Opinion op the Court, by
Habéis, J.
By the bill it is alleged that the plaintiffs jointly with one Ma-huia are heirs at law of Kaleiheana (k) who at' the time of his decease was seized and posssessed of a land called Helumoa, and was tenant in common with Her late Boyal Highness Victoria Kama-malu, of lands known as Kanewai, Kanewai Kahala, and Pahoa, situated at Waikiki, Oahu, near the city of Honolulu, and the defendant in this suit is the heir, by several descents, of the aforesaid Princess Kamamalu.
It appears by the testimony of Mr. Mahelona that, for some reason or other, the late Hon. John Ii and His Highness M. Kekuanaoa, guardians of the Princess Kamamalu, claimed the whole of the lands in question, and in 1859 Mr Ii drove the heirs of Kaleiheana from the land of Kanewai and kept possession of it for his ward, and shortly thereafter, in 1859, Kaleiheana’s heirs commenced an action of ejectment in the Supreme Court, but were not sucessful. A reference to the record of the Court in that case shows that they were non-suited three times, and withdrew once, and being un- > dismayed, on the arrival of William Claude Jones, Esq., in this country, they employed him, and prepared to commence anew their action in 1867, seven or eight years after the first proceedings were commenced.
They paid Mr. Jones a fee of $50, and Mr. Jones drew up a bill of complaint which he submitted to Mr. A. J. Lawrence, then recently arrived in this country, and who had been engaged by Mr. Jones to assist him in the matter. The bill goes on to allege that Lawrence, after being engaged by Mr. Jones, falsely represented to the plaintiffs that Mr. Jones was in th'e interest of their adversaries and desired them to employ him (Lawrence.) By tfie bill, however, it does not appear that they took Lawrence at his word, but went to Mr. Jones, who told them that they must give him a share of their lands, or he would no longer act for them, and thereupon they paid Lawrence a fee of $30, and employed him, [677]*677being, as they say in their bill, importuned thereto by Lawrence.
The bill goes on to allege that Lawrence caused a power of attorney to be drawn up in the English language as follows:
“Know all men by these presents, that we, Kalama, Kaopua and Nahua, of Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, heirs of Kaleiheana, deceased, have constituted and appointed and by these presents do constitute and appoint Andrew J. Lawrence, of Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, our true and lawful attorney in fact for us, and in our names to sue for, recover, take possession of, compromise, dispose of, or sell and convey all our rights, titles, and interests in the lands of Kanewai, Kanewai Kahala, Pahoa and Helumoa j and our said attorney is authorized to sell and convey by way of compromise, or otherwise, all or any portion of our rights, titles and interests in any or all of said lands, at such prices, and on such terms as he may think best; to receive and receipt for all sums of money received for the same, and for and in our names to make such deeds of conveyance to the purchaser or purchasers thereof, as may be necessary and proper to convey our interests therein, and to do all and every act which may be necescary to carry into effect the powers and authority herein granted to him. And we hereby promise and agree to ratify all the acts of our said attorney done in the premises. And we hereby revoke all powers and authority heretofore given to any other person or persons to act for us in relation to the lands aforesaid : and the powTer and authority hereby given to our said attorney is irrevocable by us until the objects for which it is given shall have been accomplished by him.
In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this 20th day of December, 1867.
Kalama, [L. S.]
Kaopua, [L. S.]
Nahua. [L. S.]
Signed sealed and delivered in the presence of
~W. P. Ragsdale.
James D. Halai.
I certify that I have this 20th day of December, 1867, read, translated and interpreted the foregoing power of attorney to Ka-[678]*678lama, Kaopua and Nahua, the persons who executed the same.
Will jam P. Ragsdale.
Interpreter and Government Translator.
Register Oeeice, Oahu, ss.
On this 20th day of December, A. D. 1867, personallyappeared before me Kaopua and his wife Kalama and Nahua, parties to the foregoing instrument, who severally acknowledged that they had executed the same for the uses and purposes therein set forth ; and the said Kalama, on a private examination separate and apart from her husband, declared that she had executed the same of her own free will without compulsion, fear or constraint from her said husband.
