19‐973‐cv Kaminski v. Semple
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 18th day of December, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK, BARRINGTON D. PARKER, DENNY CHIN, Circuit Judges. ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x JOHN S. KAMINSKI, Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v. 19‐973‐cv
SEMPLE, COMMISSIONER OF DEPT. OF CORRECTIONS, DECLARATORY ONLY, GEORGE JEPSEN, ATTORNEY GENERAL (FORMERLY), STATE OF CONNECTICUT, DECLARATORY ONLY, WALTER CHARLES BANSLEY, IV, ATTORNEY, OF BANSLEY, ANTHONY & BURDO (INMATE LEGAL ASSISTANCE CONTRACTOR) (ILAP), INDIVIDUAL/CORPORATE, Defendants‐Appellees. ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: JOHN S. KAMINSKI, pro se, Suffield, Connecticut.
FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES: No appearance.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District
of Connecticut (Underhill, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Plaintiff‐appellant John Kaminski, pro se, appeals the judgment of the
district court, entered April 15, 2019, dismissing his complaint sua sponte for failure to
state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The complaint, filed
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleged that Scott Semple, the former commissioner of the
Connecticut Department of Corrections (ʺDOCʺ), George Jepsen, the former Connecticut
Attorney General, and Walter Scott Bansley IV, a private attorney who was hired by the
DOC to provide legal services to inmates in a legal assistance program, violated his
rights by denying him access to the courts. Specifically, he alleges that after he elected
to proceed pro se in his habeas proceeding, DOC denied him legal assistance and access
to the law library. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
We review the sua sponte dismissal of a complaint de novo. McEachin v.
McGuinnis, 357 F.3d 197, 200 (2d Cir. 2004). Pro se submissions are reviewed with
2 ʺspecial solicitude,ʺ and ʺmust be construed liberally and interpreted to raise the
strongest arguments that they suggest.ʺ Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471,
474‐75 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The district court properly dismissed Kaminskiʹs claims against Semple
and Jepsen to the extent he sought retrospective relief. If a complaint ʺalleges an
ongoing violation of federal law and seeks relief properly characterized as prospective,ʺ
the Eleventh Amendment cannot bar it. Verizon Md., Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Commʹn of Md.,
535 U.S. 635, 645 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also In re Deposit Ins.
Agency, 482 F.3d 612, 617 (2d Cir. 2007) (ʺ[A] plaintiff may sue a state official acting in
his official capacity ‐‐ notwithstanding the Eleventh Amendment ‐‐ for prospective
injunctive relief from violations of federal law.ʺ (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted)). But a declaration dealing only with past events would be retrospective and
barred. See Ward v. Thomas, 207 F.3d 114, 120 (2d Cir. 2000) (ʺAny declaration could say
no more than that Connecticut had violated federal law in the past . . . [and] would have
much the same effect as a full‐fledged award of damages or restitution by the federal
court, the latter kinds of relief being of course prohibited by the Eleventh Amendment.ʺ
(internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, Kaminski sought only a declaration that
Semple and Jepsen violated his right to access the courts. Both defendants are no longer
state officials; they are therefore no longer denying him a right to access the law library.
3 The district court correctly held that claims against Semple and Jensen for retroactive
relief are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. See id.
To the extent that Kaminskiʹs complaint may be construed as seeking
prospective relief, his claim for denial of access to the courts also fails.1 While the
Supreme Court has long recognized that prisoners have a right to meaningful access to
the courts and that prison officials are barred from ʺactively interfering with inmatesʹ
attempts to prepare legal documents,ʺ Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 350 (1996) (citing
Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977)), prisoners do not have an abstract right to a law
library or legal assistance. Id. To state a denial‐of‐access‐to‐the‐courts claim, a prisoner
must show that: (1) he suffered an ʺactual injury,ʺ id. at 349, (2) to a non‐frivolous legal
claim, (3) concerning his criminal conviction, habeas corpus petition, or conditions of
confinement. Id. at 352–54. Actual injuries include the dismissal of a complaint for a
technical deficiency that would have been cured with appropriate legal facilities, or that
a prisoner was ʺstymiedʺ from bringing an arguably actionable claim by the
ʺinadequacies of the law library.ʺ Id. at 351.
Here, Kaminski has failed to allege that the denial of access to a law
library resulted in any actual injury relating to his habeas corpus petition. Kaminski
alleged that he discovered a dismissed criminal charge on his own, when none of his
1 Where a public officer sued in his official capacity ʺresigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office while the action is pending,ʺ the action continues, and ʺ[t]he officerʹs successor is automatically substituted as a party.ʺ Fed. R. Civ. P. 25 (d). 4 appointed attorneys caught the issue. Further, he was able to file and prosecute a
petition for a writ of mandamus without access to a law library. His complaint suggests
that his habeas proceeding was not hindered by his lack of access to a library. Indeed,
the state court forgave a technical error (mislabeling of a motion) that Kaminski
attributed to his lack of access to a law library or legal services.
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19‐973‐cv Kaminski v. Semple
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 18th day of December, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK, BARRINGTON D. PARKER, DENNY CHIN, Circuit Judges. ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x JOHN S. KAMINSKI, Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v. 19‐973‐cv
SEMPLE, COMMISSIONER OF DEPT. OF CORRECTIONS, DECLARATORY ONLY, GEORGE JEPSEN, ATTORNEY GENERAL (FORMERLY), STATE OF CONNECTICUT, DECLARATORY ONLY, WALTER CHARLES BANSLEY, IV, ATTORNEY, OF BANSLEY, ANTHONY & BURDO (INMATE LEGAL ASSISTANCE CONTRACTOR) (ILAP), INDIVIDUAL/CORPORATE, Defendants‐Appellees. ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: JOHN S. KAMINSKI, pro se, Suffield, Connecticut.
FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES: No appearance.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District
of Connecticut (Underhill, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Plaintiff‐appellant John Kaminski, pro se, appeals the judgment of the
district court, entered April 15, 2019, dismissing his complaint sua sponte for failure to
state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The complaint, filed
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleged that Scott Semple, the former commissioner of the
Connecticut Department of Corrections (ʺDOCʺ), George Jepsen, the former Connecticut
Attorney General, and Walter Scott Bansley IV, a private attorney who was hired by the
DOC to provide legal services to inmates in a legal assistance program, violated his
rights by denying him access to the courts. Specifically, he alleges that after he elected
to proceed pro se in his habeas proceeding, DOC denied him legal assistance and access
to the law library. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
We review the sua sponte dismissal of a complaint de novo. McEachin v.
McGuinnis, 357 F.3d 197, 200 (2d Cir. 2004). Pro se submissions are reviewed with
2 ʺspecial solicitude,ʺ and ʺmust be construed liberally and interpreted to raise the
strongest arguments that they suggest.ʺ Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471,
474‐75 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The district court properly dismissed Kaminskiʹs claims against Semple
and Jepsen to the extent he sought retrospective relief. If a complaint ʺalleges an
ongoing violation of federal law and seeks relief properly characterized as prospective,ʺ
the Eleventh Amendment cannot bar it. Verizon Md., Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Commʹn of Md.,
535 U.S. 635, 645 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also In re Deposit Ins.
Agency, 482 F.3d 612, 617 (2d Cir. 2007) (ʺ[A] plaintiff may sue a state official acting in
his official capacity ‐‐ notwithstanding the Eleventh Amendment ‐‐ for prospective
injunctive relief from violations of federal law.ʺ (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted)). But a declaration dealing only with past events would be retrospective and
barred. See Ward v. Thomas, 207 F.3d 114, 120 (2d Cir. 2000) (ʺAny declaration could say
no more than that Connecticut had violated federal law in the past . . . [and] would have
much the same effect as a full‐fledged award of damages or restitution by the federal
court, the latter kinds of relief being of course prohibited by the Eleventh Amendment.ʺ
(internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, Kaminski sought only a declaration that
Semple and Jepsen violated his right to access the courts. Both defendants are no longer
state officials; they are therefore no longer denying him a right to access the law library.
3 The district court correctly held that claims against Semple and Jensen for retroactive
relief are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. See id.
