COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, McClanahan and Petty Argued at Richmond, Virginia
KARL LONDELL MARTIN MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 2658-08-3 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK NOVEMBER 17, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ROANOKE Charles N. Dorsey, Judge
Richard L. Derrico (Copenhaver, Ellett & Derrico, on brief), for appellant.
Josephine F. Whalen, Assistant Attorney General II (William C. Mims, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Karl Londell Martin, appellant, was convicted, in a jury trial, of burglary in violation of
Code § 18.2-91, abduction in violation of Code § 18.2-48, and use of a firearm in the commission of
robbery in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. On appeal, appellant contends that because the trial court
set aside the jury verdict on the robbery conviction, his conviction for use of a firearm in the
commission of robbery must also be set aside. Appellant also contends the evidence is insufficient
to support his convictions of the other charges. For the following reasons, we affirm in part and
reverse and dismiss in part.
BACKGROUND
On the evening of December 19, 2007, J.H. was alone in his mother’s house when he heard
a knock at the front door from a man identifying himself as Calvin. When J.H. opened the door, he
was struck in the head with a gun, thrown on the couch, and ultimately landed on the floor. J.H.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. remembered four people entering the house, two large men and two smaller men. They began
searching throughout the living room, then moved upstairs and roamed through the house. The
largest man, described by J.H. as being “not as tall as big, fat,” weighed over 200 pounds and
carried a large chrome handgun. The large man also had on a striped stocking cap mask.
Two of the other men each carried smaller handguns. J.H. testified that one of the smaller
men with a gun ripped a white gold chain from J.H.’s neck. The men did not take anything else.
J.H. was able to run outside to a neighbor’s house where he called his mother, who then
called the police. Their home had earlier been installed with inside surveillance cameras that
recorded the incident on black and white videotape. The videotape was played for the jury at trial.
Detective S.R. Terwilleger of the Roanoke City Police Department arrested appellant in an
unrelated incident on December 20, 2007. Upon searching appellant, Terwilleger discovered a
large, chrome revolver, a .44 magnum with an extended barrel, in appellant’s jacket and a striped
ski mask in his back pocket. The mask had two eyeholes cut out on one side, and two other
eyeholes and a breathing hole cut into the other side. Trial testimony indicated the holes were not
originally in the mask, but had later been fashioned into the mask by cutting the holes out. The
Commonwealth introduced into evidence a photograph of a mask. The photo indicated that the
mask had two holes cut in it, and J.H. testified that it looked the same as at the time when he saw it
in his house. The Commonwealth also introduced the mask itself, along with the gun that
Terwilleger recovered from appellant.
The jury found appellant guilty of burglary, robbery, use of a firearm in the commission of
robbery, and abduction. At a later date, the trial court heard a motion to set aside the jury’s verdicts
and the trial court granted appellant’s motion as to robbery. At that time appellant did not argue, as
-2- he now does on appeal, that a conviction for use of a firearm in the commission of robbery cannot
stand if the underlying robbery charge fails.
This appeal follows.
ANALYSIS
Use of a Firearm in the Commission of Robbery
Appellant first argues that the trial court erred in not setting aside the use of a firearm in the
commission of robbery charge when it set aside the underlying robbery conviction. The
Commonwealth responds that pursuant to Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 659 S.E.2d 311
(2008), the Commonwealth must concede error. Additionally, the Commonwealth agrees with
appellant that although this argument is procedurally barred pursuant to Rule 5A:18, the ends of
justice exception should apply and the conviction for possession of a firearm in the commission of
robbery should be set aside. We agree with the Commonwealth.
We note from the outset that we are not obligated to accept the Commonwealth’s concession
on a point of law. See Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168, 172, 622 S.E.2d 771, 773
(2005) (en banc) (“Our fidelity to the uniform application of law precludes us from accepting
concessions of law made on appeal.”); Tuggle v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 99, 111 n.5, 334
S.E.2d 838, 846 n.5 (1985). Thus, we review the record independent of the Attorney General’s
concession of law.
First, we recognize that appellant did not preserve this issue in the trial court. Application
of the ends of justice exception requires proof of an error that was “clear, substantial and
material.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 126, 132, 380 S.E.2d 8, 11 (1989).
