions suspended that year. For instance, in 2011 Defendant audited approximately 2,300 pensions, and in 191 of those cases either reinstated the pension after suspension or determined the pensioner was deceased. Olsen Decl. ¶ 16. Assuming all 191 of those suspensions were erroneous, then Defendant’s rate of error in 2011 was approximately 8 percent. This is significantly lower than Plaintiffs claimed error rate.⁵

The third and final factor in the Mathews test is the fiscal and administrative burdens that any additional procedural requirements would entail. Relevant to this inquiry is the degree of Defendant’s interest in “preventing ... fraud and in avoiding erroneously providing benefits.” Ching v. Mayorkas, 725 F.3d 1149, 1158 (9th Cir.2013). Also relevant is the cost of making changes to Defendant’s process, although “‘[financial cost alone is not a controlling weight in determining whether due process requires a particular procedural safeguard.’ ” Id. at 1159 (quoting Mathews, 424 U.S. at 348, 96 S.Ct. 893). Although Plaintiff does not address it, Defendant has a substantial interest in preventing fraud as to its pension system; indeed, Defendant uncovered five instances of fraud through its audit procedure. Whitley Decl. Ex. B at 6. Plaintiff similarly does not directly address the fiscal and administrative burdens that any changes to Defendant’s audit procedure would entail, though Plaintiff does suggest several possible modifications. Among Plaintiffs proposed changes are: (1) sending a letter alerting beneficiaries in advance of the biannual audit, PI. Mot. at 13; (2) instituting a second mailing, id.; (3) using certified mail, id.; (4) establishing a consistent schedule for when Defendant will issue audit letters, id. at 13-14; (5) taking steps to ascertain why a pensioner did not return a letter, id. at 14; and (6) notifying a pensioner that his or her pension has in fact been terminated, id. Defendant disputed the efficacy and practicality of some of these proposals. Defendant did not identify what fiscal or administrative burdens would be entailed by using certified mail, and instead argued that Plaintiff cited no authority requiring use of certified mail. Def. Opp’n at 13. However, in an email submitted as an exhibit to Plaintiffs declaration, Defendant stated that to use certified mail would be “unduly burdensome.” Katzman Decl., Ex. F, at 2. Defendant also stated that the MTA does not send multiple audit letters because it would likewise be “unduly burdensome.” Katzman Decl., Ex. F, at 2. In addition, Defendant claimed that it has used multiple notices in the past to little effect because a significant proportion of pensioners would wait until the last reminder to provide Defendant with the audit form. Olsen Decl. ¶ 13. Defendant further stated, without providing any details, that sending multiple audit notices imposed a “significant burden ... and expense.” Id. Defendant did not address what fiscal or administrative burdens would be entailed by establishing a consistent schedule for mailing biannual audit notices, determining why a pensioner did not respond, or notifying pensioners when their pensions were suspended. See Def. Opp’n at 13. Instead, Defendant argued that Plaintiff cited no authority for why these measures should be required, and that these measures would not have made a difference in Plaintiffs case. Id. Nevertheless, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Defendant, the Court finds that there is a triable issue as to the burden that any changes would impose on Defendant.

Plaintiff failed to show that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Defendant’s policy of mailing bi-annual audit letters provided constitutionally deficient process. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment.

B. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs Due Process Claim

Defendant has moved for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs Due Process claim. Def. Mot. at 6-13. Defendant’s motion on this claim is virtually identical— in its language and cited authorities — to the opposition Defendant filed to Plaintiffs. motion for summary judgment. See Def. Opp’n. Defendant makes essentially two arguments: first, that Plaintiff did not have a constitutionally protected property interest in his pension; second, that Defendant provided Plaintiff with adequate process. Def. Mot. at 6-13. Plaintiff bears the burden of proof at trial on his § 1983 claims. Therefore, as the moving party who will not have the burden of proof at trial, Defendant need only point out that there is an absence of evidence in Plaintiffs case. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. As discussed more fully below, the Court finds that Plaintiff does have a property interest in his pension. However, construing all evidence in favor of Plaintiff, the non-moving party, the Court also finds that a triable issue exists as to whether Defendant’s bi-annual audit policy provided Plaintiff with constitutionally deficient process. Therefore, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs Due Process claim.

1. Plaintiff’s Property Interest in his Pension Payments

As discussed, in Part III.A.1, supra, the Court finds that Plaintiff has a constitutionally protected interest in his pension. Under Ninth Circuit precedent, “the deprivation of pension or disability benefits amounts to the deprivation of constitutionally protected property.” Portman, 995 F.2d at 905-07 (emphasis in original). Here, there is no dispute that Plaintiffs pension had vested prior to the events at issue; indeed, Defendant conceded that Katzman’s “retirement in 2007 triggered an obligation to pay a public pension.” Def. Mot. at 2; see also Katzman Decl., Ex. A at 1 (letter from Defendant confirming that Plaintiff was vested in Defendant’s pension plan). Once his pension vested, Plaintiff “is entitled ... to receive the benefit” and therefore has a present entitlement to it. Knudson, 832 F.2d at 1147.

2. Whether Defendant provided Plaintiff Constitutionally deficient process before suspending his pension .

The substantive standard that determines what process is due is the same Mathews v. Eldridge test discussed in Part II.A.2, supra. The standard of proof, however, is different. Here, because Defendant does not have the burden of proof at trial, Defendant need only point out that there is an absence of evidence to support Plaintiffs case. However, Defendant fails to carry its burden.

For purposes of Defendant’s motion, the Court assumes, without deciding, that Plaintiff did not have a significant private interest in his pension under the first prong of the Mathews test. Even accepting this as true, Defendant has failed to show an absence of evidence to support Plaintiffs claim with respect to the second and third factors of the Mathews test (respectively, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of the property interest through the procedure used, and the fiscal and administrative burdens that any additional procedural requirements wbuld entail.) Defendant advanced two arguments as to why its existing'bi-annual audit procedures do not have a substantial risk of an erroneous deprivation of a pension. First, Defendant argued that notice by mail satisfies due process requirements. See, e.g., Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 226, 235-38, 126 S.Ct. 1708, 164 L.Ed.2d 415 (2006) (notice is constitutionally sufficient “if it was reasonably calculated to reach the intended recipient when sent,” but holding in this particular case that notice by certified mail was insufficient). While it is true that in some instances notice by mail is constitutionally sufficient, it does not follow that such notice will be constitutionally sufficient in all instances. See Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 481, 92 S.Ct. 2593 (“[D]ue process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.”) Second, Defendant pointed to its bi-annual audit statistics from 2011 and 2013 to argue that its error rate is low. Def. Mot. at 12-13; Def. Reply at 3. The Court discussed in detail the deficiencies of Defendant’s statistics in Part II.A.2, supra. In sum, the somewhat unclear statistics from only two of 15 bi-annual audits do not show an absence of evidence to support Plaintiffs case. As for the fiscal and administrative burdens that additional procedural requirements would entail, Defendant did not address this point in its moving papers or its reply. See Def. Mot. at 6-13; Def. Reply at 3-4. The record reflects that Defendant told Plaintiff that it would be unduly burdensome for Defendant to send its bi-annual audit letters via certified mail, Katzman Decl. Ex. F at 2, or to send multiple audit notices to pensioners, id. although Defendant does not detail why this would be the case. At the very least, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to what burden would be imposed on Defendant by adopting additional procedural safeguards.

Defendant failed to show that there is an absence of evidence supporting Plaintiffs case. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary-judgment with respect to Plaintiffs Due Process claim.

C. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs Equal Protection Claim

In his complaint, Plaintiff alleges that when he transferred employment from Defendant to County of Los Angeles, Defendant excluded Plaintiff from a pension increase granted to all other of Defendant’s similarly situated employees. Compl. ¶ 19. Plaintiff therefore brought a claim under § 1983 alleging that Defendant violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution.. Compl. ¶¶ 28-30. Defendant moved for summary judgment as to this claim, arguing that there is no legal basis for Plaintiff to assert an Equal Protection violation. Def. Mot. at 13. Plaintiffs opposition fails to respond.

When a public employee asserts that he or she was arbitrarily treated differently from other similarly situated employees, with no assertion that the different treatment was based on the employee’s membership in any particular class (a so-called “class-of-one” theory of equal protection), that claim cannot be brought under the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Engquist v. Or. Dep’t of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 594, 128 S.Ct. 2146, 170 L.Ed.2d 975 (2008). Engquist involved a public employee who brought an Equal Protection claim for being fired for “arbitrary, vindictive, and malicious reasons.” Id. at 595, 128 S.Ct. 2146 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court, balancing the constitutional rights of public employees with the discretion of the government to act as an employer, held that this claim had no legal basis. The Court reasoned that to hold otherwise would open the government up to a constitutional claim every time the government treated one of its employees differently for any reason. Id. at 607-08, 128 S.Ct. 2146. In that sense, “the class-of-one theory of equal protection — which presupposes that like individuals should be treated alike, and that to treat them differently is to classify them in a way that must survive at least rationality review — is simply a poor fit in the public employment context.” Id. at 605, 128 S.Ct. 2146; Okwu v. McKim, 682 F.3d 841, 846 (9th Cir.2012) (“class of one” theory is not available in the public employment context).

Plaintiff made no attempt to identify any evidence in the record that would suggest a genuine issue of material fact as to Plaintiffs Equal Protection claim. Indeed, Plaintiffs opposition fails to respond to Defendant’s motion as to this claim. See PL Opp’n. Moreover, the Court has not found any evidence in the record to support Plaintiffs Equal Protection claim. Because there is an absence of any evidence to support Plaintiffs claim, and because a “class of one” claim is barred in the public employment context, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs Equal Protection claim.

D. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs Conspiracy to Violate the Equal Protection Clause

Plaintiff claimed that when he left the employment of Defendant to take a job with the County of Los Angeles, Defendant colluded with the County of Los An-geles to deny Plaintiff a pension increase that was granted to other similarly-situated employees. Compl. ¶ 19. Accordingly, Plaintiff asserts a conspiracy claim under § 1983 to violate Plaintiffs Equal Protection rights. Id. ¶¶ 32-34. Defendant moved for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs conspiracy claim, arguing that because Plaintiffs underlying Equal Protection claim- lacked merit, the conspiracy claim was necessarily deficient. Def. Mot. at 14. Plaintiffs opposition fails to address Defendant’s motion as to the conspiracy claim.

Conspiracy is not itself a constitutional tort under § 1983. Lacey v. Maricopa County, 693 F.3d 896, 935 (9th Cir.2012) (citing Cassettari v. Nev. County, 824 F.2d 735, 739 (9th Cir.1987)). “Conspiracy may, however, enlarge the pool of responsible defendants by demonstrating their causal connections to the [§ 1983] violation; the fact of the conspiracy may make a party liable for the unconstitutional actions of the party with whom he has conspired.” Id. However, because conspiracy is not itself a tort under § 1983, a claimed conspiracy to violate § 1983 must always have an underlying constitutional violation. Id. Therefore, if a plaintiffs underlying § 1983 violation is deficient, any alleged conspiracy based on that defective § 1983 claim is precluded. Cassettari v. County of Nevada, 824 F.2d 735, 739 (9th Cir.1987); Dooley v. Reiss, 736 F.2d 1392, 1395 (9th Cir.1984) (“The absence of an actual deprivation implies that plaintiffs also failed to state a section 1983 claim based on the alleged conspiracy....”); Lim v. City & County of San Francisco, 467 Fed.Appx. 588, 589 (9th Cir.2012) (affirming district court dismissal of conspiracy claim because plaintiffs underlying allegation of a § 1983 claim was insufficient).

Here, Plaintiffs “class-of-one” Equal Protection claim is insufficient to state a claim for deprivation of Plaintiffs Equal Protection rights under § 1983. See Part III.C, supra. Therefore, Plaintiffs conspiracy claim is legally precluded. Moreover, just as there is an absence of evidence to support Plaintiffs Equal Protection claim, there is an absence of evidence to support Plaintiffs conspiracy claim. In addition, Plaintiff does not point to any genuine issues of material fact that would support his conspiracy claim. Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs conspiracy claim.

E. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs Impairment Clause Claim

Plaintiff claimed that Defendant enacted its bi-annual audit procedure after Plaintiffs pension had vested, and that Defendant modified Plaintiffs pension contract. See Compl. ¶¶ 35^0. Therefore, Plaintiff argued Defendant violated U.S. and California Constitutional provisions barring the impairment of contracts. Id. Defendant moved for summary judgment as to this claim, arguing that there was no change in law because Defendant’s bi-annual audit procedures were already in place at the time Plaintiffs pension vested. Def. Mot. at 14-16. Defendant also argued that the Impairments Clause of both the U.S. and California Constitutions bar legislative actions that impair contracts, and that the actions of Defendant are not legislative. Id. Finally, even if Defendant’s actions were legislative, and Defendant did enact its bi-annual audit policy after Plaintiffs pension rights vested, Defendant argued its bi-annual audit policy does not substantially impair Plaintiffs contractual rights. Id. Plaintiff opposed Defendant’s motion as to the Impairments Clause claim. Plaintiff argued that Defendant has delegated legislative authority to enact procedures governing its pensions, and therefore its act constituted legislative action. PI. Opp’n at 21. Plaintiff also argued that Defendant failed to establish that its bi-annual audit policy was in place at the time Plaintiffs pension vested,⁶ id. at 22, and that the bi-annual audit policy substantially impaired his rights. Id. For the purposes of deciding this motion, the Court assumes without deciding that the Defendant’s actions constituted legislative action and that Defendant enacted its biannual audit policy after Plaintiffs pension rights vested. Even if these preconditions are true, as discussed more fully below, the undisputed facts show that the biannual audit policy did not substantially impair any contractual relationship between Plaintiff and Defendant. Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for. summary judgment as to Plaintiffs Contracts Clause claim.

The Contracts Clause of the U.S. Constitution states in relevant part: “No State shall ... pass any ... Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts.”⁷ United States Const, art. I, § 10, cl. 1. Although the text of the Contracts Clause is “facially absolute,” the U.S. Supreme Court has long held that “its prohibition must be accommodated to the inherent police power of the State ‘to safeguard the vital interests of its people.’ ” Energy Reserves Group, Inc. v. Kan. Power & Light Co., 459 U.S. 400, 410, 103 S.Ct. 697, 74 L.Ed.2d 569 (1983) (quoting Home Bldg. & Loan Ass’n v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398, 434, 54 S.Ct. 231, 78 L.Ed. 413 (1934)). To determine whether legislation violates the Contracts Clause, the court must consider several factors. First, whether the state law has, in fact, operated as a substantial impairment of a contractual relationship; second whether the state has a significant and legitimate public purpose behind the regulation; and third, if such a legitimate purpose is established, whether the adjustment of the rights and responsibilities of the contracting parties is based upon reasonable conditions and are of a character appropriate to the public purposes justifying the legislation’s adoption. Id. at 411-12, 103 S.Ct. 697. “The same analysis applies under the [California] constitution’s contracts clause.” Mussetter Distrib., Inc. v. DBI Beverage Inc., 685 F.Supp.2d 1028, 1031-32 (N.D.Cal.2010) (citing Barrett v. Dawson, 61 Cal.App.4th 1048, 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 899, 903-04 (1998); Calfarm Ins. v. Deukmejian, 48 Cal.3d 805, 258 Cal.Rptr. 161, 771 P.2d 1247, 1259-62 (1989)).

The threshold inquiry is whether the state law has caused a substantial impairment of a contractual relationship. Energy Reserves Group, 459 U.S. at 411, 103 S.Ct. 697. Total destruction of contractual rights is not necessary for a finding of substantial impairment. United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey, 431 U.S. 1, 17, 97 S.Ct. 1505, 52 L.Ed.2d 92 (1977). Yet, the impairment must be “substantial” or the constitutional inquiry ends. Allied Structural Steel v. Spannaus, 438 U.S. 234, 245, 98 S.Ct. 2716, 57 L.Ed.2d 727 (1978). To rise to the level of substantial impairment, the impairment must “de-privet] a private party of an important right, thwart[ ] performance of an essential term, defeat[ ] the expectations of the parties, or alter[ ] a financial term.” S. Cal. Gas Co. v. City of Santa Ana, 336 F.3d 885, 890 (9th Cir.2003). “ ‘Minimal alteration of contractual obligations may end the inquiry at its first stage.’ ” Nw. Nat'l Life Ins. Co. v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning Agency, 632 F.2d 104, 106 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Allied Structural Steel, 438 U.S. at 245, 98 S.Ct. 2716).

Here, the undisputed facts show that any impairment which resulted from Defendant’s audit policy was minimal. The bi-annual audit policy required pension recipients, once every two years, to notarize the audit form, a service which even Plaintiff acknowledged costs only ten dollars. See Katzman Dep. Tr. 36:18 — :23; see also Cal. Gov’t Code § 8211 (setting a maximum fee of ten dollars for a notary public “taking an acknowledgment or proof of a deed, or other instrument, to include the seal and the writing of the certificate”). Defendant also offered to verify the signatures of pensioners for free if the pensioner visits Defendant’s offices in Los Angeles. Katzman Decl Ex. D. In addition, Defendant would accept a bank’s certification of a pensioner’s signature in lieu of notarization, a service that Defendant contended most banks provide for free. Katz-man Ex. E at 2; Katzman Ex. I. Requiring pensioners to pay, at most, $10 every two years does not deprive a pensioner of an important right, defeat a pensioner’s reasonable expectation of receiving a pension, or otherwise substantially impair the contractual relationship' between Defendant and its pensioners. See S. California Gas Co., 336 F.3d at 890; see also Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. City of Union City, 220 F.Supp.2d 1070, 1075, 1087-88 (N.D.Cal.2002) (ordinance that imposed new fees on contracted suppliers of utilities that resulted in. an additional payment of at least $120,000 constituted a substantial impairment under the Contracts Clause).

Plaintiff appears not to dispute that the direct costs imposed by Defendant’s audit procedure are small. Rather, Plaintiff argued that pensioners also have to bear “the costs of traveling to a notary” and the “loss of time expended obtaining notarization.” PI. Opp’n at 23. But this ignores the fact that a pensioner can have his or her signature verified at no cost by a bank or the Defendant, and therefore need not travel to a notary. Moreover, Plaintiff does not offer any evidence as to what the costs of traveling to a notary are, and therefore fails -to show that there is a material issue as to the costs imposed by Defendant’s audit policy. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505 (once party moving for summary judgment meets its initial burden, nonmoving party must set forth “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”)

Plaintiff, citing California law, also argued that if Defendant modified its pension system in a way that creates disadvantages to pensioners, those must be offset by affording pensioners comparable advantages. PI. Opp’n at 23. Under California law, an employee’s vested pension rights may be modified prior to the employee’s retirement for the purpose of, among .other things, “maintainfing] the integrity of the system.” Betts v. Bd. of Admin., 21 Cal.3d 859, 148 Cal.Rptr. 158, 582 P.2d 614, 617 (1978). Such modifications must be reasonable. Id. “To be sustained as reasonable, alterations of employees’ pension rights must bear some material relation to the theory of a pension system and its successful operation,” and any changes which “result in disadvantage to employees should be accompanied by comparable new advantages.” Id. California courts have held that the “preservation or protection” of a pension system are reasonable justifications for modifications to that system. Int’l Assn. of Firefighters v. City of San Diego, 34 Cal.3d 292, 193 Cal.Rptr. 871, 667 P.2d 675, 680 (1983); Claypool v. Wilson, 4 Cal.App.4th 646, 6 Cal.Rptr.2d 77, 88-89 (1992). Here, again assuming that Defendant modified its audit procedure after Plaintiffs pension right vested, the reason Defendant offered for its audit policy — to prevent fraud and therefore protect the integrity of its pension system — is reasonable. See Claypool, 4 Cal.Rptr. at 88-89. Imposing such a policy offers pensioners the advantage of drawing from a pension fund that is less susceptible to fraud. Moreover, any disadvantages to pensioners are slight: they are merely,required to have their signatures verified once every two years, a service that costs anywhere from nothing to ten dollars. Therefore, to the extent that plaintiff challenged Defendant’s policy for being unreasonable, or not offering pensioners any advantages comparable to attendant disadvantages, Plaintiffs argument fails.

Defendant’s bi-annual audit procedure does not substantially impair Defendant’s contractual relationship with its pensioners. Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs claim under the Contracts Clause of the U.S. and California Constitutions.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court: •

• DENIES Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment;

• DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgment-as to Plaintiffs Due Process claim;

• GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs Equal Protection claim;

• GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs claim for conspiracy to violate Plaintiffs Equal Protection rights;

• GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs Contracts Clause claim.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1 . Defendant is the successor agency to the Southern California Rapid Transit District. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 130050.2.

2 . Exhibit H consists of two booklets, “Southern California Rapid Transit District Non-Contract Employees Retirement Income Plan — The Old Plan” and "Southern California Rapid Transit District Non-Contract Employees Retirement Income Plan — The New Plan,” and a third document titled "Los Ange-les County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Non-Contract Employees' Retirement Income Plan Thirteenth Amendment.” It is unclear which document Mr. Katzman received from the MTA, but none of the three documents disclose a pension audit policy.

3 . Defendant did not, in fact, send audit letters in mid-April on a regular basis. In 2009, for instance, Defendant mailed the audit letter in June. Olsen Decl. ¶ 7. In 2011, Defendant mailed the audit letter in August. Id. In 2013, Defendant mailed the letter in February. Id.

4 . Similarly, two of the other cases Defendant cited are inapplicable because they did not involve claims to present entitlements. Set Vuksanovich-Dunn v. Miami Unified Sch. Dist. No. 40, 550 Fed.Appx. 528, 529 (9th Cir.2013) (no present entitlement where there is not a "clear and mutual understanding that the entitlement exists” because the parties dispute the meaning of a word in the contract that created the alleged entitlement); Andree v. Hoy, No. 11-cv-02020, 2012 WL 5989466, at *8 (D.Colo.2012) (plaintiff failed to show that the agreement at issue "involved any ‘present entitlements’ ”). Defendant also cited numerous other cases, practically all of which are outside the Ninth Circuit, and all of which address what process was due to plaintiffs, not whether the plaintiff had a constitutionally protected property interest. See Ramsey v. Bd. of Educ., 844 F.2d 1268, 1272-74 (6th Cir.1988) (noting that plaintiff "could have a constitutionally protected property interest” in accumulated sick days but finding process was constitutional); Hill v. City of Scottsdale, No. CV11-1324-PHX-JAT, 2012 WL 2952377, at *4-7 (D.Ariz. July 19, 2012) (assuming that plaintiffs "have a constitutionally protected property interest” in accumulated medical leave, but finding process to be adequate); Russo v. Sch. Bd. of City of Hampton, 835 F.Supp.2d 125, 135-36 (E.D.Va.2011) (not reaching the issue of whether plaintiff had a property interest in salary and benefits, but even if he did, provided process was adequate); Ramirez-De Leon v. Mujica-Cotto, 345 F.Supp.2d 174, 191 (D.Puerto Rico 2004) ("[e]ven assuming [plaintiff] has a property interest in his accrued vacation and sick leave” it was not a significant enough interest to warrant greater procedural protections than those already in place). The Court will address the adequacy of Defendant's process in Part III.A.2, infra.

5 . Plaintiff raised additional arguments as to why Defendant’s audit procedure has a high risk of error. For instance, Plaintiff argued that a single audit letter can be erroneously sent or delivered, that the audit letter’s 30-day response time is too short, and that the Defendant does not do anything to determine why a pensioner failed to return an audit letter. Pi. Mot. at 10-11. In weighing the Mathews factors, the Court "may not speculate about 'hypothetical' or 'imaginary' cases.” Faulkner v. Gusman, CIV.A 13-6813, 2014 WL 1876213, at *5 (E.D.La. May 9, 2014) (quoting Wash. State Grange v. Wash. State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442, 450, 128 S.Ct. 1184, 170 L.Ed.2d 151 (2008)). Plaintiff has offered hypothetical reasons why Defendant’s audit procedures might entail risk, but the hypothetical reasons do not satisfy Plaintiff's burden to show that no triable issue exists.

6 . As stated above, Defendant claimed that its bi-annual audit policy has been in place since 1983. See Def. Mot. at 15. In a letter Defendant sent to Plaintiff on March 2, 2012, Defendant stated that the Joint Pension Plan Committee "approved the procedure of conducting a bi-annual audit of retirees at its meeting on April 21, 1983." Def. Mot. Ex. 3 at 1. Defendant’s March 2, 2012 letter attached minutes from that pension plan committee meeting. The minutes state that the "Committee approved the Audit of the Retirees as presented in a letter dated April 13, 1983.” Def. Ex. 4 at 4. Defendant has not provided Plaintiff or the Court a copy of the April 13, 1983 letter. Moreover, Defendant stated it has not seen a copy of the letter, and does not "have much hope of finding it.” Id. at 1. Therefore, Plaintiff argued it is not clear whether the audit policy approved on April 21, 1983 is in fact Defendant’s bi-annual audit policy as it exists today. See PL Opp'n at 22.

7 . The California Constitution provides in relevant part: “A bill ... or law impairing the obligation of contracts may not be passed.” Calif. Const, art. 1, § 9.