TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-07-00731-CV
Judy S. Baggs and Michael J. Baggs, Appellants
v.
Dennis Becker, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BASTROP COUNTY, 335TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 22,699, HONORABLE TERRY L. FLENNIKEN, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
This appeal arises from a child custody suit filed by the child's grandmother,
Judy Baggs, and her husband, Michael Baggs. The trial court found that the State of Texas was an
inconvenient forum and declined jurisdiction in favor of Florida. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 152.207 (West 2002). The Baggses appeal and contend that the trial court's decision to decline
jurisdiction was an abuse of discretion because it was not supported by the evidence. Because we
hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
BACKGROUND
Judy and Michael Baggs seek to become the managing conservators of
Judy's granddaughter, K.B., who has lived with them in Gulfport, Florida, since January 2003. (1)
K.B. is the daughter of Shannan Bray, Judy Baggs' daughter, and Appellee Dennis Becker. K.B. has
a brother who lives with Becker in Deltona, Florida. (2) Bray and Becker were living in Texas when
they divorced in November 1999, and their final divorce decree was entered in Bastrop County. The
decree named Bray and Becker as joint managing conservators and gave Becker the right to
determine the residency of both children. Judy and Michael Baggs were given periods of possession
of both children.
Approximately a year after the divorce, Becker moved with the children to Florida.
Sometime during the summer or fall of 2002, K.B.'s brother moved to Texas to live with his paternal
grandmother and her husband in Nacogdoches. In January 2003, K.B. moved in with Judy and
Michael Baggs. Shortly thereafter, Becker, a member of the military reserves, was deployed to Iraq.
When Becker returned to Florida, he regained custody of K.B.'s brother, but K.B. continued to live
with the Baggses. For the next few years, Becker executed a power of attorney, with a one-year
duration, each January that allowed the Baggses to enroll K.B. in school and extracurricular activities
and to provide for her medical care. In December 2006, Becker notified the Baggses that he would
not be executing another power of attorney and would be bringing K.B. back to live with him in
Deltona, Florida. Since notifying the Baggses of this intention, however, Becker has neither brought
K.B. to live with him nor executed another power of attorney. This left the Baggses unable to enroll
K.B. in school and extracurricular activities, provide her with health insurance, or seek medical care.
On August 1, 2007, the Baggses filed a petition in Bastrop County to modify the final
divorce decree in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship, seeking to be named managing
conservators of K.B. with the sole right to designate her primary residence. In response, Becker filed
a motion asking the trial court to decline to exercise jurisdiction on the grounds that Texas was an
inconvenient forum because he, the children, and Judy and Michael Baggs all live in Florida. After
a hearing on November 8, 2007, the trial court--citing the length of time that K.B. had been out of
state, the distance between the court in Texas and the court in Florida, the relative financial
circumstances of the parties, and the nature and location of the evidence--granted Becker's motion
and declined to exercise jurisdiction over the Baggses' motion to be named K.B.'s managing
conservators. The court found that Texas was an inconvenient forum and that Florida was a more
appropriate forum. However, the trial court also entered orders temporarily granting Judy and
Michael Baggs the right to designate K.B.'s primary residence until a court of competent jurisdiction
in the State of Florida assumes jurisdiction and decides the case on the merits. These temporary
orders also gave the Baggses the authority to enroll K.B. in school and extracurricular activities and
to provide health insurance and medical care for her. The court gave Becker standard visitation for a
non-custodial parent. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.313 (West 2006) (standard possession
schedule for parents who reside over 100 miles apart). Judy and Michael Baggs now appeal,
arguing that the trial court erred in declining to exercise jurisdiction.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court's decision to decline to exercise jurisdiction
as an inconvenient forum for abuse of discretion. See Hart v. Kozik, 242 S.W.3d 102, 106
(Tex. App.--Eastland 2007, no pet.); Dickerson v. Doyle, 170 S.W.3d 713, 718 (Tex. App.--El Paso
2005, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, and
without reference to any guiding rules or principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc.,
701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). We may not reverse simply because we disagree with the
trial court's decision. Id.; Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 862 (Tex. 1978). In reviewing a
trial court's order for an abuse of discretion, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
trial court's order, indulging every reasonable inference in its favor. Universal Health Servs., Inc.
v. Thompson, 24 S.W.3d 570, 576 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.).
Under an abuse-of-discretion standard, the factual sufficiency of the evidence is not
independent grounds for error; it is simply a factor in assessing whether the trial court abused its
discretion. London v. London, 192 S.W.3d 6, 14-15 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2005,
pet. denied). Thus, we engage in a two-pronged inquiry, asking: (1) whether the trial court had
sufficient information upon which to exercise its discretion; and (2) whether the trial court erred in
its application of discretion. Id.; Gonzalez v. Tippit, 167 S.W.3d 536, 544 (Tex. App.--Austin 2005,
no pet.). The trial court's findings will be upheld under the first prong as long as they are supported
by sufficient competent and probative evidence and are not so against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. See Hart, 242 S.W.3d at 109; Gonzalez,
167 S.W.3d at 544.
DISCUSSION
The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), which
Texas adopted in 1999, governs jurisdiction in child custody issues. Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§§ 152.001-.317 (West 2002 & Supp. 2008). The UCCJEA seeks to prevent conflicting jurisdiction
and relitigation of child custody determinations by limiting the authority to make custody
determinations to one court, even when multiple states have personal jurisdiction over the parties
and a legitimate interest in the issues involved. See Hart, 242 S.W.3d at 106-07. When, as here, a
Texas court makes a custody determination, it retains exclusive continuing jurisdiction until it or
another Texas court determines that Texas no longer has sufficient contacts or is an inconvenient
forum. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 152.202, .207 (West 2002). When determining whether Texas
is an inconvenient forum, the UCCJEA directs trial courts to consider "all relevant factors,"
including:
(1) whether domestic violence has occurred and is likely to continue in the future and
which state could best protect the parties and the child;
(2) the length of time the child has resided outside this state;
(3) the distance between the court in this state and the court in the state that would
assume jurisdiction;
(4) the relative financial circumstances of the parties;
(5) any agreement of the parties as to which state should assume jurisdiction;
(6) the nature and location of the evidence required to resolve the pending litigation,
including any testimony of the child;
(7) the ability of the court of each state to decide the issue expeditiously and the
procedures necessary to present the evidence; and
(8) the familiarity of the court of each state with the facts and issues in the pending
litigation.
Id. § 152.207(b).
Because the original divorce decree, which included the child custody determination,
was entered in Bastrop County, the trial court was the court of continuing exclusive jurisdiction. See
id. § 152.202. However, the court declined to exercise this jurisdiction, finding:
that the State of Texas is an inconvenient forum, and the State of Florida is a more
appropriate forum and therefore, the Court declines to exercise jurisdiction in this
case. Specifically, the Court bases its findings on the following factors: (1) the
length of time the Child has resided outside the State of Texas; (2) the distance
between this Court and the court in the state that would assume jurisdiction, that
being the state of Florida; (3) the relative financial circumstances of the parties; and
(4) the nature and location of the evidence required to resolve the pending litigation,
including the testimony of the child.
The Baggses argue that the trial court's finding that Texas was an inconvenient forum
is not supported by the evidence. The Baggses contend that three of the four factors cited by the
court--the distance between the courts, the relative financial circumstances of the parties, and the
nature and location of the evidence--actually weigh against the court's ruling and in favor of Texas
as the more appropriate forum. (3) The Baggses also contend that they do not have standing to bring
suit under Florida law and thus a fifth statutory factor--the ability of the court of each state to decide
the issue expeditiously--weighs against the court's ruling. We will examine each of these
factors in turn.
Distance Between the Courts
Judy Baggs testified that the Texas court is a three to four hour plane ride from
Florida, while she and her husband live only a two-and-a-half to three hour drive from Becker in
Florida. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 152.207(b)(3) (in determining appropriate forum, courts should
consider distance between court in this state and court in state that would assume jurisdiction). Yet
the Baggses argue that because they wish to travel to Texas and submit to the trial court's
jurisdiction and because Bray, the child's mother, lives in Elgin, the only person who is
inconvenienced by the distance between Florida and Texas is Becker. While Judy and Michael
Baggs may be willing and able to travel to Texas, the trial court could have reasonably concluded
that Becker, who appeared before the trial court only by attorney, and sought permission to testify
from Florida via telephone, was not. Furthermore, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the
Baggses are unable to make the shorter trip to the Florida court. Therefore, the trial court was not
unreasonable in determining that the distance between Texas and Florida--where the majority of the
parties and the subject child reside--weighs toward a finding that Texas is an inconvenient forum.
Relative Financial Circumstances of the Parties
The Baggses contend that the relative financial circumstances of the parties must
weigh in favor of the Texas court exercising its jurisdiction, citing Bray's testimony that she could
not afford to travel to Florida to participate in the proceedings there. (4) See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 152.207(b)(4) (relative financial circumstances of parties is factor in determining appropriate
forum). However, Bray testified that she was not contesting her mother and stepfather's suit and
sought only to maintain her current periods of possession. From this, the trial court could have
reasonably concluded that it was more essential to ensure that Becker--who would be forced to
travel from Florida to Texas if the trial court exercised jurisdiction--be able to participate in the
proceedings. Thus, the court was not unreasonable in determining that the relative financial
circumstances of the parties weighed in favor of Florida as the more appropriate forum.
Nature and Location of the Evidence
The Baggses argue that, because there is a significant amount of evidence located in
Texas, this factor should weigh in favor of exercising jurisdiction in Texas. Specifically, Judy and
Michael Baggs assert that two witnesses, Becker's uncle and a family friend, are located in Texas,
as is evidence of K.B.'s brother's psychological history, specifically his records from an evaluation
conducted by a facility in Nacogdoches. (5) Judy and Michael Baggs also testified that they are willing
to find and produce evidence located in Florida--specifically the school records for both
children--for a Texas court.
The Baggses further contend that Becker did not present evidence of any important
witnesses or documentary evidence that was located in Florida. However, on examination by
Becker's attorney, Michael Baggs acknowledged that the psychological reports located in
Nacogdoches were obtained several years ago and that more recent evidence is located in Florida.
In addition, Judy and Michael Baggs testified that the Texas witnesses had observed the children in
both the Baggses' home and Becker's home because they frequently traveled to Florida, from which
the court could have reasonably determined that these two witnesses could travel to Florida to testify.
The trial court also heard evidence that both children had lived in Florida for several years and
attended school and participated in extracurricular activities there. See Monk, 263 S.W.3d at 211
(child's school attendance and participation in extracurricular activities indicative of evidence
located out-of-state). The trial court could reasonably expect both children to be witnesses at a trial
on the merits. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 152.207(b)(6) (in determining appropriate forum, courts
should consider nature and location of evidence, including testimony of the child). Further, because
two of the three parties--and the only two parties seeking custody of K.B.-- had lived in Florida for
several years, the court could have concluded that there would be character witnesses located in
Florida as well. Based on the record before it, the trial court could have reasonably found that a
significant amount of evidence existed in Florida and that this weighed in favor of declining
jurisdiction as an inconvenient forum.
Ability of Court in Each State to Decide the Issue Expeditiously
The Baggses next contend that they do not have standing to bring suit under Florida
law, that the trial court was informed of this problem, and that this factor weighs against declining
jurisdiction because the Florida court does not have the ability to decide the issue. However, there
is nothing in the record to indicate that this issue was raised before the trial court. Therefore, it was
not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to fail to consider a factor for which it had no evidence.
See Hart, 242 S.W.3d at 112 ("If no evidence of a particular factor is offered, we cannot say that the
trial court abused its discretion by failing to make a fact finding"); Dickerson, 170 S.W.3d at 719-20 n.8 ("No litigant tendered evidence of Alabama law . . . . In the absence of such evidence, we
must presume that the law of Alabama is identical to Texas law."). Furthermore, the trial court's
order includes a provision requiring the case to return to Texas "in the event that an appropriate court
in the State of Florida refuses to exercise jurisdiction or otherwise refuses to hear this dispute
between the parties in this suit." Therefore, if the Baggses are correct in their interpretation of
Florida law and are unable to litigate in Florida, they will be able to return to the Texas trial court. (6)
There was no evidence before the trial court on any of the remaining factors listed in
section 152.207(b) of the family code. Given the evidence before the trial court regarding the four
factors on which it based its determination, it did not abuse its discretion in declining to exercise
jurisdiction based on its findings that Texas was an inconvenient forum and that Florida was a more
convenient forum. We therefore affirm the decision of the trial court.
CONCLUSION
Because we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to
exercise jurisdiction over the motion to modify the final divorce decree in favor of Florida as a more
convenient forum, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
___________________________________________
Diane M. Henson, Justice
Before Justices Patterson, Waldrop and Henson
Affirmed
Filed: February 6, 2009
1. The facts come from the affidavits of Judy and Michael Baggs, filed with their petition, and
from their testimony at the hearing before the trial court. Appellee Dennis Becker did not testify or
dispute the facts asserted by the Baggses.
2. Because K.B.'s brother shares her initials, we will refer to him, when necessary, as K.B.'s
brother.
3. As to the first factor cited by the court, it is undisputed that, at the time of the hearing, K.B.
had lived out of state for approximately seven years. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 152.207(b)(2)
(West 2002) (length of time child has resided out of state is factor in determining appropriate forum).
The trial court was not unreasonable in determining that this factor weighed in favor of
declining jurisdiction as an inconvenient forum. Cf. Monk v. Pomberg, 263 S.W.3d 199, 211
(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (no abuse of discretion in declining jurisdiction
where, among other factors, child had been living out of state for two years prior to suit); Dickerson
v. Doyle, 170 S.W.3d 713, 719 (Tex. App.--El Paso 2005, no pet.) (no abuse of discretion in
declining jurisdiction where, among other factors, child had been living out of state for five months
prior to suit).
4. Becker did not present evidence of his income.
5. The Baggses intend to present evidence of K.B.'s brother's psychological history because,
in their petition to become K.B.'s joint managing conservators, they allege that her brother is a
danger to K.B.
6. In their brief to this court, the Baggses cite to Florida law governing the temporary custody
of minor children by extended family. See Fla. Stat. §§ 751.01-.05. We note that section 751.02
allows a family member "who is caring full time for the child in the role of a substitute parent and
with whom the child is presently living" to bring suit for temporary custody. Id. § 751.02. While
the Baggses correctly note that under Florida law, "[i]f one of the minor child's parents objects to
the granting of temporary custody to the petitioner, the court shall grant the petition only upon a
finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that the child's parent or parents are unfit to provide the
care and control of the child," id. § 751.05, a higher burden once in court is not the same as an
inability to bring suit. Texas courts are not required to ascertain that every aspect of the more
convenient forum's law is identical before declining jurisdiction. See Hart v. Kozik, 242 S.W.3d
102, 108 (Tex. App.--Eastland 2007, no pet.) (holding that legislature instructed trial courts to
determine if other state's court can expeditiously decide issues, "but did not instruct trial courts to
retain jurisdiction if there are differences between the two states' rules of evidence or procedure").