Application of the ends of justice exception is appropriate where “[the accused] was convicted
for conduct that was not a criminal offense” or “the record . . . affirmatively prove[s] that an
-3- element of the offense did not occur.” Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 221-22,
487 S.E.2d 269, 272-73 (1997).
By finding appellant guilty of use of a firearm in the commission of robbery, but not
finding him guilty of robbery, the trial court found an element of the firearm offense, namely
robbery, that did not exist. Thus, the record “affirmatively prove[s] that an element of the
offense did not occur.” Therefore, the ends of justice exception applies and this Court will
address the merits of appellant’s argument.
“Under the plain language of Code § 18.2-53.1, there can be no conviction for use or
attempted use of a firearm when there has been no commission of one of the predicate offenses
enumerated in that statute.” Jay, 275 Va. at 527, 659 S.E.2d at 321.
We previously have held that inconsistent verdicts rendered by a jury do not constitute
reversible error.
“Inconsistent verdicts therefore present a situation where ‘error,’ in the sense that the jury has not followed the court’s instructions, most certainly has occurred, but it is unclear whose ox has been gored. Given this uncertainty, and the fact that the [Commonwealth] is precluded from challenging the acquittal, it is hardly satisfactory to allow the defendant to receive a new trial on the conviction as a matter of course.”
Reed v. Commonwealth, 239 Va. 594, 597-98, 391 S.E.2d 75, 77 (1990) (quoting United States
v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65 (1984)). However, in this case the trial court generated the
inconsistency, and this Court has previously held that inconsistent verdicts rendered by a trial
judge is reversible error. See Akers v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, McClanahan and Petty Argued at Richmond, Virginia
KARL LONDELL MARTIN MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 2658-08-3 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK NOVEMBER 17, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ROANOKE Charles N. Dorsey, Judge
Richard L. Derrico (Copenhaver, Ellett & Derrico, on brief), for appellant.
Josephine F. Whalen, Assistant Attorney General II (William C. Mims, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Karl Londell Martin, appellant, was convicted, in a jury trial, of burglary in violation of
Code § 18.2-91, abduction in violation of Code § 18.2-48, and use of a firearm in the commission of
robbery in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. On appeal, appellant contends that because the trial court
set aside the jury verdict on the robbery conviction, his conviction for use of a firearm in the
commission of robbery must also be set aside. Appellant also contends the evidence is insufficient
to support his convictions of the other charges. For the following reasons, we affirm in part and
reverse and dismiss in part.
BACKGROUND
On the evening of December 19, 2007, J.H. was alone in his mother’s house when he heard
a knock at the front door from a man identifying himself as Calvin. When J.H. opened the door, he
was struck in the head with a gun, thrown on the couch, and ultimately landed on the floor. J.H.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. remembered four people entering the house, two large men and two smaller men. They began
searching throughout the living room, then moved upstairs and roamed through the house. The
largest man, described by J.H. as being “not as tall as big, fat,” weighed over 200 pounds and
carried a large chrome handgun. The large man also had on a striped stocking cap mask.
Two of the other men each carried smaller handguns. J.H. testified that one of the smaller
men with a gun ripped a white gold chain from J.H.’s neck. The men did not take anything else.
J.H. was able to run outside to a neighbor’s house where he called his mother, who then
called the police. Their home had earlier been installed with inside surveillance cameras that
recorded the incident on black and white videotape. The videotape was played for the jury at trial.
Detective S.R. Terwilleger of the Roanoke City Police Department arrested appellant in an
unrelated incident on December 20, 2007. Upon searching appellant, Terwilleger discovered a
large, chrome revolver, a .44 magnum with an extended barrel, in appellant’s jacket and a striped
ski mask in his back pocket. The mask had two eyeholes cut out on one side, and two other
eyeholes and a breathing hole cut into the other side. Trial testimony indicated the holes were not
originally in the mask, but had later been fashioned into the mask by cutting the holes out. The
Commonwealth introduced into evidence a photograph of a mask. The photo indicated that the
mask had two holes cut in it, and J.H. testified that it looked the same as at the time when he saw it
in his house. The Commonwealth also introduced the mask itself, along with the gun that
Terwilleger recovered from appellant.
The jury found appellant guilty of burglary, robbery, use of a firearm in the commission of
robbery, and abduction. At a later date, the trial court heard a motion to set aside the jury’s verdicts
and the trial court granted appellant’s motion as to robbery. At that time appellant did not argue, as
-2- he now does on appeal, that a conviction for use of a firearm in the commission of robbery cannot
stand if the underlying robbery charge fails.
This appeal follows.
ANALYSIS
Use of a Firearm in the Commission of Robbery
Appellant first argues that the trial court erred in not setting aside the use of a firearm in the
commission of robbery charge when it set aside the underlying robbery conviction. The
Commonwealth responds that pursuant to Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 659 S.E.2d 311
(2008), the Commonwealth must concede error. Additionally, the Commonwealth agrees with
appellant that although this argument is procedurally barred pursuant to Rule 5A:18, the ends of
justice exception should apply and the conviction for possession of a firearm in the commission of
robbery should be set aside. We agree with the Commonwealth.
We note from the outset that we are not obligated to accept the Commonwealth’s concession
on a point of law. See Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168, 172, 622 S.E.2d 771, 773
(2005) (en banc) (“Our fidelity to the uniform application of law precludes us from accepting
concessions of law made on appeal.”); Tuggle v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 99, 111 n.5, 334
S.E.2d 838, 846 n.5 (1985). Thus, we review the record independent of the Attorney General’s
concession of law.
First, we recognize that appellant did not preserve this issue in the trial court. Application
of the ends of justice exception requires proof of an error that was “clear, substantial and
material.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 126, 132, 380 S.E.2d 8, 11 (1989).
Application of the ends of justice exception is appropriate where “[the accused] was convicted
for conduct that was not a criminal offense” or “the record . . . affirmatively prove[s] that an
-3- element of the offense did not occur.” Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 221-22,
487 S.E.2d 269, 272-73 (1997).
By finding appellant guilty of use of a firearm in the commission of robbery, but not
finding him guilty of robbery, the trial court found an element of the firearm offense, namely
robbery, that did not exist. Thus, the record “affirmatively prove[s] that an element of the
offense did not occur.” Therefore, the ends of justice exception applies and this Court will
address the merits of appellant’s argument.
“Under the plain language of Code § 18.2-53.1, there can be no conviction for use or
attempted use of a firearm when there has been no commission of one of the predicate offenses
enumerated in that statute.” Jay, 275 Va. at 527, 659 S.E.2d at 321.
We previously have held that inconsistent verdicts rendered by a jury do not constitute
reversible error.
“Inconsistent verdicts therefore present a situation where ‘error,’ in the sense that the jury has not followed the court’s instructions, most certainly has occurred, but it is unclear whose ox has been gored. Given this uncertainty, and the fact that the [Commonwealth] is precluded from challenging the acquittal, it is hardly satisfactory to allow the defendant to receive a new trial on the conviction as a matter of course.”
Reed v. Commonwealth, 239 Va. 594, 597-98, 391 S.E.2d 75, 77 (1990) (quoting United States
v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65 (1984)). However, in this case the trial court generated the
inconsistency, and this Court has previously held that inconsistent verdicts rendered by a trial
judge is reversible error. See Akers v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 521, 532, 525 S.E.2d 13, 19
(2000) (concluding that it was error for a trial judge to render inconsistent verdicts in convicting
the defendant of the use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, while acquitting him of the
underlying felony charge). Because the trial court acquitted appellant of the robbery charge, we
-4- set aside appellant’s conviction for use of a firearm in the commission of robbery and dismiss
that charge.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant does not challenge that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, proves that J.H. was the victim of the subject offenses. Rather, he contends that
the evidence was insufficient to show he participated in any of the crimes.
To be convicted of a crime, suspicion or probability of guilt is insufficient. Rather, the
burden is upon the Commonwealth to prove every essential element of the offense beyond a
reasonable doubt. Cameron v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 108, 110, 175 S.E.2d 275, 276 (1970).
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence presented at the trial of the offense to prove the
elements of the crime, we “presume the judgment of the trial court to be correct” and reverse
only if the trial court’s decision is “plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Davis v.
Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 96, 99, 570 S.E.2d 875, 876-77 (2002); see also Code § 8.01-680.
Thus, “the relevant question” on appeal “is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319
(1979). We are also mindful that circumstantial “evidence ‘is as competent and is entitled to as
much weight as direct evidence, provided it is sufficiently convincing to exclude every
reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.’” Hollins v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 223, 229,
450 S.E.2d 397, 400 (1994) (quoting Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d
864, 876 (1983)). “Whether a hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is a question of fact, see
Cantrell v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 269, 290, 373 S.E.2d 328, 339 (1988), and a finding by
the trial court is binding on appeal unless plainly wrong.” Glasco v. Commonwealth, 26
Va. App. 763, 774, 497 S.E.2d 150, 155 (1998), aff’d, 257 Va. 433, 513 S.E.2d 137 (1999).
-5- There is ample circumstantial evidence in this record from which the jury could conclude
that appellant was the large individual appearing on the videotape wearing the ski mask and
brandishing the firearm.
Appellant cites several cases in support of his argument that the circumstantial evidence
presented at trial was insufficient to identify him as one of J.H.’s assailants. We recognize that no
two cases are identical and that the specific facts of each control whether the circumstantial
evidence is sufficient to identify the accused as the perpetrator. Bearing that in mind, we find the
cases cited by appellant to be distinguishable from the facts in this record.
In Cameron v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 108, 175 S.E.2d 275 (1970), two unidentified
men robbed a woman in the lobby of a parking garage. A witness who was walking toward the
garage saw two men run out of the exit and told the police that they were “two . . . males, one
short and one tall, the taller wearing dark pants, a white coat and a brown derby type hat, the
smaller one wearing light pants, a brown coat and a white sailor type hat with the brim turned
down.” 211 Va. at 109, 175 S.E.2d at 275-76.
Based on that description, the police arrested Cameron and another man eight blocks
from the garage. Id. at 109, 175 S.E.2d at 276. Cameron was wearing a “‘white, dirty, tan
jacket,’ grey pants and a brownish hat.” Id. His companion “was wearing a brownish
three-quarter-length coat, light tan pants and a ‘dirty white sailor type cap pulled down with a red
and grey band around it.’” Id.
The witness testified at trial that he could not be positive they were the same two men
and only identified them by their clothing. Id. at 110, 175 S.E.2d at 276. The victim was also
unable to identify Cameron at trial. Id. The Supreme Court reversed Cameron’s conviction
stating:
The strongest evidence against the defendant was the testimony of [the witness] who could only say that the defendant and his -6- companion were “wearing the same type of clothes” as the two boys who ran out of the garage lobby and that one of the two boys was short and one was tall, as were the defendant and his companion.
Id. at 111, 175 S.E.2d at 277.
We find the facts of Cameron decidedly distinguishable from the facts here. Cameron’s
clothing was commonplace; nothing about his clothing stood out from the ordinary. In
comparison, the mask in evidence here is not an ordinary mask. It is unique in its description
and distinctively altered from its original appearance.
At trial, J.H. was shown photographs of the mask and gun. He identified the mask and
gun in the pictures as the same items he saw in his house on the night he was robbed. Also, the
video, shown to the jury, clearly depicts a striped mask with two holes cut in one side and three
holes cut in the other. Further, the video shows a long barreled, chrome revolver held by the
large assailant who wore the mask. The jury had an opportunity to compare the mask and gun
that were offered into evidence with the video of the robbery, as well as compare the size of the
assailant to that of appellant.
In conclusion, the jury had the opportunity to view the videotape, the gun, and the mask.
They concluded that the Commonwealth’s evidence proved that the mask worn by the assailant
was identical to the mask found in appellant’s pocket just a day after J.H. was robbed. Because
the jury’s verdict is not plainly wrong or without evidence to support it, we affirm appellant’s
convictions for burglary and abduction. We reverse and dismiss appellant’s conviction for use of
a firearm in the commission of robbery.
Affirmed in part, and reversed and dismissed in part.
-7-