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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH No. 82498-8-I PLAN, INC., d/b/a KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN, f/k/a DIVISION ONE GROUP HEALTH COOPERATIVE,
Respondent, PUBLISHED OPINION
v.
LAURA BRICE and JOHN DOE BRICE, and the marital community comprised thereof,
Appellants.
SMITH, A.C.J. — Laura Brice suffered complications from a negligent tooth
extraction that led to permanent disabilities. Her follow-up medical care was
covered by Medicare as administered by Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, a
Medicare Advantage Organization (MAO). Brice eventually settled with the
dentist for $1,427,870, and Kaiser charged Brice $190,747.13 for reimbursement
of the medical services it had covered. Brice disputed the amount of one of
these items where Kaiser paid more than the hospital had billed. Kaiser brought
a declaratory judgment action to enforce its reimbursement right, and the court
granted summary judgment for Kaiser. Brice appealed, contending that Kaiser
was only entitled to reimbursement for the amounts it had been billed and that
the court was required to reduce Kaiser’s reimbursement right to share the
attorney fees and costs incurred in obtaining the settlement. Because Kaiser
Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material. For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 82498-8-I/2
was entitled to reimbursement for the full costs it incurred where Brice’s
settlement covered these costs, and because attorney fee sharing is not required
when an insurance company must file suit to obtain its reimbursement because
the insured party opposes its recovery, we affirm.
FACTS
In July 2013, Laura Brice suffered complications from a tooth extraction
that led to facial and neck disfigurement and permanent disabilities. Brice
incurred extensive medical bills for follow-up care, which were covered by
Kaiser.1
In June 2016, Brice sued the dentists involved in the tooth extraction for
medical negligence. The parties engaged in discovery, hiring experts and
conducting depositions to determine liability. In October 2017, Brice’s newly
retained lawyer, David Balint, sent a letter to Kaiser informing it of the personal
injury suit. In anticipation of settlement negotiations, he requested a ledger
showing Kaiser’s claimed reimbursement interests. Kaiser sent a log showing
the medical expenses it had paid on Brice’s behalf, coming to a total of
$192,637.99. This included $113,387.18 that Kaiser had paid for Brice’s stay at
Virginia Mason Medical Center from November 3 to November 7, 2014, for which
Virginia Mason had only charged $50,088.86. Balint responded, requesting that
Kaiser reduce its reimbursement claim to represent the amount billed. Kaiser
1 At the time Brice enrolled in her insurance, it was provided by Group
Health Cooperative, which is now part of Kaiser.
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declined to do so, explaining that the payment was based on its contractual
arrangement with Virginia Mason and based on Medicare rules and procedures.
On February 22, 2018, Brice settled with one of the dentists for
$1,427,870. The settlement agreement provided that Brice would satisfy and be
solely responsible for any of Kaiser’s rights of subrogation from the proceeds of
the settlement. On October 17, 2018, Balint informed Kaiser that the case had
settled. The parties continued to dispute the value of Kaiser’s reimbursement
interest. In September 2019, Balint sent a trust check for $25,000 to Kaiser
based on his valuation of what the disputed charge should have been.
On January 23, 2020, Kaiser sued for declaratory relief regarding its right
to be reimbursed in the amount of the medical expenses it had paid. Brice
answered with affirmative defenses and a counterclaim, asserting that Brice had
fully satisfied Kaiser’s interest and that Kaiser was violating the Washington
Consumer Protection Act. The parties filed cross motions for summary
judgment, and the court granted summary judgment to Kaiser, declaring that
Kaiser had a right to be reimbursed in the amount of $165,747.13, the amount
remaining after Brice’s partial payment of $25,000 is subtracted from the full
$190,747.13 that Kaiser paid.
Brice appeals.
BACKGROUND
Medicare is a “federal health insurance program primarily benefitting those
65 years of age and older.” Parra v. PacifiCare of Arizona, Inc., 715 F.3d 1146,
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1152 (9th Cir. 2013). Under the Medicare Act, Medicare insurance is “secondary
to any ‘primary plan’ [that is] obligated to pay a Medicare recipient’s medical
expenses,” including a third-party tortfeasor’s liability insurance policy or plan.2
Parra, 715 F.3d at 1152 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(2)(A)). Medicare may
pay for such expenses anyway if the primary plan “has not made or cannot
reasonably be expected” to pay for the service “promptly,” but this secondary
payment is “conditioned on reimbursement.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(i). The
responsibility to reimburse Medicare extends to both “a primary plan[ ] and an
entity that receives payment from a primary plan.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(ii).
“In 1997, Congress enacted Medicare Part C, providing for Medicare
Advantage plans.” Parra, 715 F.3d at 1152. “Part C allows eligible participants
to opt out of traditional Medicare and instead obtain various benefits through
MAOs, which receive a fixed payment from the United States for each enrollee.”
Parra, 715 F.3d at 1152; 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395w-21, 1395w-23. Like Medicare,
MAOs may seek reimbursement for secondary payments they make toward
medical services for which a primary plan is responsible. 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-
22(a)(4).
“All payments to providers of services must be based on the reasonable
cost of services covered under Medicare and related to the care of beneficiaries.”
2 Moreover, “[a]n entity that engages in a business, trade, or profession
shall be deemed to have a self-insured plan if it carries its own risk (whether by a failure to obtain insurance, or otherwise) in whole or in part.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(2)(A). This means potential tortfeasors like the dentists in this case are considered primary payers regardless of their insured status.
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42 C.F.R. § 413.9. The Medicare Act “explicitly delegates to the Secretary [of
Health and Human Services] the authority to develop regulatory methods for the
estimation of reasonable costs.” Good Samaritan Hosp. v. Shalala, 508 U.S.
402, 418, 113 S. Ct. 2151, 124 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1993). To achieve this pricing
scheme, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services “establishes a
classification of inpatient hospital discharges by Diagnosis-Related Groups” and
assigns each an “appropriate weighting factor” to calculate appropriate costs.
42 C.F.R. § 412.60.
ANALYSIS
Brice contends that the court erred by granting summary judgment for
Kaiser. Specifically, she contends that the court could not properly consider a
declaration filed by Kaiser with its reply memorandum on summary judgment;
that Kaiser’s recovery should have been limited to the amount it was billed, rather
than the full amount it paid; and that Kaiser’s recovery should have been reduced
by a proportionate amount of the attorney fees and costs Brice incurred to obtain
the settlement funds. We address each issue in turn.
Standard of Review
“Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue as to
any material fact, so the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Meyers v. Ferndale Sch. Dist., 197 Wn.2d 281, 287, 481 P.3d 1084 (2021). “We
view the facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.” Meyers, 197 Wn.2d at 287. “We review rulings on summary
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judgment and issues of statutory interpretation de novo.” Am. Legion Post
No. 149 v. Dep’t of Health, 164 Wn.2d 570, 584, 192 P.3d 306 (2008). “Contract
interpretation is a question of law for the court when it is unnecessary to rely on
extrinsic evidence.” Wash. State Major League Baseball Stadium Pub. Facilities
Dist. v. Huber, Hunt & Nichols-Kiewit Const. Co., 176 Wn.2d 502, 517, 296 P.3d
821 (2013).
Reply Declaration of Pamela Henley
As a threshold issue, Brice contends that we should disregard the
declaration of Pamela Henley filed with Kaiser’s reply in support of summary
judgment. Brice challenges this declaration on the grounds that Henley did not
certify that it was based on her personal knowledge and that the declaration
raised new issues that were not in strict rebuttal.3 We are not persuaded.
With respect to the personal knowledge issue, Brice is presumably relying
on CR 56(e), which requires that “affidavits shall be made on personal
knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and
shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters
stated therein.” Henley’s first declaration explicitly stated that it was made
3 Brice did not challenge Kaiser’s submission of the declaration in the trial
court, and so we need not consider this assignment of error under RAP 2.5(a). Nonetheless, we exercise our discretion to do so. Brice also did not raise this issue in her assignments of error or in a separate section of her brief, but instead addressed it in her facts section. Although this violates RAP 10.3(a) and (g), we exercise our discretion to consider issues “despite one or more technical flaws in an appellant’s compliance with the Rules of Appellate Procedure” as long as the issues are clearly argued and the respondent is not prejudiced. State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 323, 893 P.2d 629 (1995).
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“based upon [her] own personal knowledge and [her] review of Kaiser’s files and
records,”4 and explained that as part of her duties she “monitor[ed] the medical
expenses paid by Kaiser on behalf of Defendant Brice for medical services
arising from [the tooth extraction,] evaluate[d] Kaiser’s right to obtain
reimbursement for those payments from the proceeds of settlement . . . , and
[sought] reimbursement for the medical expenses Kaiser paid on Defendant
Brice’s behalf.” These statements demonstrate Henley’s knowledge of and
competence to testify about the information shared in her reply declaration, which
include a redacted copy of a claim for Brice’s medical care, a screenshot of the
Medicare pricer tool used by Kaiser, and a copy of the completed priced claim for
Brice’s inpatient care. Brice cites no case indicating that a declarant must repeat
statements about her personal knowledge in a follow-up declaration, and given
that the civil rules must be “construed and administered to secure the just,
speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action,” we are not persuaded
that this was required. CR 1.
Moreover, Brice is incorrect that Kaiser could not submit new evidence
along with its summary judgment reply. Brice relies on cases indicating that a
party cannot raise new issues on rebuttal, White v. Kent Med. Ctr., Inc., PS, 61
Wn. App. 163, 168, 810 P.2d 4 (1991), but Kaiser did not raise new issues.
Instead, Kaiser provided additional evidence to support an argument it had
4 “Statements in a declaration based on a review of business records
satisfy the personal knowledge requirement of CR 56(e) if the declaration satisfies the business records statute, RCW 5.45.020.” Barkley v. GreenPoint Mortg. Funding, Inc., 190 Wn. App. 58, 67, 358 P.3d 1204 (2015).
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already raised: that it was entitled to reimbursement for the full amount it paid on
Brice’s behalf. “Until a formal order granting or denying the motion for summary
judgment is entered, a party may file affidavits to assist the court in determining
the existence of an issue of material fact.” Cofer v. Pierce County, 8 Wn. App.
258, 261, 505 P.2d 476 (1973).
Accordingly, we consider all the evidence considered by the superior
court, including Henley’s reply declaration.
Value of Reimbursable Medical Expenses
Brice claims that the trial court erred by concluding that Kaiser had the
right to be reimbursed for the full amount of its payments on Brice’s behalf, and
contends that Kaiser’s right to reimbursement should be limited to the reasonable
value of the medical expenses.5 We disagree.
42 U.S.C. § 1395w-22(a)(4) provides, Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a [Medicare Advantage6] organization may (in the case of the provision of items
5 “ ‘Reimbursement’ permits an insurer to be reimbursed by its insured
from proceeds that the insured collects . . . from the party at-fault,” while “ ‘subrogation’ is an equitable doctrine” permitting the insurer to collect directly from the party at-fault. Winters v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 144 Wn.2d 869, 875-76, 31 P.3d 1164 (2001). Because both the statute and Brice’s Medicare plan permit Kaiser to recover from a tortfeasor or from proceeds Brice collected from a tortfeasor, this distinction is not at issue in this case. 6 “The current Part C Medicare Advantage program was formerly known
as ‘Medicare+Choice,’ and many Part C provisions still use that terminology. When Congress made revisions to the program and changed the name in 2003, it provided that ‘any reference to the program under part C of title XVIII of the Social Security Act shall be deemed a reference to the Medicare Advantage program and, with respect to such part, any reference to “Medicare+Choice” is deemed a reference to “Medicare Advantage” and “MA”.’ ” Humana Med. Plan, Inc. v. Reale, 180 So. 3d 195, 199 n.3 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting
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and services to an individual under a [Medicare Advantage] plan under circumstances in which payment . . . is made secondary pursuant to section 1395y(b)(2) of this title) charge . . . , in accordance with the charges allowed under a law, plan, or policy[7] described in such section— (A) the insurance carrier, employer, or other entity which under such law, plan, or policy is to pay for the provision of such services, or (B) such individual to the extent that the individual has been paid under such law, plan, or policy for such services.
The medicare regulations also provide that “[i]f a Medicare enrollee
receives from an [MAO] covered services that are also covered . . . under any
liability insurance policy or plan, . . . the [MAO] may bill . . . . [t]he Medicare
enrollee, to the extent that he or she has been paid by the carrier . . . for covered
medical expenses. 42 CFR § 422.108(d) (emphasis added).
Here, Brice’s settlement with the dentists appears to have paid her to the
full extent of Kaiser’s medical expenses. The settlement provided, in reference
to Brice’s Kaiser plan, that “Medicare’s interests in reimbursement for any
incurred medical expenses that have been paid by Medicare have either already
been satisfied or will be satisfied from the settlement proceeds.” (Emphasis
added.) It also specified “that satisfaction of any and all of Medicare’s interests
shall be the sole and exclusive responsibility of Laura Brice” and that Brice would
“satisfy from the proceeds of this settlement and be solely responsible for any
and all . . . rights of subrogation, including those of the Kaiser Permanente
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, P.L. 108–173, 117 Stat. 2066). 7 This language appears to refer to § 1395y’s definition of “primary plan”
as including “a workmen’s compensation law or plan, an automobile or liability insurance policy or plan . . . or no fault insurance.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(2).
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MedAdvantage Plan.” Because the statute gives Kaiser the right to be
reimbursed “to the extent” that Brice has been paid by the primary plan, and
Brice was paid by the primary plan to the full extent of “any incurred medical
expenses” that Kaiser paid, we conclude that under 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-22(a)(4),
Kaiser is entitled to reimbursement for the full value of the medical expenses it
incurred.
Furthermore, the outcome under Brice’s coverage agreement is the same.
Brice’s coverage plan provided that, if Brice was injured by another party and
Kaiser provided benefits for medical services as a result, Brice “shall reimburse
[Kaiser] for all benefits provided, from any amounts [Brice] received . . . on
account of such injury . . . whether by suit, settlement or otherwise.” If Brice’s
injury led to a settlement with a third party, Kaiser had the right to recover its
medical expenses, which were defined as “the expenses incurred and the value
of the benefits provided by [Kaiser] under this Agreement.” It appears that “the
expenses incurred” are the full $190,747.13 Kaiser paid on Brice’s behalf. Brice
asks us to focus on “the value of the benefits” language8 and contends that the
amount Virginia Mason billed for the November 2014 inpatient stay was the
actual value of those services. But the Medicare Act defines the monetary worth
of services by requiring the Secretary to establish “reasonable compensation
equivalent for such services.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395xx(a)(2)(B) (discussing payments
8 Value means the “amount of a commodity, service, or medium of
exchange that is the equivalent of something else” or “the monetary worth of something.” W EBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2530 (2002).
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for certain services paid on a reasonable cost basis); see also id. at
1395xx(a)(1)(A) (establishing other services that are reimbursed as physicians’
services under Medicare Part B); 42 CFR § 405.501 (providing that “Medicare
pays no more for Part B medical and other health services than the ‘reasonable
charge’ for such service.”); 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(a)(1)(A)(i) (providing limits on
when Secretary may recognize operating costs of inpatient hospital services as
“reasonable”). Because Kaiser paid what was required by Medicare’s
compensation scheme, the value of the expenses and the amount incurred are
equal.
Brice contends that, because she only had the right to recover any money
from the dentist under Washington law, Kaiser’s right to recover from her should
be limited by Washington law, and should therefore be limited to the “reasonable
value” of her medical expenses. See, e.g., Hayes v. Wieber Enters., Inc., 105
Wn. App. 611, 615-16, 20 P.3d 946 (“Plaintiffs in negligence cases are permitted
to recover the reasonable value of the medical services they receive, not the total
of all bills paid.”). Brice relies on a declaration from her expert that the charges
billed by Virginia Mason for her November 2014 stay were reasonable. Brice’s
argument fails for multiple reasons. First, the federal reimbursement statute
preempts Washington law because it applies “[n]otwithstanding any other
provision of law.”9 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-22(a)(4). The accompanying regulation
9 “Under the preemption doctrine, states are deemed powerless to apply
their own law due to restraints deliberately imposed by federal legislation.” Alverado v. Wash. Pub. Power Supply Sys., 111 Wn.2d 424, 430-31, 759 P.2d 427 (1988).
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makes clear that it “supersede[s] any State laws, regulations, contract
requirements, or other standards that would otherwise apply to [Medicare
Advantage] plans. A State cannot take away an MA organization’s right under
Federal law and the [Medicare secondary payer] regulations to bill . . . for
services for which Medicare is not the primary payer.” 42 CFR § 422.108(f).
Second, while Brice has provided, for the purposes of this case, an expert saying
the amount billed was reasonable, nothing would prevent her from contending to
a jury that the amount Kaiser paid, in accordance with Medicare pricing schemes,
was the reasonable value of her medical expenses.10 Third, if a jury did award
Brice less than the amount Kaiser paid, Kaiser would only be reimbursed to the
extent that Brice was awarded damages for the medical services under 42
U.S.C. § 1395w-22(a)(4). Because Kaiser can only be reimbursed to the extent
Brice was paid for the services, and Brice’s settlement fully paid for her medical
expenses, we reject Brice’s portrayal of this outcome as inequitable or illogical
when considered alongside Washington law.
Reduction of Reimbursement for Attorney Fees
Brice next challenges the court’s failure to provide for any equitable
sharing of attorney’s fees and costs on Kaiser’s part. Again, we find no error.
As an initial matter, Kaiser contends that Brice waived this issue by not
raising it below under RAP 2.5(a). We disagree. Brice discussed this issue at
10 Under Washington law, medical expenses may be reasonable even if
the amount paid is different from what is normally charged by providers or paid by insurance. Gerlach v. Cove Apartments, LLC, 196 Wn.2d 111, 124 n.8, 471 P.3d 181 (2020).
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length below, and, contrary to Kaiser’s contention, replied specifically to Kaiser’s
argument that equitable fee sharing could not take place if Brice opposed
Kaiser’s right to recover. Brice is not raising a new issue merely because she
approaches her argument in a different way.
As a general rule, “Medicare reduces its recovery to take account of the
cost of procuring the judgment or settlement . . . if— (i) Procurement costs are
incurred because the claim is disputed; and (ii) Those costs are borne by the
party against which [Medicare] seeks to recover.” 42 C.F.R. § 411.37(a)(1).
However, if Medicare “must file suit because the party that received payment
opposes [Medicare]'s recovery, the recovery amount is” reduced to the lesser of
the settlement amount minus the party’s procurement cost and Medicare’s
payment. 42 C.F.R. § 411.37(a)(2), (e). The Eleventh Circuit explained this
regulation as meaning that a “beneficiary’s procurement costs do not offset an
MAO’s recovery if the MAO must litigate to secure repayment.” Humana Med.
Plan, Inc. v. W. Heritage Ins. Co., 832 F.3d 1229, 1240 (11th Cir. 2016). In that
case, the court rejected the primary plan’s argument that it provided for
appropriate reimbursement by placing the disputed amount into trust, because
the regulations required the plan to reimburse Medicare directly. Humana, 832
F.3d at 1239-40; see also Cox v. Shalala, No. 6:93CV00436, 1995 WL 638620,
at *5 (M.D.N.C. June 7, 1995) (unpublished), aff'd, 112 F.3d 151 (4th Cir. 1997)
(“In this case, the Secretary was forced to defend against Plaintiffs' declaratory
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judgment action and brought a counterclaim for reimbursement. These actions
place this case within the ambit of § 411.37(e).”).
By contrast, in Estate of Washington v. United States Secretary of Health
and Human Services, the Tenth Circuit held that “because [the beneficiary] only
questioned the amount of reimbursement owed and only instituted a declaratory
judgment action,” the general rule of attorney fee sharing applied. 53 F.3d 1173,
1175 (10th Cir. 1995). In that case, the beneficiary’s estate initiated a
declaratory judgment action to determine what amount of reimbursement was
appropriate in a case where the beneficiary’s settlement with the tortfeasor only
covered a portion of her damages. Estate of Washington, 53 F.3d at 1175. In
holding that the declaratory judgment action did not trigger 42 C.F.R.
§ 411.37(e), the court noted that “[t]his result may well have been reached far
earlier, and at far less cost, if the government had been more forthcoming about
the authority supporting its rejection of the Estate’s proportionality theory.”
Estate of Washington, 53 F.3d at 1176.
Here, we conclude that the special rule under 42 C.F.R. § 411.37(a)(2),
(e) applies. The issue is whether Kaiser had to file suit because of Brice’s
opposition to its recovery. Unlike Estate of Washington, in which the beneficiary
proactively sought an answer to its question, here it was Kaiser who had to bring
an action to enforce its right to be reimbursed. Also unlike Estate of Washington,
where the insurer could have avoided litigation by being more forthcoming about
the authority supporting its theory, here it is unclear that Kaiser had better
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alternatives available to it than bringing suit. Although Brice characterizes herself
as not “opposing” Kaiser’s recovery, her answer to Kaiser’s complaint asked the
court to find that her $25,000 payment constituted payment in full for Kaiser’s
reimbursement interest, despite her admission on appeal that Kaiser is entitled to
at least $78,442.51. She also asked the court to find that Kaiser’s claims were
barred by the doctrines of unclean hands and laches and that Kaiser had violated
the CPA, and she only paid Kaiser $25,000 in the two years between settlement
and Kaiser filing suit. We conclude that this case is unlike Estate of Washington.
The court did not err by declining to reduce the reimbursement amount by a
proportional share of attorney fees.
We affirm.
WE CONCUR: