The opinion of the court was delivered by
Valentine, J.:
This was an action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff below through the fall of a derrick upon him, while in the employ of plaintiff in error, as a laborer, in building a culvert. The jury found in substance, that there was no negligence in originally providing the derrick, but that it became defective while used in building the Culvert, and that Owens, foreman of the job, continued to use it after he knew of its defective character.
1. eSS^níf1 prejudicial. [269]*2692 instructions "ifnot exrepted t0‘ [268]*268We agree with the learned counsel for plaintiff in error, that the court below committed errors, but under the facts of the case and the(record brought to this court, we think that none of them are available. Some of them were wholly immaterial, and some of them were not , , . . ___ properly saved by proper exceptions. W e agree with counsel that the testimony of William Little, sen., as to what Owens and Ridgway said at the Clifton House in Lawrence on the next day after the accident occurred, was erroneously admitted; that the court below erred in refusing to strike it out, and also .erred in refusing to charge the jury to disregard it. But under the undoubted facts of this case we think these errors were immaterial. The court also, by giving instruction No. 1 as asked for the plaintiff, and by refusing to give instructions Nos. 10 and 16 as asked for by the defendant, seemingly at least instructed the jury that the railroad company warranted the sufficiency of its machinery. This was erroneous. A railroad company does not warrant [269]*269the sufficiency of its machinery; but is required only to use due care in supplying and in keeping in order good and proper machinery, and is responsible only for negligence in not doing so. But these errors we think were also immaterial under the facts of this case. The court also erred in defining “gross negligence,” making it entirely too' mild, and then again erred in instructing the jury that if the defendant was guilty of gross negligence the plaintiff might recover exemplary damages. In effect the court instructed the jury, that the plaintiff might recover exemplary damages for mere ordinary negligence. This is not the law. The plaintiff had no right to recover such damages for any negligence less than §ross negligence amounting to wantonness. (L. L. & G. Rld. Co. v. Rice, 10 Kas. 426.) These instructions however were not excepted to, and therefore the errors committed in giving them are not available in this court. Probably however no harm was done by giving said instructions, as we do not think that the jury allowed anything as exemplary damages.
The plaintiff in error also complains of the refusal of the court below to give the 20th and 24th instructions asked for by it. Said instructions read as follows:
“20.-In weighing the testimony offered on behalf of the parties, the jury will- consider that the plaintiff is deeply interested in the result of the suit, and will view his testimony with proportionate suspicion.”
“24.-Parties to suits, and their immediate relatives, are by the law held to be more or less biased against the adverse party; and in this case the credibility of the plaintiff, his father, brother, and sister, are directly in issue — the plaintiff as interested, and the others as biased witnesses against the defendant.”
3 Bias of par-Mia’fces,*^611 witnesses. Now we cannot say that the court below erred in refusing to give these instructions. Their lánguage is a little too strong. We cannot say that, as a matter of law the evidence a jParty must be viewed with “suspicion.” Nor can we say that, as a matter of law relatives must be “held to be more or less biased against the adverse party.” The reverse of this is sometimes [270]*270true. And while it is the duty of the trial court, if asked to do so, to instruct the jury that they may take into consideration the interest or relationship of any witness in weighing his testimony, yet the court may very properly leave it to the jury to say whether such witness is biased or prejudiced, or not, and whether his testimony must be viewed with suspicion or not. There was no conflict in the testimony of the witnesses in this case, and there was nothing that transpired during the trial that should have caused the jury to look with suspicion upon the testimony of any witness. There was no ground at all upon which to base these instructions except the mere fact of interest of the plaintiff, and the mere fact of relationship to him of some of the other witnesses. We cannot therefore say that the court below erred in refusing to give these instructions.
statement of facts. We now come to the main question in the case: Was the railroad company, with respect to the plaintiff, responsible for the negligence of Owens ? Was Owens, with respect to the plaintiff, a superior servant, representing the railroad company, or was he a mere fellow-servant with the plaintiff? The work to be accomplished in which Owens and the plaintiff and others were engaged, was the building of a culvert for the railroad company. Owens was the foreman of the work. He employed all the other persons engaged therein, and had the power to discharge them whenever he thought proper to do so. He hired the plaintiff, who was merely a laborer on the work. Owens did not furnish the materials, nor the tools, nor implements, for building said culvert, and he did not have the authority directly to do so. They were furnished by other employés of the company, superior to Owens. Owens however had the power to inspect said materials, tools, and implements, and if not sufficient or if they became insufficient to apply to his superior officers for others. The jury found specially that “it was the duty of Owens to inspect the derrick, and see that it continued in good order.” Said derrick was sufficient and in good order when Owens received it. But after[271]*271ward by use it became insufficient. One of the ears of the spider into which one of the guy-rods was hooked became cracked and partially broken. The spider was of cast iron. Owens knew of the condition of the spider, and \ knew that because of said crack the derrick was unsafe; and yet he continued the work on the culvert, and continued to use said derrick. The ear of said spider broke off where it was cracked, and in consequence thereof the derrick fell and injured the plaintiff while he was at work for the company, and under the orders of Owens; and it is for such injury that the plaintiff instituted this áction.
The foregoing facts are unquestioned. They were established by proof and by admissions beyond a reasonable doubt. And therefore, if the plaintiff is entitled to recover upon these facts, then all the errors committed by the court below, or at least all that were sufficiently saved by proper exceptions, must now be considered as wholly immaterial, and the plaintiff’s judgment must be affirmed. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to recover upon these facts, depends as we think, upon whether the railroad company is responsible for Owens’ negligence or not. That Owens was negligent in using said derrick after he knew that it had become insufficient and unsafe, we suppose no one will question; but whether this negligence was the negligence of the railroad company, may be questioned, and is questioned. We think it was.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Valentine, J.:
This was an action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff below through the fall of a derrick upon him, while in the employ of plaintiff in error, as a laborer, in building a culvert. The jury found in substance, that there was no negligence in originally providing the derrick, but that it became defective while used in building the Culvert, and that Owens, foreman of the job, continued to use it after he knew of its defective character.
1. eSS^níf1 prejudicial. [269]*2692 instructions "ifnot exrepted t0‘ [268]*268We agree with the learned counsel for plaintiff in error, that the court below committed errors, but under the facts of the case and the(record brought to this court, we think that none of them are available. Some of them were wholly immaterial, and some of them were not , , . . ___ properly saved by proper exceptions. W e agree with counsel that the testimony of William Little, sen., as to what Owens and Ridgway said at the Clifton House in Lawrence on the next day after the accident occurred, was erroneously admitted; that the court below erred in refusing to strike it out, and also .erred in refusing to charge the jury to disregard it. But under the undoubted facts of this case we think these errors were immaterial. The court also, by giving instruction No. 1 as asked for the plaintiff, and by refusing to give instructions Nos. 10 and 16 as asked for by the defendant, seemingly at least instructed the jury that the railroad company warranted the sufficiency of its machinery. This was erroneous. A railroad company does not warrant [269]*269the sufficiency of its machinery; but is required only to use due care in supplying and in keeping in order good and proper machinery, and is responsible only for negligence in not doing so. But these errors we think were also immaterial under the facts of this case. The court also erred in defining “gross negligence,” making it entirely too' mild, and then again erred in instructing the jury that if the defendant was guilty of gross negligence the plaintiff might recover exemplary damages. In effect the court instructed the jury, that the plaintiff might recover exemplary damages for mere ordinary negligence. This is not the law. The plaintiff had no right to recover such damages for any negligence less than §ross negligence amounting to wantonness. (L. L. & G. Rld. Co. v. Rice, 10 Kas. 426.) These instructions however were not excepted to, and therefore the errors committed in giving them are not available in this court. Probably however no harm was done by giving said instructions, as we do not think that the jury allowed anything as exemplary damages.
The plaintiff in error also complains of the refusal of the court below to give the 20th and 24th instructions asked for by it. Said instructions read as follows:
“20.-In weighing the testimony offered on behalf of the parties, the jury will- consider that the plaintiff is deeply interested in the result of the suit, and will view his testimony with proportionate suspicion.”
“24.-Parties to suits, and their immediate relatives, are by the law held to be more or less biased against the adverse party; and in this case the credibility of the plaintiff, his father, brother, and sister, are directly in issue — the plaintiff as interested, and the others as biased witnesses against the defendant.”
3 Bias of par-Mia’fces,*^611 witnesses. Now we cannot say that the court below erred in refusing to give these instructions. Their lánguage is a little too strong. We cannot say that, as a matter of law the evidence a jParty must be viewed with “suspicion.” Nor can we say that, as a matter of law relatives must be “held to be more or less biased against the adverse party.” The reverse of this is sometimes [270]*270true. And while it is the duty of the trial court, if asked to do so, to instruct the jury that they may take into consideration the interest or relationship of any witness in weighing his testimony, yet the court may very properly leave it to the jury to say whether such witness is biased or prejudiced, or not, and whether his testimony must be viewed with suspicion or not. There was no conflict in the testimony of the witnesses in this case, and there was nothing that transpired during the trial that should have caused the jury to look with suspicion upon the testimony of any witness. There was no ground at all upon which to base these instructions except the mere fact of interest of the plaintiff, and the mere fact of relationship to him of some of the other witnesses. We cannot therefore say that the court below erred in refusing to give these instructions.
statement of facts. We now come to the main question in the case: Was the railroad company, with respect to the plaintiff, responsible for the negligence of Owens ? Was Owens, with respect to the plaintiff, a superior servant, representing the railroad company, or was he a mere fellow-servant with the plaintiff? The work to be accomplished in which Owens and the plaintiff and others were engaged, was the building of a culvert for the railroad company. Owens was the foreman of the work. He employed all the other persons engaged therein, and had the power to discharge them whenever he thought proper to do so. He hired the plaintiff, who was merely a laborer on the work. Owens did not furnish the materials, nor the tools, nor implements, for building said culvert, and he did not have the authority directly to do so. They were furnished by other employés of the company, superior to Owens. Owens however had the power to inspect said materials, tools, and implements, and if not sufficient or if they became insufficient to apply to his superior officers for others. The jury found specially that “it was the duty of Owens to inspect the derrick, and see that it continued in good order.” Said derrick was sufficient and in good order when Owens received it. But after[271]*271ward by use it became insufficient. One of the ears of the spider into which one of the guy-rods was hooked became cracked and partially broken. The spider was of cast iron. Owens knew of the condition of the spider, and \ knew that because of said crack the derrick was unsafe; and yet he continued the work on the culvert, and continued to use said derrick. The ear of said spider broke off where it was cracked, and in consequence thereof the derrick fell and injured the plaintiff while he was at work for the company, and under the orders of Owens; and it is for such injury that the plaintiff instituted this áction.
The foregoing facts are unquestioned. They were established by proof and by admissions beyond a reasonable doubt. And therefore, if the plaintiff is entitled to recover upon these facts, then all the errors committed by the court below, or at least all that were sufficiently saved by proper exceptions, must now be considered as wholly immaterial, and the plaintiff’s judgment must be affirmed. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to recover upon these facts, depends as we think, upon whether the railroad company is responsible for Owens’ negligence or not. That Owens was negligent in using said derrick after he knew that it had become insufficient and unsafe, we suppose no one will question; but whether this negligence was the negligence of the railroad company, may be questioned, and is questioned. We think it was. Owens was the only representative that the railroad company had upon that work. He was really the superintendent of the railroad company for that particular work. As to the laborers on the work he was the railroad company itself. If he had been merely a foreman working under a common employer, a common master, a common principal, along with the other employés, then we suppose under the authorities he would have been only a fellow-servant with the others and the company would not have been responsible for his negligence toward the others. But he was not merely á foreman working with the others under a common employer. As to the others he was the employer himself. He was their master, their prin[272]*272cipa!. He hired and discharged them. He inspected the machinery used by them to see that it continued in good order— or at least such was his duty; and he superintended the work generally. They scarcely knew of any other principal or master. All their dealings were with him, except that he did not originally furnish the materials and machinery, and did not pay them. But he had charge of everything after it was furnished, and they could draw their pay only through him and upon his statements and orders. In Shear-man & Redfield on Negligence, section 102, it is said as follows: “One to whom his employer commits the entire charge of the business, with power to choose his own assistants, and to control and discharge them as freely and fully as the principal himself could, is not a fellow-servant with those who are employed under him; and the master is answerable to all the under-servants for the negligence of such a managing assistant, either in his personal conduct within the scope of his employment, or in his selection of other servants.” We have found no case exactly parallel with this, but we would refer to the following cases as throwing some liglit upon the questions herein discussed: K. P. Rly. Co. v. Salmon, 14 Kas. 512, 522, et seq.; Lanning v. N. Y. C. Rld. Co., 49 N. Y. 521; Flike v. Boston & C. Rld. Co., 53 N. Y. 549; Corcoran v. Holbrook, 59 N. Y. 517; Ford v. Fitchburg Rld. Co., 110 Mass. 240; Brothers v. Carter, 52 Mo. 372; Gilson v. Pacific Rld. Co., 46 Mo. 163; Harper v. Indianapolis & C. Rld. Co., 47 Mo. 567.
The court below did not err in admitting evidence as to what Owens said, or what was said to him prior to said accident, concerning the insufficiency of said derrick. Such evidence was proper for the purpose of showing that Owens knew that the derrick was unsafe.
The judgment of the court below will be affirmed.
All the Justices concurring.