Thomas Brown,
Registrar of Conveyances.”
Which they signed, under the impression that it was merely a power to Lawrence to recover their lands in Court. That soon after, J. D. Halai, who as clerk to Lawrence had written out the power of attorney, told them that Lawrence had sold their lands by virtue of the authority of that paper; that they immediately complained to Governor Dominis, one of the administrators of the estate of M. Kekuanaoa, who was heir of his daughter, Princess Kamamalu, aDd to several others, saying that they had not intended to sell the land, and had never signed the power of attorney with knowledge of its contents; and the bill goes on to aver that as they are informed and believe the said Lawrence was engaged by the administrators of Kekuanaoa’s estate to act in the premises against the interest of these plaintiffs and was retained to act in that behalf; and the plaintiffs aver that the conveyance made under and by authority of the said power of attorney is false, fraudulent and void, and pray that said pretended conveyance may be ordered to be delivered up to them to be cancelled.
The answer sets forth in general terms that there was no fraud on the part of the purchasers of this property ; that the plaintiffs well knew that Lawrence had authority to sell their lands; that the sum of one thousand dollars was paid for the said lands, viz : $750 for the lands held jointly with Kamamalu, and $250 for Helumoa, $200 being kept back for one of the heirs who had not signed the [679]*679power of attorney, making in all $1,200 for the interest of the heirs of Kaleiheana in the several lands, arid that these plaintiffs subsequently signed an order for $650, to be taken out of the proceeds of the sale of the land in question.
The question in this case is not whether Mr. Lawrence acted, with entire good faith towards his clients, but whether the purchasers acted in good faith, or in fraudulent collusion with Lawrence. Hence the allegation that plaintiffs are informed and believe that Lawrence was engaged by the administrator of the Princess Kamamalu’s estate (Governor Dominis) to act in the premises against their interest and was retained to act in their behalf is most important, for if that averment could be proved, it would make Lawrence the defendant’s agent and show that he was acting for both without the knowledge of his professed clients, which would be in fraud of them, and that fraud would necessarily be known, under the circumstances, to those acting for the persons whom this defendant now represents. But there is not only no evidence to show the truth of this allegation, but no attempt is made to show it.
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Opinion op the Court, by
Habéis, J.
By the bill it is alleged that the plaintiffs jointly with one Ma-huia are heirs at law of Kaleiheana (k) who at' the time of his decease was seized and posssessed of a land called Helumoa, and was tenant in common with Her late Boyal Highness Victoria Kama-malu, of lands known as Kanewai, Kanewai Kahala, and Pahoa, situated at Waikiki, Oahu, near the city of Honolulu, and the defendant in this suit is the heir, by several descents, of the aforesaid Princess Kamamalu.
It appears by the testimony of Mr. Mahelona that, for some reason or other, the late Hon. John Ii and His Highness M. Kekuanaoa, guardians of the Princess Kamamalu, claimed the whole of the lands in question, and in 1859 Mr Ii drove the heirs of Kaleiheana from the land of Kanewai and kept possession of it for his ward, and shortly thereafter, in 1859, Kaleiheana’s heirs commenced an action of ejectment in the Supreme Court, but were not sucessful. A reference to the record of the Court in that case shows that they were non-suited three times, and withdrew once, and being un- > dismayed, on the arrival of William Claude Jones, Esq., in this country, they employed him, and prepared to commence anew their action in 1867, seven or eight years after the first proceedings were commenced.
They paid Mr. Jones a fee of $50, and Mr. Jones drew up a bill of complaint which he submitted to Mr. A. J. Lawrence, then recently arrived in this country, and who had been engaged by Mr. Jones to assist him in the matter. The bill goes on to allege that Lawrence, after being engaged by Mr. Jones, falsely represented to the plaintiffs that Mr. Jones was in th'e interest of their adversaries and desired them to employ him (Lawrence.) By tfie bill, however, it does not appear that they took Lawrence at his word, but went to Mr. Jones, who told them that they must give him a share of their lands, or he would no longer act for them, and thereupon they paid Lawrence a fee of $30, and employed him, [677]*677being, as they say in their bill, importuned thereto by Lawrence.
The bill goes on to allege that Lawrence caused a power of attorney to be drawn up in the English language as follows:
“Know all men by these presents, that we, Kalama, Kaopua and Nahua, of Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, heirs of Kaleiheana, deceased, have constituted and appointed and by these presents do constitute and appoint Andrew J. Lawrence, of Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, our true and lawful attorney in fact for us, and in our names to sue for, recover, take possession of, compromise, dispose of, or sell and convey all our rights, titles, and interests in the lands of Kanewai, Kanewai Kahala, Pahoa and Helumoa j and our said attorney is authorized to sell and convey by way of compromise, or otherwise, all or any portion of our rights, titles and interests in any or all of said lands, at such prices, and on such terms as he may think best; to receive and receipt for all sums of money received for the same, and for and in our names to make such deeds of conveyance to the purchaser or purchasers thereof, as may be necessary and proper to convey our interests therein, and to do all and every act which may be necescary to carry into effect the powers and authority herein granted to him. And we hereby promise and agree to ratify all the acts of our said attorney done in the premises. And we hereby revoke all powers and authority heretofore given to any other person or persons to act for us in relation to the lands aforesaid : and the powTer and authority hereby given to our said attorney is irrevocable by us until the objects for which it is given shall have been accomplished by him.
In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this 20th day of December, 1867.
Kalama, [L. S.]
Kaopua, [L. S.]
Nahua. [L. S.]
Signed sealed and delivered in the presence of
~W. P. Ragsdale.
James D. Halai.
I certify that I have this 20th day of December, 1867, read, translated and interpreted the foregoing power of attorney to Ka-[678]*678lama, Kaopua and Nahua, the persons who executed the same.
Will jam P. Ragsdale.
Interpreter and Government Translator.
Register Oeeice, Oahu, ss.
On this 20th day of December, A. D. 1867, personallyappeared before me Kaopua and his wife Kalama and Nahua, parties to the foregoing instrument, who severally acknowledged that they had executed the same for the uses and purposes therein set forth ; and the said Kalama, on a private examination separate and apart from her husband, declared that she had executed the same of her own free will without compulsion, fear or constraint from her said husband.
Thomas Brown,
Registrar of Conveyances.”
Which they signed, under the impression that it was merely a power to Lawrence to recover their lands in Court. That soon after, J. D. Halai, who as clerk to Lawrence had written out the power of attorney, told them that Lawrence had sold their lands by virtue of the authority of that paper; that they immediately complained to Governor Dominis, one of the administrators of the estate of M. Kekuanaoa, who was heir of his daughter, Princess Kamamalu, aDd to several others, saying that they had not intended to sell the land, and had never signed the power of attorney with knowledge of its contents; and the bill goes on to aver that as they are informed and believe the said Lawrence was engaged by the administrators of Kekuanaoa’s estate to act in the premises against the interest of these plaintiffs and was retained to act in that behalf; and the plaintiffs aver that the conveyance made under and by authority of the said power of attorney is false, fraudulent and void, and pray that said pretended conveyance may be ordered to be delivered up to them to be cancelled.
The answer sets forth in general terms that there was no fraud on the part of the purchasers of this property ; that the plaintiffs well knew that Lawrence had authority to sell their lands; that the sum of one thousand dollars was paid for the said lands, viz : $750 for the lands held jointly with Kamamalu, and $250 for Helumoa, $200 being kept back for one of the heirs who had not signed the [679]*679power of attorney, making in all $1,200 for the interest of the heirs of Kaleiheana in the several lands, arid that these plaintiffs subsequently signed an order for $650, to be taken out of the proceeds of the sale of the land in question.
The question in this case is not whether Mr. Lawrence acted, with entire good faith towards his clients, but whether the purchasers acted in good faith, or in fraudulent collusion with Lawrence. Hence the allegation that plaintiffs are informed and believe that Lawrence was engaged by the administrator of the Princess Kamamalu’s estate (Governor Dominis) to act in the premises against their interest and was retained to act in their behalf is most important, for if that averment could be proved, it would make Lawrence the defendant’s agent and show that he was acting for both without the knowledge of his professed clients, which would be in fraud of them, and that fraud would necessarily be known, under the circumstances, to those acting for the persons whom this defendant now represents. But there is not only no evidence to show the truth of this allegation, but no attempt is made to show it. And surely it cannot be seriously insisted that any inference can be drawn favorable to the allegation, because Governor Dominis, who was equally available to the plaintiffs, if they had chosen to call him, did not offer himself to disprove an averment, the truth of which no one had attempted to substantiate. He, as well as the defendants’ counsel, had a right to suppose that the averment was not eventually relied upon. Therefore Lawrence remains, as regards the transaction, the agent of the plaintiffs alone.
Now it might well be that Mr. Lawrence held out alluring inducements to the plaintiffs to employ him, representing to them the benefits that would result to them from his efforts ; and after he had gotten the money for the land, he may have appropriated it to his own use; and yet the defendant would not be accountable in the slightest degree for any of his acts. He came to the defendant or to those in whose place she now stands, with a power of attorney in due form, containing a specific authority to sell these very lauds. This instrument was witnessed by two Hawaiians, conversant with both languages, and duly acknowledged before the Registrar of Conveyances. Surely there was no occasion, on [680]*680the face of it, for the purchaser to go any further We shall advert to this again.
It is said by counsel for plaintiffs that “the evidence is conclusive of fraud on the part of Lawrence.” If it were so, it would not be even indicative of any fraud or act of omission amounting to fraud on the part of the purchasers, and it is on this ground alone that the plaintiffs can succeed. It is asked, “Is it not inconceivable to one familiar with the Hawaiian character, that these people should authorize a newly arrived foreigner to sell out all they had for a fourth of its market value, or still more to sell at his own discretion as to price?” Certainly it is inconceivable that they should authorize a sale at a fourth of the market value, but it is by no means inconceivable that they should employ confidentially a newly arrived foreigner, and even to the extent which this instrument indicates. Indeed it is notorious, that whether as lawyer, physician or clergyman, or in any relation, it makes no difference that any one has served and guarded them faithfully for years; let a stranger put in an appearance and he stands as good and perhaps better chance of employment and confidence.
With regard to the inadequacy of the price, it is to be taken into consideration that they had been warring for seven years, had been non-suited three times, and had discontinued once, had employed again counsel, (Mr. Jones himself, by the way, recently arrived), given him a fee of $50, and received from him after a time the assurance that he could go no further unless they gave him a share ef the land, and were obliged to look out for new counsel to whom they paid $30; it would not appear anything very strange that they should offer to sell out or compromise for $1,200, nor very strange if their opponents, under all the circumstances, should think that they were doing a reasonable if not a generous act in acceeding to such a compromise; and it is certainly very doubtful whether anybody could have been found in the market to offer so large a sum for a litigated estate, nor must it be forgotten that the $1,200 is not a quarter of the value of their estate, even on the estimate, but one quarter of the value of the whole estate, toa large portion of which the purchasers had an unqestionable title and the whole of which was in their possession and had been so for a long time.
[681]*681Much stress has been laid upon the fact that Halai, who was a native Hawaiian, wrote the instrument in English. But he was a mere copyer, or clerk, and copied the paper, probably, as it was given to him. There is no evidence given of the amount of education of these plaintiffs, but judging from their signatures affixed to the document, it would make but little difference to them whether it was written in English or Hawaiian, since in either case some one else must read and interpret it to them. Again, it is said that it required no power of attorney between the parties to sell when they were so near to each other; surely it needed no power of attorney to carry on the suit, and needed none to negotiate; and therefore the purchasers might reasonably suppose that it was given for something; and if for anything, for what purpose other than that for which it purported to be?
But it is said that the power of attorney contains a clause whereby the plaintiffs ‘ ‘ promise and agree to ratify ” the acts of their attorney; <6but no application for such ratification appears to have been made to them by the purchaser.” It would scarcely appear necessary to comment on that point. If they have “ promised and agreed to ratify,” it is for the Court to hold them to their promise and agreement. The words are no different in. effect than if they had used the words “ hereby ratifying and confirming.”
But it is said the power of attorney to sell was not knowingly executed, and is void, and gave Lawrence no power to sell. And counsel in their brief go on to say «it was not a voidable contract obtained by fraud or misrepresentation, but no contract at all, and gives no basis of a title more than a forged deed.” If this last position be true, then plaintiffs have no status in this Court; for it does not require a proceeding of this nature to set .aside a forged deed; and the whole of this proceeding is grounded on the assumption that the power of attorney was obtained by fraud and misrepresentation. But if it be granted that plaintiffs did not know what they were signing, it would be an exceedingly strange and dangerous idea that one could sign an instrument by which another is enabled to obtain a large sum of money from a third party, and then, seven years after the act, be enabled to avoid the [682]*682effects of his act after the money has been misappropriated by their own agent and without even the pretence of an offer to restore the money and put the purchasers in the position they were in before the act. Such a holding would be to treat Lawrence as the agent of the purchasers and not as the agent for these plaintiffs.
Nor is it clear that they did not know that the instrument was an authority to sell their lands, or, in other words, to compromise their suit. Mr. Mahelona says that he heard Ragsdale say that it was an authority to Lawrence to act for them, to attend to their lands for them, to talk with the Chief about the land, and if the Chief should wish to lease or buy the lands, that he would come and consult with them: that Lawrence talked some- Hawaiian himself, and said the same thing, and that he himself (the witness) told them that if Lawrence could get $6,000 or $7,000 for their land they had better sell.
• Then if this be true, they were talking at the time of selling the lands, and Mr. Mahelona raised extravagant hopes in their minds about it. Surely the purchasers are not responsible if the plaintiffs’ agent did not communicate to them the offer he had received or consult with them regarding the price before closing With the offer.
Again, Ragsdale swears that he did interpret the instrument to them, and read it to them so as to impart the same impression that he himself received from the paper: that money was mentioned, he thinks $1,600. The parties, (says this witness) most undoubtedly understood thoroughly that the document gave Lawrence the authority to lease, sell or compromise the land. They understood it, for that was the gist of the whole matter. I explained to them the most important parts of the document.
This is the evidence of their chosen interpreter and witness to the instrument, and if it is to be relied upon, shows not only that they understood the paper, but that the sum of money which they might hope for was being talked of; and the witness adds “ the parties were apparently exhausted by long litigation and had not been treated well by the persons employed by them. ” It certainly can be of no consequence that when written to at a distance with no papers before him, this witness, after a lapse of seven years, [683]*683replied that the paper was a deed and the sum of money S800: for any one may have a wrong impression at that distance of time regarding a paper which is not before him, that was of no personal importance to himself, and which is only among many hundreds that passed before him in the way of business: but when the paper is put before him on the stand, and he has had the opportunity to think and refresh, his memory, this is his testimony.
This paper, therefore, is produced to the purchaser, drawn up and executed in due form of law, and witnessed to have been so executed by two competent interpreters, one of whom was a professed interpreter,” and acknowledged before the lawful officer to take such acknowledgments, and in addition certified by a competent interpreter to have been fully translated to the persons executing it. Surely the most cautious and prudent lawyer or counsel need go no farther.
Mr. Jones had no apprehensions excited in his mind; and if not Mr. Jones, why Mr. Stanley or Governor Dominis? Mr. Jones in the course of the hearing said that he took no care or notice of it, because he had been excluded from the case — supplanted by Mr. Lawrence. Surely Mr. Jones does himself injustice. He, as counsel in the case, would scarcely have allowed the averment to go into the bill, that he refused to go on with the case unless they gave him a share of the land — if the truth was that instead of his leaving the case, his clients withdrew the case from him. And he can, still less, mean to say that after having received $50 as a fee from these people, and left them because they would not give him an interest in the land, he saw a fraud about to be perpetrated upon them without taking sufficient interest in them to warn them. The better inference, and the one probably most consonant with the truth, is that Mr. Jones saw no wrong, suspected no wrong, and if he saw and suspected no wrong, then there was no reason why the purchasers or their attorneys should see or suspect any wrong.
Counsel urge that defendant’s ancestors were not bona fide purchasers since they neglected to take reasonable precautions to see if the heirs of Kaleiheana had agreed to sell * * *. “ The purchasers, acting under the advice of an eminent conveyancer, would not have omitted to ask for the original deeds to accompany [684]*684their purchase, if he thought it of any use to ask them. These latter deeds are now in the plaintiffs’ possession.”
To the first part of this it is proper to answer that the power of attorney itself sets forth a desire to sell, and one is fairly to be presumed to desire that which he deliberately sets'forth in a formal document he does desire. And they, the purchasers, might have asked for the original deeds if they thought it of any use so to do, but our registry laws have taken away that importance from the fact of possessing title deeds which was necessarily attached to that fact at times when and in countries where no such laws existed. But in this particular case (he only title deeds which the plaintiffs have or can have are certificates of Land Commission awards to their ancestors, taken from the public records, and any one can have a like certificate by paying a very small fee; and further, for those pieces in which the Princess Kamamalu was joint owner under the Land Commission award, her guardians and representatives undoubtedly had a like certificate, and could obtain as many as they might choose to pay for; so that truly it might be said it was of no use to ask for them, and the present possession of them by the plaintiffs can be of no inconvenience to defendant, and can afford not the smallest presumption that the power of attorney to Lawrence, by authority of which he conveyed the estates, was not signed by them for the uses and purposes in it set forth.
It further appears that the power of attorney in question was made on the 20th of December, 1867, and the purchase was not completed until fully three months afterwards, a circumstance of not much importance, but tending surely to show that there was no such haste as would tend to show an undue anxiety on the part of the purchasers," such as would accompany a consciousness of a fraudulent collusion or a collusion of any kind with the attorney in fact for the other side. Very nearly a year afterward, all the heirs of Kaleiheana, represented here, signed an order for $6,50 on Mr. Lawrence, to be paid out of the proceeds of sale of Helumoa and Kanewai, on which Mr. Lawrence wrote án acceptance to the effect that he had $500 belonging to them, which he would pay over on their giving him a receipt in full of all demands. From this it would appear that $500 of the money was already used up [685]*685or appropriated by Mr. Lawrence, and it is suggested that they signed this without a clear understanding of its import, and did not intend by this to ratify or acquiesce in Mr. Lawrence’s sale. Mr. Widemann says that he interpreted it to them, and thinks they understood it, though he took no particular pains to make them understand it. But a Court cannot go on concluding that people do not understand the consequences of their own acts, and relieving them against the consequences of their own ignorance and stupidity, more especially when, as in this ease, they would be obliged by doing so to inflict a wrong on third parties. If Mr. Lawrence “ made use of his confidential relations with them to get a power of attorney, utterly unjust and inequitable, which would enable him to sell their land for any sum however inadequate,” it should be remembered that Mr. Lawrence had no confidential relations whatsoever with the party defendant or her ancestors, and the power of attorney which these plaintiffs voluntarily signed, without any solicitation on the part of the purchasers, enabled their attorney to obtain one thousand dollars for the conveyance of their interests in the lands. By their power of attorney they held Lawrence out as a person in whom they had confidence; they had an opportunity of ascertaining most fully the contents of the paper when the interpreter, Bagsdale, was called in, and apparently, as far as one can judge by testimony, availed themselves of it. They might have availed themselves of the services of any other person to tell them what it was; and finally they acknowledged before the Begistrar of Deeds that they signed it “ for the uses and purposes therein set forth,” which they knew or ought to have known to be a solemn and binding act required by law. They had then another opportunity to enquire into the contents of the paper, and after that there were three months during which they could have enquired, and if the instrument was not what they intended, have had the matter rectified. A year after they drew an order for some of the money. Seven years elapsed before they undertook again to question this matter in Court, and they must now abide jby the contract which was made for them by their authority.
A. S. Hartwell and W. C. Jones, for plaintiffs.
JR. jU. Stanley, for' defendant.
Honolulu, August 28, 1875.