NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 5 2019 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
KATHY WU, individually and on behalf of No. 18-55705 all others similarly situated, D.C. No. 2:17-cv-04825-DSF-SS Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. MEMORANDUM
SUNRIDER CORPORATION dba SUNRIDER INTERNATIONAL, a Utah Corporation; TEI-FU CHEN, an individual; and OI-LIN CHEN, an individual,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Dale S. Fischer, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 6, 2019 Pasadena, California
Before: FARRIS, MCKEOWN, and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. The Honorable Barrington D. Parker, United States Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit, sitting by designation. Plaintiff-Appellant, Kathy Wu, appeals from the District Court’s grant of
summary judgment for Defendants-Appellees (“Sunrider”) on the ground that
Wu’s Endless Chain Scheme Law (“ECL”), Cal. Penal Code § 327 & Cal. Civ.
Code § 1689.2, Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus & Prof. Code § 17200
et seq., and unjust enrichment claims were time-barred. We affirm the District
Court.1
The District Court did not err in its determination of when Wu’s claims
accrued. Under California law, a statute of limitations “runs from the moment a
claim accrues.” Aryeh v. Canon Bus. Sols., Inc., 292 P.3d 871, 875 (Cal. 2013).
As noted by the California Supreme Court, the default accrual rule is the “last
element accrual rule,” which provides that unless an equitable exception applies, a
claim accrues upon “occurrence of the last element essential to the cause of
action.” Id. at 875 (internal quotation marks omitted). This default accrual rule
governs Wu’s claims. Id. at 876, 878.
Applying the last element accrual rule here, the District Court correctly held
that Wu’s ECL and UCL claims accrued at the earliest “in 2007 or, at the latest, in
2009.” Wu v. Sunrider Corp., 2018 WL 6266577, at *4 (C.D. Cal. May 22, 2018).
To bring an ECL claim, Wu must demonstrate that she was “[a] participant in an
1 The facts are known to the parties and will not be repeated except as necessary. -2- endless chain scheme, as defined in Section 327 of the Penal Code.” Cal. Civ.
Code § 1689.2. As Wu premises her UCL claim on the ECL, when Wu’s UCL
claim accrued will depend upon when her ECL claim accrued. See Beaver v.
Tarsadia Hotels, 816 F.3d 1170, 1177 (9th Cir. 2016).
The District Court found it “undisputed” that Wu was a participant in an
endless chain scheme when she became “a Sunrider IBO in November 2007 by
completing the Distributor Agreement and purchasing a Sunrider starter pack.”
Wu, 2018 WL 6266577, at *4. The District Court also found it “undisputed” that
“[Wu] placed an order for products on April 1, 2009,” which she may have done
“to keep her IBO account active.” Id. Thus, the District Court concluded, Wu’s
ECL and UCL claims accrued at the earliest in 2007, but “no later than 2009.” Id.
In reaching its holding, the District Court explained “[t]hat [Wu] may have been
injured once more in 2014, when she purchased additional Sunrider products based
on nothing other than a desire to ‘give it a try again,’ does not restart the
limitations period.” Id. (citing Spellis v. Lawn, 200 Cal. App. 3d 1075, 1080
(1988)). We see no error in the District Court’s conclusion.
Further, the District Court did not err in holding that Wu’s unjust enrichment
claim accrued, at the latest, in 2014, when she placed an additional order for
Sunrider products on May 13, 2014.
-3- The District Court also correctly determined the applicable statutes of
limitations for Wu’s claims. The ECL does not contain its own limitations period.
However, § 338 provides a three-year statute of limitations for any “action upon a
liability created by statute, other than a penalty or forfeiture.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code
§ 338(a). The District Court found that Wu’s “ECL claim derives from California
Penal Code § 327 and California Civil Code § 1689.2, and therefore is subject to
section 338(a)’s three-year limitation.” Wu, 2018 WL 6266577, at *3. We agree.
See Cty. of San Diego v. Sanfax Corp., 568 P.2d 363, 370 (Cal. 1977); Winick
Corp. v. Gen. Ins. Co., 231 Cal. Rptr. 606, 608 (Ct. App. 1986). A two-year
statute of limitations applies to Wu’s unjust enrichment claim. Cal. Civ. Proc.
Code § 339(1) (two-year statute of limitations for actions based on “a contract,
obligation or liability not founded upon an instrument of writing”). Lastly, a four-
year statute of limitations applies to Wu’s UCL claim. See Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code
§ 17208 (“Any action to enforce any cause of action pursuant to this chapter shall
be commenced within four years after the cause of action accrued.”).
Given the applicable statutes of limitations, Wu’s claims are time-barred.
Wu’s ECL and UCL claims accrued, at the latest, in 2009 and her unjust
enrichment claim in 2014. However, Wu did not file her complaint until May 31,
2017, well beyond the applicable statutes of limitations.
-4- The District Court did not err when it found that Wu could not avail herself
of the discovery rule or the continuing violations doctrine. A plaintiff relying on
the discovery rule, must show “(1) the time and manner of discovery and (2) the
inability to have made earlier discovery despite reasonable diligence.” Fox v.
Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., 35 Cal. 4th 797, 808 (Cal. 2005) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Wu states she could not have discovered her cause of action until
January 2017 when she performed online research after speaking with a friend and
later an attorney.
However, these allegations are insufficient to establish that Wu exercised
reasonable diligence. The California Supreme Court has emphasized that a
“plaintiff discovers the cause of action when [s]he at least suspects a factual basis,
as opposed to a legal theory, for its elements, even if [s]he lacks knowledge thereof
–when, simply put, [s]he at least ‘suspects . . . that someone has done something
wrong’ to [her].” Norgart v. Upjohn Co., 21 Cal. 4th 383, 397-98 (Cal. 1999)
(quoting Jolly v. Eli Lilley & Co., 751 P.2d 923, 927 (Cal. 1988) (en banc)). “Once
the plaintiff has a suspicion of wrongdoing . . . she must decide whether to file suit
or sit on her rights.” Jolly, 751 P.2d at 928.
The District Court held that Wu’s “available information sufficiently
established a basis for reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing” well before 2017. Wu,
-5- 2018 WL 6266577, at *6. Wu admitted that in 2007 individuals from Sunrider had
told her that she could make money by recruiting friends and family to become an
IBO. Id. (citing Wu Dep. Tr. at 26:13-27:8; 27:13-18). Wu also had access to
“Sunrider’s Business Guide, videos, and income graphics.” Id. (citing Dep. Tr. at
20:1-21:13, 22:22-23:19).
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 5 2019 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
KATHY WU, individually and on behalf of No. 18-55705 all others similarly situated, D.C. No. 2:17-cv-04825-DSF-SS Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. MEMORANDUM
SUNRIDER CORPORATION dba SUNRIDER INTERNATIONAL, a Utah Corporation; TEI-FU CHEN, an individual; and OI-LIN CHEN, an individual,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Dale S. Fischer, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 6, 2019 Pasadena, California
Before: FARRIS, MCKEOWN, and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. The Honorable Barrington D. Parker, United States Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit, sitting by designation. Plaintiff-Appellant, Kathy Wu, appeals from the District Court’s grant of
summary judgment for Defendants-Appellees (“Sunrider”) on the ground that
Wu’s Endless Chain Scheme Law (“ECL”), Cal. Penal Code § 327 & Cal. Civ.
Code § 1689.2, Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus & Prof. Code § 17200
et seq., and unjust enrichment claims were time-barred. We affirm the District
Court.1
The District Court did not err in its determination of when Wu’s claims
accrued. Under California law, a statute of limitations “runs from the moment a
claim accrues.” Aryeh v. Canon Bus. Sols., Inc., 292 P.3d 871, 875 (Cal. 2013).
As noted by the California Supreme Court, the default accrual rule is the “last
element accrual rule,” which provides that unless an equitable exception applies, a
claim accrues upon “occurrence of the last element essential to the cause of
action.” Id. at 875 (internal quotation marks omitted). This default accrual rule
governs Wu’s claims. Id. at 876, 878.
Applying the last element accrual rule here, the District Court correctly held
that Wu’s ECL and UCL claims accrued at the earliest “in 2007 or, at the latest, in
2009.” Wu v. Sunrider Corp., 2018 WL 6266577, at *4 (C.D. Cal. May 22, 2018).
To bring an ECL claim, Wu must demonstrate that she was “[a] participant in an
1 The facts are known to the parties and will not be repeated except as necessary. -2- endless chain scheme, as defined in Section 327 of the Penal Code.” Cal. Civ.
Code § 1689.2. As Wu premises her UCL claim on the ECL, when Wu’s UCL
claim accrued will depend upon when her ECL claim accrued. See Beaver v.
Tarsadia Hotels, 816 F.3d 1170, 1177 (9th Cir. 2016).
The District Court found it “undisputed” that Wu was a participant in an
endless chain scheme when she became “a Sunrider IBO in November 2007 by
completing the Distributor Agreement and purchasing a Sunrider starter pack.”
Wu, 2018 WL 6266577, at *4. The District Court also found it “undisputed” that
“[Wu] placed an order for products on April 1, 2009,” which she may have done
“to keep her IBO account active.” Id. Thus, the District Court concluded, Wu’s
ECL and UCL claims accrued at the earliest in 2007, but “no later than 2009.” Id.
In reaching its holding, the District Court explained “[t]hat [Wu] may have been
injured once more in 2014, when she purchased additional Sunrider products based
on nothing other than a desire to ‘give it a try again,’ does not restart the
limitations period.” Id. (citing Spellis v. Lawn, 200 Cal. App. 3d 1075, 1080
(1988)). We see no error in the District Court’s conclusion.
Further, the District Court did not err in holding that Wu’s unjust enrichment
claim accrued, at the latest, in 2014, when she placed an additional order for
Sunrider products on May 13, 2014.
-3- The District Court also correctly determined the applicable statutes of
limitations for Wu’s claims. The ECL does not contain its own limitations period.
However, § 338 provides a three-year statute of limitations for any “action upon a
liability created by statute, other than a penalty or forfeiture.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code
§ 338(a). The District Court found that Wu’s “ECL claim derives from California
Penal Code § 327 and California Civil Code § 1689.2, and therefore is subject to
section 338(a)’s three-year limitation.” Wu, 2018 WL 6266577, at *3. We agree.
See Cty. of San Diego v. Sanfax Corp., 568 P.2d 363, 370 (Cal. 1977); Winick
Corp. v. Gen. Ins. Co., 231 Cal. Rptr. 606, 608 (Ct. App. 1986). A two-year
statute of limitations applies to Wu’s unjust enrichment claim. Cal. Civ. Proc.
Code § 339(1) (two-year statute of limitations for actions based on “a contract,
obligation or liability not founded upon an instrument of writing”). Lastly, a four-
year statute of limitations applies to Wu’s UCL claim. See Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code
§ 17208 (“Any action to enforce any cause of action pursuant to this chapter shall
be commenced within four years after the cause of action accrued.”).
Given the applicable statutes of limitations, Wu’s claims are time-barred.
Wu’s ECL and UCL claims accrued, at the latest, in 2009 and her unjust
enrichment claim in 2014. However, Wu did not file her complaint until May 31,
2017, well beyond the applicable statutes of limitations.
-4- The District Court did not err when it found that Wu could not avail herself
of the discovery rule or the continuing violations doctrine. A plaintiff relying on
the discovery rule, must show “(1) the time and manner of discovery and (2) the
inability to have made earlier discovery despite reasonable diligence.” Fox v.
Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., 35 Cal. 4th 797, 808 (Cal. 2005) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Wu states she could not have discovered her cause of action until
January 2017 when she performed online research after speaking with a friend and
later an attorney.
However, these allegations are insufficient to establish that Wu exercised
reasonable diligence. The California Supreme Court has emphasized that a
“plaintiff discovers the cause of action when [s]he at least suspects a factual basis,
as opposed to a legal theory, for its elements, even if [s]he lacks knowledge thereof
–when, simply put, [s]he at least ‘suspects . . . that someone has done something
wrong’ to [her].” Norgart v. Upjohn Co., 21 Cal. 4th 383, 397-98 (Cal. 1999)
(quoting Jolly v. Eli Lilley & Co., 751 P.2d 923, 927 (Cal. 1988) (en banc)). “Once
the plaintiff has a suspicion of wrongdoing . . . she must decide whether to file suit
or sit on her rights.” Jolly, 751 P.2d at 928.
The District Court held that Wu’s “available information sufficiently
established a basis for reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing” well before 2017. Wu,
-5- 2018 WL 6266577, at *6. Wu admitted that in 2007 individuals from Sunrider had
told her that she could make money by recruiting friends and family to become an
IBO. Id. (citing Wu Dep. Tr. at 26:13-27:8; 27:13-18). Wu also had access to
“Sunrider’s Business Guide, videos, and income graphics.” Id. (citing Dep. Tr. at
20:1-21:13, 22:22-23:19). Yet, as the District Court noted, Wu “was not
successful in making money—in fact, over the course of her ten years of
involvement, . . . [Wu] did not recruit a single person or sell a single product.” Id.
Moreover, when Wu attempted to sell products to her friends, they told her the
products “were ‘mediocre’ and ‘overpriced.’” Id. (citing Wu. Dep. Tr. at 127:9-
19). A reasonably prudent person with awareness of these facts would have at
least some suspicion of possible wrongdoing by Sunrider. Norgart, 21 Cal. 4th at
397-98. Consequently, the District Court correctly concluded that “this is not an
appropriate case for application of the discovery rule.” Wu, 2018 WL 6266577, at
*6.
The continuing violations doctrine also does not apply. The continuing
violations doctrine tolls the limitations period when the injuries “are the product of
a series of small harms, any one of which may not be actionable on its own.”
Aryeh, 292 P.3d at 879. The District Court found that “[t]his is not a case in which
a wrongful course of conduct became apparent only through the accumulation of a
-6- series of harms.” Wu, 2018 WL 6266577, at *7. We agree. Wu has not shown
here that Sunrider’s conduct was the source of a series of small harms; or, that her
injuries in 2009 would only be actionable in conjunction with Sunrider’s conduct
occurring in later years.
We have considered the remainder of Wu’s arguments and find them to be
without merit. Thus, the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.
-7-