To the extent that Kaminskiʹs complaint may be construed as seeking
prospective relief, his claim for denial of access to the courts also fails.1 While the
Supreme Court has long recognized that prisoners have a right to meaningful access to
the courts and that prison officials are barred from ʺactively interfering with inmatesʹ
attempts to prepare legal documents,ʺ Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 350 (1996) (citing
Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977)), prisoners do not have an abstract right to a law
library or legal assistance. Id. To state a denial‐of‐access‐to‐the‐courts claim, a prisoner
must show that: (1) he suffered an ʺactual injury,ʺ id. at 349, (2) to a non‐frivolous legal
claim, (3) concerning his criminal conviction, habeas corpus petition, or conditions of
confinement. Id. at 352–54. Actual injuries include the dismissal of a complaint for a
technical deficiency that would have been cured with appropriate legal facilities, or that
a prisoner was ʺstymiedʺ from bringing an arguably actionable claim by the
ʺinadequacies of the law library.ʺ Id. at 351.
Here, Kaminski has failed to allege that the denial of access to a law
library resulted in any actual injury relating to his habeas corpus petition. Kaminski
alleged that he discovered a dismissed criminal charge on his own, when none of his
1 Where a public officer sued in his official capacity ʺresigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office while the action is pending,ʺ the action continues, and ʺ[t]he officerʹs successor is automatically substituted as a party.ʺ Fed. R. Civ. P. 25 (d). 4 appointed attorneys caught the issue. Further, he was able to file and prosecute a
petition for a writ of mandamus without access to a law library. His complaint suggests
that his habeas proceeding was not hindered by his lack of access to a library. Indeed,
the state court forgave a technical error (mislabeling of a motion) that Kaminski
attributed to his lack of access to a law library or legal services.
Although Kaminski acknowledges that his individual claims do not
establish a denial of access to the courts, he asserts that Connecticutʹs legal services for
prisoners are worse than the system addressed in Lewis. But Lewis makes clear that ʺan
inmate cannot establish relevant actual injury simply by establishing that his prisonʹs
law library or legal assistance program is subpar in some theoretical sense.ʺ 518 U.S. at
351. Kaminski therefore cannot show any actual injury and he does not state a plausible
claim for denial of access to the courts.
The district court also properly dismissed the claims against Bansley. To
be liable under § 1983, a defendant must be a state actor. Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 49–50 (1999). Generally, a court‐appointed attorney ʺperforming a
lawyerʹs traditional functions as counselʺ to a party is not a state actor under § 1983.
Rodriguez v. Weprin, 116 F.3d 62, 65–66 (2d Cir. 1997). We have also held that legal aid
agencies are not state actors, ʺnotwithstanding the receipt of substantial government
funds,ʺ as long as the State does not ʺexercise control or supervision over the internal
operationsʺ of the agency. See Graseck v. Mauceri, 582 F.2d 203, 208 (2d Cir. 1978); see also
5 Schnabel v. Abramson, 232 F.3d 83, 87 (2d Cir. 2000) (reaffirming Graseckʹs holding that ʺa
legal aid society ordinarily is not a state actor amenable to suit under § 1983ʺ). Bansley,
as the Inmate Legal Assistance Program contractor, acted in the capacity of a legal aid
society by performing legal services on behalf of Connecticut state prisoners. Because
Kaminski offered no allegation that Bansley performed duties outside the traditional
counselʹs role, or that DOC controlled or supervised Bansley, he failed to sufficiently
allege that Bansley was a state actor. See Rodriguez, 116 F.3d 65–66; Graseck, 582 F.2d at
208.
Finally, the district court also did not err in denying Kaminski leave to
amend his complaint. A pro se plaintiff should be afforded leave to amend following
dismissal ʺwhen a liberal reading of the complaint gives any indication that a valid
claim might be stated.ʺ Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Here, however, amendment would have been futile because
Bansley is not a state actor and Kaminski cannot allege that his habeas proceeding was
harmed by any of the defendantsʹ actions. Accordingly, the district court properly
dismissed Kaminskiʹs complaint.
* * *
6 We have considered Kaminskiʹs remaining arguments and conclude they
are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk