COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Alston, Chafin and Malveaux Argued at Salem, Virginia UNPUBLISHED
KATHERINE NICOLE DELLIS MEMORANDUM OPINION BY v. Record No. 0341-17-3 JUDGE TERESA M. CHAFIN APRIL 24, 2018 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FRANKLIN COUNTY James J. Reynolds, Judge
Arthur J. Donaldson (George P. Hunt, III; Davis, Davis, Davis & Davis, on brief), for appellant.
Victoria Johnson, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In the Circuit Court of Franklin County (trial court), Katherine Nicole Dellis (appellant)
entered a conditional guilty plea for concealing a dead body in violation of Code § 18.2-323.02.
On appeal, she contends the trial court erred in denying her motion to dismiss the charge at issue
because a fetus that died in the womb does not fall within the definition of “dead body” as
contemplated by the statute. We disagree and affirm her conviction.
I. BACKGROUND
Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite below only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of
this appeal. “In accordance with established principles of appellate review, we state the facts in
the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court[, and]
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. accord the Commonwealth the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.”
Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 303, 601 S.E.2d 555, 558 (2004).
Appellant purportedly suffered a placental abruption that resulted in the death of her
unborn child. Appellant birthed the deceased fetus in her home, losing consciousness during the
labor process. She awoke to find the deceased fetus next to her on the bathroom floor.
Appellant cut the umbilical cord, wrapped the fetus in a bathmat, placed the bathmat inside a
trash bag, and placed that trash bag inside a larger trash bag. Appellant’s father, unaware of the
bag’s contents, subsequently disposed of the trash bag in a public dumpster in Franklin County.
Appellant was later admitted to the emergency room, and after examining and speaking
with appellant about whether she had given birth, the treating physician contacted the police.
Law enforcement subsequently obtained and executed a search warrant. Upon recovering the
fetus from the dumpster, an autopsy was performed by Assistant Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Eli
Goodman.
Dr. Goodman determined the gestational age of the fetus to be between thirty to
thirty-two weeks, which he testified was considered a viable human fetus. He testified that a
physical examination of specific characteristics allowed him to determine when and how the
fetus died. Specifically, Dr. Goodman testified that his examination of the lungs and an
associated blood vessel showed that they had not been exposed to air, meaning that the fetus died
in the womb. He further testified that, in the case of an in utero death, the condition of the
fetus’s skin provides temporal context as to when the death occurred. Here, he determined that
the fetus died “less than several days” before appellant gave birth.
Appellant was charged with concealing a dead body in violation of Code § 18.2-323.02.
She moved to dismiss the charge because the statute refers to a specific definition of “dead body”
found in Code § 32.1-249, and she argued that the codified definition does not encompass a fetus
- 2 - that died in the womb. The Commonwealth argued that a fetus was consistent with the definition
of a dead body as referenced in the statute and that the medical examiner’s testimony supported
that contention because the examiner was able to determine from the condition of the fetus that it
had died within “several” days of appellant giving birth. The trial court denied the motion to
dismiss, stating that the fetus was a human body that fit within the statutory definition of “dead
body.”
Appellant entered a conditional guilty plea, preserving for appeal the ruling on her
motion to dismiss.
II. ANALYSIS
Appellant argues that when reading the entirety of Code § 32.1-249, the language
distinguishes a dead body from a fetus by defining “dead body,” “fetal death,” and “live birth” as
separate terms, and by identifying them separately when defining a “final disposition.”
Appellant further contends that because a fetus “was never alive, . . . it cannot be dead.” The
Commonwealth argues that despite being separate terms, the words dead body and fetus are used
together as “phrases of inclusion;” and the processes for reporting, handling, and disposing of a
dead body and a fetus are nearly identical, meaning that the legislature intended that a fetus be
treated the same as a dead body.
Appellant’s assignment of error presents an issue of pure statutory interpretation.
“Statutory interpretation is a question of law which we review de novo, and we determine the
legislative intent from the words used in the statute, applying the plain meaning of the words
unless they are ambiguous or would lead to an absurd result.” Wright v. Commonwealth, 278
Va. 754, 759, 685 S.E.2d 655, 657 (2009).
In our review, “we construe a statute ‘with reference to its subject matter, the object
sought to be attained, and the legislative purpose in enacting it; the provisions should receive a
- 3 - construction that will render it harmonious with that purpose rather than one which will defeat
it.’” Hines v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 567, 573, 721 S.E.2d 792, 795 (2012) (quoting
Esteban v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 605, 609, 587 S.E.2d 523, 526 (2003)).
When the language of a statute is unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that language. Furthermore, we must give effect to the legislature’s intention as expressed by the language used unless a literal interpretation of the language would result in a manifest absurdity. If a statute is subject to more than one interpretation, we must apply the interpretation that will carry out the legislative intent behind the statute.
Kozmina v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 347, 349-50, 706 S.E.2d 860, 862 (2011) (quoting Conyers
v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104, 639 S.E.2d 174, 178 (2007)).
“Additionally, ‘the plain, obvious, and rational meaning of a statute is to be preferred over any
curious, narrow, or strained construction.’” Id. at 350, 706 S.E.2d at 862 (quoting Meeks v.
Commonwealth, 274 Va. 798, 802, 651 S.E.2d 637, 639 (2007)).
“It is a cardinal principle of law that penal statutes are to be construed strictly against the
[Commonwealth]” and “cannot be extended by implication, or be made to include cases which
are not within the letter and spirit of the statute.” Wade v. Commonwealth, 202 Va.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Alston, Chafin and Malveaux Argued at Salem, Virginia UNPUBLISHED
KATHERINE NICOLE DELLIS MEMORANDUM OPINION BY v. Record No. 0341-17-3 JUDGE TERESA M. CHAFIN APRIL 24, 2018 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FRANKLIN COUNTY James J. Reynolds, Judge
Arthur J. Donaldson (George P. Hunt, III; Davis, Davis, Davis & Davis, on brief), for appellant.
Victoria Johnson, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In the Circuit Court of Franklin County (trial court), Katherine Nicole Dellis (appellant)
entered a conditional guilty plea for concealing a dead body in violation of Code § 18.2-323.02.
On appeal, she contends the trial court erred in denying her motion to dismiss the charge at issue
because a fetus that died in the womb does not fall within the definition of “dead body” as
contemplated by the statute. We disagree and affirm her conviction.
I. BACKGROUND
Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite below only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of
this appeal. “In accordance with established principles of appellate review, we state the facts in
the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court[, and]
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. accord the Commonwealth the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.”
Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 303, 601 S.E.2d 555, 558 (2004).
Appellant purportedly suffered a placental abruption that resulted in the death of her
unborn child. Appellant birthed the deceased fetus in her home, losing consciousness during the
labor process. She awoke to find the deceased fetus next to her on the bathroom floor.
Appellant cut the umbilical cord, wrapped the fetus in a bathmat, placed the bathmat inside a
trash bag, and placed that trash bag inside a larger trash bag. Appellant’s father, unaware of the
bag’s contents, subsequently disposed of the trash bag in a public dumpster in Franklin County.
Appellant was later admitted to the emergency room, and after examining and speaking
with appellant about whether she had given birth, the treating physician contacted the police.
Law enforcement subsequently obtained and executed a search warrant. Upon recovering the
fetus from the dumpster, an autopsy was performed by Assistant Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Eli
Goodman.
Dr. Goodman determined the gestational age of the fetus to be between thirty to
thirty-two weeks, which he testified was considered a viable human fetus. He testified that a
physical examination of specific characteristics allowed him to determine when and how the
fetus died. Specifically, Dr. Goodman testified that his examination of the lungs and an
associated blood vessel showed that they had not been exposed to air, meaning that the fetus died
in the womb. He further testified that, in the case of an in utero death, the condition of the
fetus’s skin provides temporal context as to when the death occurred. Here, he determined that
the fetus died “less than several days” before appellant gave birth.
Appellant was charged with concealing a dead body in violation of Code § 18.2-323.02.
She moved to dismiss the charge because the statute refers to a specific definition of “dead body”
found in Code § 32.1-249, and she argued that the codified definition does not encompass a fetus
- 2 - that died in the womb. The Commonwealth argued that a fetus was consistent with the definition
of a dead body as referenced in the statute and that the medical examiner’s testimony supported
that contention because the examiner was able to determine from the condition of the fetus that it
had died within “several” days of appellant giving birth. The trial court denied the motion to
dismiss, stating that the fetus was a human body that fit within the statutory definition of “dead
body.”
Appellant entered a conditional guilty plea, preserving for appeal the ruling on her
motion to dismiss.
II. ANALYSIS
Appellant argues that when reading the entirety of Code § 32.1-249, the language
distinguishes a dead body from a fetus by defining “dead body,” “fetal death,” and “live birth” as
separate terms, and by identifying them separately when defining a “final disposition.”
Appellant further contends that because a fetus “was never alive, . . . it cannot be dead.” The
Commonwealth argues that despite being separate terms, the words dead body and fetus are used
together as “phrases of inclusion;” and the processes for reporting, handling, and disposing of a
dead body and a fetus are nearly identical, meaning that the legislature intended that a fetus be
treated the same as a dead body.
Appellant’s assignment of error presents an issue of pure statutory interpretation.
“Statutory interpretation is a question of law which we review de novo, and we determine the
legislative intent from the words used in the statute, applying the plain meaning of the words
unless they are ambiguous or would lead to an absurd result.” Wright v. Commonwealth, 278
Va. 754, 759, 685 S.E.2d 655, 657 (2009).
In our review, “we construe a statute ‘with reference to its subject matter, the object
sought to be attained, and the legislative purpose in enacting it; the provisions should receive a
- 3 - construction that will render it harmonious with that purpose rather than one which will defeat
it.’” Hines v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 567, 573, 721 S.E.2d 792, 795 (2012) (quoting
Esteban v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 605, 609, 587 S.E.2d 523, 526 (2003)).
When the language of a statute is unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that language. Furthermore, we must give effect to the legislature’s intention as expressed by the language used unless a literal interpretation of the language would result in a manifest absurdity. If a statute is subject to more than one interpretation, we must apply the interpretation that will carry out the legislative intent behind the statute.
Kozmina v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 347, 349-50, 706 S.E.2d 860, 862 (2011) (quoting Conyers
v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104, 639 S.E.2d 174, 178 (2007)).
“Additionally, ‘the plain, obvious, and rational meaning of a statute is to be preferred over any
curious, narrow, or strained construction.’” Id. at 350, 706 S.E.2d at 862 (quoting Meeks v.
Commonwealth, 274 Va. 798, 802, 651 S.E.2d 637, 639 (2007)).
“It is a cardinal principle of law that penal statutes are to be construed strictly against the
[Commonwealth]” and “cannot be extended by implication, or be made to include cases which
are not within the letter and spirit of the statute.” Wade v. Commonwealth, 202 Va. 117, 122,
116 S.E.2d 99, 103 (1960). However, “we will not apply ‘an unreasonably restrictive
interpretation of the statute’ that would subvert the legislative intent expressed therein.”
Armstrong v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 573, 581, 562 S.E.2d 139, 144 (2002) (quoting Ansell v.
Commonwealth, 219 Va. 759, 761, 250 S.E.2d 760, 761 (1979)). “In short, courts must defer to
the clear language enacted by the General Assembly and its clear purpose for enacting or
amending a statute.” Grafmuller v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 58, 62, 698 S.E.2d 276, 278
(2010).
Code § 18.2-323.02 prohibits the concealment of a “dead body, as defined in [Code]
§ 32.1-249.” Because “dead body” is a term defined by statute, we look to the plain meaning of
- 4 - the words used in that definition. Code § 32.1-249(1) defines “dead body” as “a human body or
such parts of such human body from the condition of which it reasonably may be concluded that
death recently occurred.” On its face, this definition is not ambiguous, and it is apparent from
the plain language that the definition can encompass a stillborn fetus.
The definition is based first on identification or classification of the body or parts thereof
as human, and second on observable signs that indicate a recent death. A trained individual,
such as a medical examiner, is capable of identifying a recently deceased human fetus and then
determining a likely timeframe of its demise. As was the case here, the medical examiner
performed an autopsy on the fetus and was able to determine that it was, in fact, a human fetus
and that it had recently died, albeit in the womb. The medical examiner was further able to
narrow down the timeframe for when death occurred to within a matter of days.
Because the plain language of the definition is unambiguous, we do not need to refer to
additional language elsewhere in the statute to interpret the definition. However, we note that
the distinctions drawn by appellant are of little consequence when the statutory scheme is viewed
as a whole. Appellant argues that including definitions for “fetal death” and “live birth” within
the same statute implies that the legislature intended to distinguish between a dead body and a
fetus, particularly where other subsections and the definition of “final disposition” refer to “a
dead body or fetus.” Code § 32.1-249(4). When reviewing additional statutes in the chapter, any
such distinction becomes a distinction without a difference.
Within Title 32.1, Chapter 7 deals with “Vital Records.” The various sections in Chapter
7 outline administrative procedures relating to incidents of birth and death. Multiple sections use
the phrase “dead body or fetus” when setting forth their requirements. See, e.g., Code
§§ 32.1-265 (regarding permits for transit, disinterment, or reinternment); 32.1-274 (regarding
record-keeping). There are also separate sections pertaining to the filing of death certificates,
- 5 - Code § 32.1-263, and fetal death reports, Code § 32.1-264. Even though the statutes identify
both terms in the sections that apply simultaneously to a “dead body” or “fetus,” the
requirements and procedures are largely the same when applied to each one. This signals that
the legislature intended both to receive the same treatment. Having separate sections for death
certificates and fetal death reports simply recognizes that there may be some incidents of vital
record-keeping unique to each category of decedent.
Moreover, for readily apparent reasons, finding that a fetus is not a dead body within the
meaning of the statute “would lead to an absurd result.” Wright, 278 Va. at 759, 685 S.E.2d at
657. In enacting Code § 18.2-323.02, the legislature sought to punish the transport, secreting,
concealment, or alteration of human remains, and it did so expressly as a deterrent to discourage
the concealment of possible criminal activity or impeding the investigation of such.1 However,
the statute was also likely enacted to prevent negative public health consequences that could
result from improper disposal of a human body. As the Supreme Court has observed, “[t]he
burial of the dead is a matter of public health and public necessity.” Hall v. Stewart, 135 Va.
384, 398, 116 S.E. 469, 474 (1923). To find that the remains of a fetus do not raise the same
public health concerns as other recently deceased human remains would be an irreconcilable
proposition. Similarly, to find that any of the proscribed acts could not implicate unlawful
activity simply because the object was a fetus would be a “curious, narrow, or strained
construction” that would frustrate the larger purposes of the criminal statute.
Finally, appellant invites this Court to consider, in light of Virginia common law and civil
precedent, how a fetus can be a dead body “if life has never occurred.” On the narrow issue
1 The prohibited acts must be done “with malicious intent and to prevent detection of an unlawful act or to prevent the detection of the death or the manner or cause of death.” Code § 18.2-323.02.
- 6 - before this Court, such an inquiry is neither necessary nor relevant to the disposition of the case
at hand. For this particular definition as applied to this particular statute, the relevant inquiry is
confined to observable facts that describe the current condition of an object. As discussed above,
the medical examiner was able to examine the fetus and determine that the condition required by
the definition was met. Thus, the statute was satisfied and no further inquiry was required.
III. CONCLUSION
Because it is clear from the plain meaning of the definition itself that a stillborn fetus can
fall within the applicable statutory definition of a dead body, and because it is clear that the
legislature intended to treat it as such, the trial court did not err in denying the motion to dismiss.
Affirmed.
- 7 -