1 WO 2 3 4 5
9 Kasper Smoke Kastle LLC, No. CV-18-00950-PHX-JAT
10 Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company,
13 Defendant. 14 15 16 Pending before the Court is Defendant Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company’s 17 Motion for New Trial (Doc. 175). The Court now rules on the motion. 19 A four-day trial for Plaintiff Kasper Smoke Kastle LLC’s breach of contract claim 20 against Defendant began on January 14, 2020, and concluded on January 17, 2020. The 21 jury considered whether Defendant adequately compensated Plaintiff for damage to the 22 contents of Plaintiff’s Phoenix building under the parties’ insurance policy after a 2016 23 arson fire. The jury returned a verdict in Plaintiff’s favor and awarded damages of 24 $94,013.59. (Doc. 133). 25 On June 6, 2020, Plaintiff filed “Plaintiff’s Notice of Remediation of Sworn 26 Deposition Testimony” (Doc. 173), which stated that its owner’s, Gilbert Enriquez, sworn 27 deposition testimony contained inaccurate information. (Id.). Specifically, Enriquez 28 testified that he filed Plaintiff’s 2014, 2015, and 2016 tax returns, and according to the 1 Notice of Remediation, Enriquez has not filed tax returns since 2011. (Id.). 2 Shortly thereafter, Defendant requested a new trial under Federal Rule of Civil 3 Procedure (“Rule”) 60(b)(2) and (3). (Doc. 175). Because the Court was divested of 4 jurisdiction after the parties appealed, Defendant requests that the Court issue an indicative 5 ruling under Rule 62.1(a), stating that the Court would grant the motion if the Court of 6 Appeals remands or that the motion raises a substantial issue. (Id.). 8 A. Rule 60(b)(2) —Newly Discovered Evidence 9 Rule 60(b)(2) provides that “the court may relieve a party . . . from a final judgment” 10 in light of “newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been 11 discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b)(1).” To merit relief under Rule 12 60(b)(2), “the movant must show the evidence (1) existed at the time of the trial, (2) could 13 not have been discovered through due diligence, and (3) was of such magnitude that 14 production of it earlier would have been likely to change the disposition of the case.” Jones 15 v. Aero/Chem Corp., 921 F.2d 875, 878 (9th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation omitted). 16 Defendant fails to meet this burden because Enriquez’s admission that he did not 17 file tax returns as stated in his deposition is not so significant as to change the disposition 18 of the case. First, there is no evidence that the tax forms, even though not filed, did not 19 accurately represent Plaintiff’s actual income. And even if the income was incorrectly 20 reported on the forms provided to Defendant, the jury considered losses resulting from 21 damage to Plaintiff’s business property, not loss of business income. Defendant 22 acknowledges this in its reply, which states that Defendant did not independently verify 23 whether Enriquez or his accountant filed the returns “in light of the ultimate relative 24 unimportance to the remaining business personal property claim.” (Doc. 182 at 6). 25 Instead, Defendant’s primary argument is that the impeachment value of the newly 26 discovered evidence would have changed the disposition. (Doc. 175 at 3–4). Relying on 27 Nehara v. California, No. 1:10-CV-00491 JLT, 2013 WL 3968173 (E.D. Cal. July 31, 28 2013), aff’d sub nom. Nehara v. California Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 650 F. App’x 495 1 (9th Cir. 2016), Defendant argues that “[s]ignificant impeachment evidence satisfies the 2 [Rule] 60(b)(2) requirements.” (Doc. 175 at 3). Although this may be true as a general 3 matter in some cases, but see Thermacor Process, L.P. v. BASF Corp., 567 F.3d 736, 744 4 (5th Cir. 2009) (“A judgment will not be reopened if the evidence is merely cumulative or 5 impeaching and would not have changed the result.” (citation omitted)), the potential 6 impeachment value in the instant case does not rise to the level of Nehara. In Nehara, the 7 court awarded damages and backpay following a jury verdict in the plaintiff’s favor on his 8 Title VII retaliation claim. Id. at *1. The amount of the plaintiff’s recovery “was premised 9 significantly upon the fact that” the plaintiff had been unable to secure other employment. 10 Id. at *6. Evidence discovered after trial, however, demonstrated that contrary to the 11 assertions in his deposition, the plaintiff had been working outside the country and did not 12 suffer an emotional injury that impacted his ability to work. Id. at *2–5. The court noted 13 this factual inconsistency would have had significant impeachment value as the claim 14 relied primarily on the plaintiff’s uncorroborated testimony, and it was probable that the 15 new evidence would have caused the jury to disbelieve the core of his testimony. Id. at *6. 16 Accordingly, the court granted the defendant’s Rule 60(b)(2) motion. Id. at *7. 17 Unlike the plaintiff in Nehara and contrary to Defendant’s assertions, although 18 Enriquez’s testimony was certainly relevant to the jury’s consideration, this case did not 19 turn primarily on Enriquez’s testimony. The jury had to consider whether the restoration 20 company’s performance satisfied Defendant’s obligation under the insurance policy to 21 restore the property to its pre-fire condition. The jury also determined the extent of the 22 damage to the property and whether Plaintiff was entitled to the replacement value of the 23 business property rather than the restoration cost. 24 The most relevant testimony to this point was that of the building co-owner, who 25 dealt primarily with Defendant and the restoration company. He testified that the 26 restoration company cleaned the building’s contents against his wishes and that the 27 cleaning did not (and could not) adequately restore the building’s contents to its pre-fire 28 condition. (Doc. 183 at 214, 218; Doc. 184 at 224). He also provided substantial testimony 1 as to the value of the building’s contents. (Doc. 184 at 277, 296–97). Although it is true 2 that Enriquez testified to the value of business property as well, considering the trial as a 3 whole, the Court does not find that evidence that Enriquez did not file Plaintiff’s taxes is 4 of such a magnitude as to change the jury’s disposition.1 5 And in any event, Defendant also fails to demonstrate why the Court would even 6 admit evidence of Enriquez’s failure to file taxes. Defendant argues that “it could have 7 used the false testimony to impeach [Enriquez’s] credibility, and, to a limited extent, his 8 character.” (Doc. 182 at 7). But, as discussed above, business income was not the issue at 9 trial, and Enriquez did not testify before the jury as to whether he filed tax returns. The 10 Court rejects Defendant’s request to inject this collateral issue into a new proceeding solely 11 for the purpose of impeaching Enriquez. See United States v. Williamson, 202 F.3d 974, 12 979 (7th Cir. 2000) (“A matter is collateral if it could not have been introduced into 13 evidence for any purpose other than contradiction.” (citation omitted)); United States v. 14 Higa, 55 F.3d 448, 452 (9th Cir. 1995). 15 Accordingly, the Court denies relief under Rule 60(b)(2). 16 B.
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1 WO 2 3 4 5
9 Kasper Smoke Kastle LLC, No. CV-18-00950-PHX-JAT
10 Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company,
13 Defendant. 14 15 16 Pending before the Court is Defendant Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company’s 17 Motion for New Trial (Doc. 175). The Court now rules on the motion. 19 A four-day trial for Plaintiff Kasper Smoke Kastle LLC’s breach of contract claim 20 against Defendant began on January 14, 2020, and concluded on January 17, 2020. The 21 jury considered whether Defendant adequately compensated Plaintiff for damage to the 22 contents of Plaintiff’s Phoenix building under the parties’ insurance policy after a 2016 23 arson fire. The jury returned a verdict in Plaintiff’s favor and awarded damages of 24 $94,013.59. (Doc. 133). 25 On June 6, 2020, Plaintiff filed “Plaintiff’s Notice of Remediation of Sworn 26 Deposition Testimony” (Doc. 173), which stated that its owner’s, Gilbert Enriquez, sworn 27 deposition testimony contained inaccurate information. (Id.). Specifically, Enriquez 28 testified that he filed Plaintiff’s 2014, 2015, and 2016 tax returns, and according to the 1 Notice of Remediation, Enriquez has not filed tax returns since 2011. (Id.). 2 Shortly thereafter, Defendant requested a new trial under Federal Rule of Civil 3 Procedure (“Rule”) 60(b)(2) and (3). (Doc. 175). Because the Court was divested of 4 jurisdiction after the parties appealed, Defendant requests that the Court issue an indicative 5 ruling under Rule 62.1(a), stating that the Court would grant the motion if the Court of 6 Appeals remands or that the motion raises a substantial issue. (Id.). 8 A. Rule 60(b)(2) —Newly Discovered Evidence 9 Rule 60(b)(2) provides that “the court may relieve a party . . . from a final judgment” 10 in light of “newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been 11 discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b)(1).” To merit relief under Rule 12 60(b)(2), “the movant must show the evidence (1) existed at the time of the trial, (2) could 13 not have been discovered through due diligence, and (3) was of such magnitude that 14 production of it earlier would have been likely to change the disposition of the case.” Jones 15 v. Aero/Chem Corp., 921 F.2d 875, 878 (9th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation omitted). 16 Defendant fails to meet this burden because Enriquez’s admission that he did not 17 file tax returns as stated in his deposition is not so significant as to change the disposition 18 of the case. First, there is no evidence that the tax forms, even though not filed, did not 19 accurately represent Plaintiff’s actual income. And even if the income was incorrectly 20 reported on the forms provided to Defendant, the jury considered losses resulting from 21 damage to Plaintiff’s business property, not loss of business income. Defendant 22 acknowledges this in its reply, which states that Defendant did not independently verify 23 whether Enriquez or his accountant filed the returns “in light of the ultimate relative 24 unimportance to the remaining business personal property claim.” (Doc. 182 at 6). 25 Instead, Defendant’s primary argument is that the impeachment value of the newly 26 discovered evidence would have changed the disposition. (Doc. 175 at 3–4). Relying on 27 Nehara v. California, No. 1:10-CV-00491 JLT, 2013 WL 3968173 (E.D. Cal. July 31, 28 2013), aff’d sub nom. Nehara v. California Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 650 F. App’x 495 1 (9th Cir. 2016), Defendant argues that “[s]ignificant impeachment evidence satisfies the 2 [Rule] 60(b)(2) requirements.” (Doc. 175 at 3). Although this may be true as a general 3 matter in some cases, but see Thermacor Process, L.P. v. BASF Corp., 567 F.3d 736, 744 4 (5th Cir. 2009) (“A judgment will not be reopened if the evidence is merely cumulative or 5 impeaching and would not have changed the result.” (citation omitted)), the potential 6 impeachment value in the instant case does not rise to the level of Nehara. In Nehara, the 7 court awarded damages and backpay following a jury verdict in the plaintiff’s favor on his 8 Title VII retaliation claim. Id. at *1. The amount of the plaintiff’s recovery “was premised 9 significantly upon the fact that” the plaintiff had been unable to secure other employment. 10 Id. at *6. Evidence discovered after trial, however, demonstrated that contrary to the 11 assertions in his deposition, the plaintiff had been working outside the country and did not 12 suffer an emotional injury that impacted his ability to work. Id. at *2–5. The court noted 13 this factual inconsistency would have had significant impeachment value as the claim 14 relied primarily on the plaintiff’s uncorroborated testimony, and it was probable that the 15 new evidence would have caused the jury to disbelieve the core of his testimony. Id. at *6. 16 Accordingly, the court granted the defendant’s Rule 60(b)(2) motion. Id. at *7. 17 Unlike the plaintiff in Nehara and contrary to Defendant’s assertions, although 18 Enriquez’s testimony was certainly relevant to the jury’s consideration, this case did not 19 turn primarily on Enriquez’s testimony. The jury had to consider whether the restoration 20 company’s performance satisfied Defendant’s obligation under the insurance policy to 21 restore the property to its pre-fire condition. The jury also determined the extent of the 22 damage to the property and whether Plaintiff was entitled to the replacement value of the 23 business property rather than the restoration cost. 24 The most relevant testimony to this point was that of the building co-owner, who 25 dealt primarily with Defendant and the restoration company. He testified that the 26 restoration company cleaned the building’s contents against his wishes and that the 27 cleaning did not (and could not) adequately restore the building’s contents to its pre-fire 28 condition. (Doc. 183 at 214, 218; Doc. 184 at 224). He also provided substantial testimony 1 as to the value of the building’s contents. (Doc. 184 at 277, 296–97). Although it is true 2 that Enriquez testified to the value of business property as well, considering the trial as a 3 whole, the Court does not find that evidence that Enriquez did not file Plaintiff’s taxes is 4 of such a magnitude as to change the jury’s disposition.1 5 And in any event, Defendant also fails to demonstrate why the Court would even 6 admit evidence of Enriquez’s failure to file taxes. Defendant argues that “it could have 7 used the false testimony to impeach [Enriquez’s] credibility, and, to a limited extent, his 8 character.” (Doc. 182 at 7). But, as discussed above, business income was not the issue at 9 trial, and Enriquez did not testify before the jury as to whether he filed tax returns. The 10 Court rejects Defendant’s request to inject this collateral issue into a new proceeding solely 11 for the purpose of impeaching Enriquez. See United States v. Williamson, 202 F.3d 974, 12 979 (7th Cir. 2000) (“A matter is collateral if it could not have been introduced into 13 evidence for any purpose other than contradiction.” (citation omitted)); United States v. 14 Higa, 55 F.3d 448, 452 (9th Cir. 1995). 15 Accordingly, the Court denies relief under Rule 60(b)(2). 16 B. Rule 60(b)(3) —Fraud, Misrepresentation, or Misconduct 17 Defendant also argues that relief is warranted under Rule 60(b)(3), which provides 18 that the Court may set aside a judgment in light of “fraud (whether previously called 19 intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party.” “To prevail, 20 the moving party must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the verdict was 21 obtained through fraud, misrepresentation, or other misconduct and the conduct 22 complained of prevented the losing party from fully and fairly presenting the defense.” De 23 Saracho v. Custom Food Mach., Inc., 206 F.3d 874, 880 (9th Cir. 2000). “The rule is aimed 24 1 In its response to Defendant’s motion, Plaintiff states that “[w]hile the[] tax returns are 25 relevant to the issues on appeal with the Ninth Circuit, they were not relevant to the issues presented to the jury . . . .” (Doc. 180 at 2). Defendant replies that “[t]aking [Plaintiff] at 26 its word, the unfiled tax returns would be, therefore, relevant to the judgment, and the untimely correction of a false statement in a deposition, and material misrepresentation 27 adversely affected the litigation, the trial outcome, and the judgement.” (Doc. 182 at 1). Because the Court independently finds that the evidence would not have affected the 28 disposition, neither Plaintiff’s assertion nor Defendant’s extrapolation affect the Court’s conclusion. 1 at judgments which were unfairly obtained, not at those which are factually incorrect.” In 2 re M/V Peacock on Complaint of Edwards, 809 F.2d 1403, 1405 (9th Cir. 1987). 3 The Court does not find that Defendant was prevented from fully presenting its case 4 or that the judgment was unfairly obtained. As discussed above, the case largely turned on 5 whether the jury believed that the restorative services provided adequately returned the 6 business property to its pre-fire condition. Whether Enriquez was honest about filing taxes 7 was immaterial to that consideration. This distinguishes the instant case from the cases 8 involving Rule 60(b)(3) cited in Defendant’s motion, which involved a party withholding 9 material evidence, thereby rendering the judgments involuntarily obtained. See Hernandez 10 v. Results Staffing, Inc., 907 F.3d 354, 358–59, 365–66 (5th Cir. 2018) (holding relief from 11 judgment was appropriate after the defendant discovered the plaintiff failed to disclose 12 medical records indicating the plaintiff visited an emergency room primarily because of a 13 headache, rather than a pre-existing back injury as the plaintiff alleged); Nehara, 2013 WL 14 3968173; Canady v. Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH, 99 F. Supp. 2d 37, 49 (D.D.C. 2000) 15 (setting aside summary judgment in a patent action because party failed to disclose “clearly 16 responsive, relevant and non-privileged documents”); see also Norwest Bank (Minn.), N.A. 17 v. Symington, 3 P.3d 1101, 1103–04, 1107, ¶¶ 6–7, 26 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000) (holding that 18 the appellee unfairly obtained a deficiency judgment under Arizona Rule of Civil 19 Procedure 60(b)(3)2 by failing to disclose an unfavorable appraisal and a settlement 20 agreement that included a damages model).3 For these reasons, the Court denies 21 Defendant’s request for relief under Rule 60(b)(3). 22 C. Request for Alternative Relief 23 In the last two sentences of the motion before the conclusion, Defendant also 24 requests alternative relief: 25 Alternatively, Atlantic requests that the Court agree to allow
26 2 Because there has been no material revision, the Court cites to the current version of the rule. 27 3 Defendant also cites to Pumphrey v. K.W. Thompson Tool Co., 62 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir. 1995) to support its argument. That case, however, involved a scheme to perpetrate fraud 28 on the court under Rule 60(b) rather than focusing on solely the failure to disclose information to an opposing party. Id. at 1130–33. 1 limited discovery regarding Kasper’s lack of candor and/or file a motion for fees and costs associated with that lack of candor. 2 Atlantic therefore requests that the Court exercise its jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P., Rule 62.1(a)(3) and inform 3 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals that it would be inclined either to grant this motion or that this motion raises a 4 “substantial issue.” 5 (Doc. 175 at 5). These two sentences are the entirety of the argument, cite nothing to 6 support that the Court has the power to grant the remedy of “discovery” under Rule 62.1(a), 7 nor do these sentences offer any argument, legal or factual, as to what would constitute a 8 substantial issue justifying remand for discovery assuming such is even a remedy. 9 Although at least one court has concluded such a remedy is available, it granted 10 relief under different circumstances. See Kravitz v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 382 F. Supp. 11 3d 393, 396 (D. Md. 2019). In Kravitz, the court entered judgment in the defendants’ favor 12 on the plaintiffs’ Equal Protection and 42 U.S.C. § 1985 claims because the evidence 13 presented at trial “fell just short of establishing discriminatory intent by a preponderance 14 of the evidence.” Id. at 397–98, 400. The plaintiffs later filed a motion for relief from 15 judgment under Rule 60(b)(2) and requested an indicative ruling under Rule 62.1(a), citing 16 specific pieces newly discovered evidence directly relevant to the issue of discriminatory 17 intent. Id. at 398–401. As a result, “the Court [found that] a substantial issue ha[d] been 18 raised” and stated that “if the case [wa]s remanded, the Court w[ould] reopen discovery for 19 no more than 45 days, order an expedited evidentiary hearing, and provide a speedy ruling.” 20 Id. at 402. 21 Here, however, Defendant does not identify what additional relevant evidence it 22 might discover during a reopened period of discovery. Nor does it describe a potential 23 course of “limited discovery” that would lead to evidence that Enriquez intentionally 24 provided false deposition testimony, and one is not immediately apparent to the Court. If, 25 for example, the Court permitted another deposition of Enriquez on this issue, it seems 26 likely that Enriquez would either deny that he knowingly provided false testimony or 27 invoke the Fifth Amendment. Both options would lead either to a dead end or to additional 28 discovery that would devolve into a mini-trial on whether Enriquez knowingly failed to 1|| file Plaintiff's taxes. 2 Further, as the record now exists before the Court, it appears undisputed that || Enriquez’s testimony regarding the filing of tax returns was inaccurate. The Court has found this undisputed evidence was nonetheless not material to the verdict and therefore 5|| does not justify relief under Rule 60(b)(2) or (3) as discussed above. Thus, even assuming 6 || that discovery is a remedy under Rule 62.1(a) if a substantial issue is identified, the Court finds neither a substantial issue in this case, nor a dispute of material fact that would justify 8 || discovery. 9 Accordingly, this request for alternative relief is also denied. 10] I. CONCLUSION 11 For the foregoing reasons, 12 IT IS ORDERED that pursuant to Rule 61.2(a)(2), Defendant’s Rule 60 Motion 13 || for New Trial (Doc. 175) is DENIED. 14 Dated this 23rd day of September, 2020. 15 16 i C 17 James A. Teilborg 18 Senior United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
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