NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
JUDITH PEARSON, as personal ) representative of the Estate of Donald ) Pearson, deceased, ) ) Appellant/Cross-Appellee, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D17-3636 ) PHILIP MORRIS USA INC., ) ) Appellee/Cross-Appellee. ) )
Opinion filed March 1, 2019.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hillsborough County; Paul L. Huey, Judge.
Thomas J. Seider, Celene H. Humphries, and Maegen P. Luka of Brannock & Humphries, Tampa; Eric D. Roslansky of The Ruth Law Team, St. Petersburg; and Lee D. Gunn IV of Gunn Law Group, P.A., Tampa, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
Cathy A. Kamm of Shook, Hardy & Bacon L.L.P., Tampa; and David M. Menichetti and Geoffrey J. Michael of Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, DC, for Appellee/Cross-Appellant. BLACK, Judge.
Judith Pearson, as personal representative of the Estate of Donald
Pearson, appeals the judgment entered in favor of Philip Morris USA Inc. in this Engle1
progeny case. Mrs. Pearson raises three issues on appeal, only two of which we
address: the court's improper denial of a challenge to a prospective juror for cause,
requiring the Estate to use a peremptory challenge to excuse him; and the court's ruling
allowing Philip Morris to exercise an out-of-turn peremptory strike. We reverse and
remand for a new trial. Our reversal for a new trial renders moot Philip Morris's cross-
appeal.
During voir dire, counsel for both the Estate and Philip Morris questioned
the venire in an effort to reveal any biases or prejudices. One of the initial questions
posed by the Estate was, "When you heard this is a man who smoked cigarettes,
smoked them till [sic] he got sick and ultimately he died from cigarette smoke and now
his family is suing the tobacco company that sold those cigarettes, how many of you
said, What? What? Why?" A number of prospective jurors responded affirmatively to
the question, one of whom was Juror Ray. And when individually questioned about his
response, Juror Ray expressed his opinion that the Estate would begin "in the red" and
many questions would need to be answered for the Estate "to move." Juror Ray stated
that he believed smoking to be a choice, "more something they just decide to do on their
own rather than really being pushed into it one way or another." He also stated that
while he believed he could keep an open mind and hear the evidence, the Estate "would
have an uphill argument to make."
1Engle v. Liggett Grp., Inc., 945 So. 2d 1246 (Fla. 2006).
-2- After further questioning of the venire, the Estate's counsel returned to
Juror Ray and asked him to remind counsel what his thoughts were with regard to the
Estate's lawsuit. Juror Ray responded that he felt the Estate would start "a little behind"
because smoking is "a matter of personal choice" and "that's a large barrier on a
situation like this." He also stated that his opinion would be measured against the
evidence but would be difficult to set aside.
The court granted a number of cause challenges to prospective jurors, a
few based on the their opinions with regard to smoking being a conscious choice and
the Estate starting at a disadvantage or with a strike against it. The Estate sought to
excuse Juror Ray for cause based on his statements that the Estate would begin "in the
red" and that smoking was a personal choice. After hearing argument from both parties,
the court denied the cause challenge.
The court then turned to peremptory challenges, allowing three per side
which could only be used on the six jurors then on the panel. The court would not
permit peremptory challenges on alternate jurors:
So if we get to alternates and you've got a peremptory, you've got to come back and use it against someone who will be in the six. And then you don't – can't use alternate picks back in the six. And then you have an alternate for – you have a strike for the first alternate and the second alternate. Once we have the first alternate, if you didn't use a strike, you don't get to save it and use it on the second. So you don't end up with two on the second.
The Estate used one peremptory challenge initially; the panel was then
agreed upon, subject to backstrikes. The record is somewhat confusing as to what
exactly happened next, but what emerges is that although the Estate's counsel clearly
-3- exercised the first alternate challenge, he also sought to clarify the identity of the first
alternate juror. Juror Padgett was the first alternate; however, counsel for the Estate
appears to have mistakenly believed that someone other than Juror Padgett was the
first alternate. While the Estate's counsel was attempting to resolve the identity of the
first alternate, Philip Morris's attorney was permitted to backstrike a panel member, out
of turn, which resulted in Juror Padgett being seated on the jury and negating the
Estate's first alternate strike. The following exchange occurred between the Estate's
counsel and the trial court:
Estate's counsel: All right. So just so I understand what happened. I was counting to see if I was on the correct alternate, and then I heard, "I'll exercise a peremptory."
The court: That's right.
Estate's counsel: You allowed him to interrupt the alternate challenge to use a peremptory.
The court: I did.
Estate's counsel: Okay. I guess I have to object to the interruption in my exercise of the alternate.
The court: All right. You can object.
Philip Morris used its three peremptory challenges on backstrikes, and the Estate used
its final two peremptory challenges on backstrikes, including striking Juror Ray.
Counsel for the Estate argued: "In light of your denial for cause, plaintiff renews for
cause and/or requests an additional peremptory challenge. . . . We would have – we
would have exercised on Padgett if cause for Ray had not been denied." The court
denied the cause challenge and the request for an additional peremptory challenge.
Juror Padgett ultimately served as the foreperson of the jury.
-4- "We apply the abuse of discretion standard to a trial court's decision to
deny a challenge for cause to a potential juror." Pelham v. Walker, 135 So. 3d 1114,
1116 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013). A cause challenge "must be granted if there is any
reasonable doubt regarding a potential juror's impartiality." Id. "[C]lose cases involving
challenges to the impartiality of potential jurors should be resolved in favor of excusing
the juror rather than leaving doubt as to impartiality." Four Wood Consulting, LLC v.
Fyne, 981 So. 2d 2, 5 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007). And although "a trial court generally has a
'unique vantage point' to assess the appropriateness of a challenge for cause," the
court's assessment must be "fairly supported by the record." Embleton v. Senatus, 993
So. 2d 593, 595 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008) (first quoting Weinstein Design Grp., Inc. v.
Fielder, 884 So. 2d 990, 994 (Fla.
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NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
JUDITH PEARSON, as personal ) representative of the Estate of Donald ) Pearson, deceased, ) ) Appellant/Cross-Appellee, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D17-3636 ) PHILIP MORRIS USA INC., ) ) Appellee/Cross-Appellee. ) )
Opinion filed March 1, 2019.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hillsborough County; Paul L. Huey, Judge.
Thomas J. Seider, Celene H. Humphries, and Maegen P. Luka of Brannock & Humphries, Tampa; Eric D. Roslansky of The Ruth Law Team, St. Petersburg; and Lee D. Gunn IV of Gunn Law Group, P.A., Tampa, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
Cathy A. Kamm of Shook, Hardy & Bacon L.L.P., Tampa; and David M. Menichetti and Geoffrey J. Michael of Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, DC, for Appellee/Cross-Appellant. BLACK, Judge.
Judith Pearson, as personal representative of the Estate of Donald
Pearson, appeals the judgment entered in favor of Philip Morris USA Inc. in this Engle1
progeny case. Mrs. Pearson raises three issues on appeal, only two of which we
address: the court's improper denial of a challenge to a prospective juror for cause,
requiring the Estate to use a peremptory challenge to excuse him; and the court's ruling
allowing Philip Morris to exercise an out-of-turn peremptory strike. We reverse and
remand for a new trial. Our reversal for a new trial renders moot Philip Morris's cross-
appeal.
During voir dire, counsel for both the Estate and Philip Morris questioned
the venire in an effort to reveal any biases or prejudices. One of the initial questions
posed by the Estate was, "When you heard this is a man who smoked cigarettes,
smoked them till [sic] he got sick and ultimately he died from cigarette smoke and now
his family is suing the tobacco company that sold those cigarettes, how many of you
said, What? What? Why?" A number of prospective jurors responded affirmatively to
the question, one of whom was Juror Ray. And when individually questioned about his
response, Juror Ray expressed his opinion that the Estate would begin "in the red" and
many questions would need to be answered for the Estate "to move." Juror Ray stated
that he believed smoking to be a choice, "more something they just decide to do on their
own rather than really being pushed into it one way or another." He also stated that
while he believed he could keep an open mind and hear the evidence, the Estate "would
have an uphill argument to make."
1Engle v. Liggett Grp., Inc., 945 So. 2d 1246 (Fla. 2006).
-2- After further questioning of the venire, the Estate's counsel returned to
Juror Ray and asked him to remind counsel what his thoughts were with regard to the
Estate's lawsuit. Juror Ray responded that he felt the Estate would start "a little behind"
because smoking is "a matter of personal choice" and "that's a large barrier on a
situation like this." He also stated that his opinion would be measured against the
evidence but would be difficult to set aside.
The court granted a number of cause challenges to prospective jurors, a
few based on the their opinions with regard to smoking being a conscious choice and
the Estate starting at a disadvantage or with a strike against it. The Estate sought to
excuse Juror Ray for cause based on his statements that the Estate would begin "in the
red" and that smoking was a personal choice. After hearing argument from both parties,
the court denied the cause challenge.
The court then turned to peremptory challenges, allowing three per side
which could only be used on the six jurors then on the panel. The court would not
permit peremptory challenges on alternate jurors:
So if we get to alternates and you've got a peremptory, you've got to come back and use it against someone who will be in the six. And then you don't – can't use alternate picks back in the six. And then you have an alternate for – you have a strike for the first alternate and the second alternate. Once we have the first alternate, if you didn't use a strike, you don't get to save it and use it on the second. So you don't end up with two on the second.
The Estate used one peremptory challenge initially; the panel was then
agreed upon, subject to backstrikes. The record is somewhat confusing as to what
exactly happened next, but what emerges is that although the Estate's counsel clearly
-3- exercised the first alternate challenge, he also sought to clarify the identity of the first
alternate juror. Juror Padgett was the first alternate; however, counsel for the Estate
appears to have mistakenly believed that someone other than Juror Padgett was the
first alternate. While the Estate's counsel was attempting to resolve the identity of the
first alternate, Philip Morris's attorney was permitted to backstrike a panel member, out
of turn, which resulted in Juror Padgett being seated on the jury and negating the
Estate's first alternate strike. The following exchange occurred between the Estate's
counsel and the trial court:
Estate's counsel: All right. So just so I understand what happened. I was counting to see if I was on the correct alternate, and then I heard, "I'll exercise a peremptory."
The court: That's right.
Estate's counsel: You allowed him to interrupt the alternate challenge to use a peremptory.
The court: I did.
Estate's counsel: Okay. I guess I have to object to the interruption in my exercise of the alternate.
The court: All right. You can object.
Philip Morris used its three peremptory challenges on backstrikes, and the Estate used
its final two peremptory challenges on backstrikes, including striking Juror Ray.
Counsel for the Estate argued: "In light of your denial for cause, plaintiff renews for
cause and/or requests an additional peremptory challenge. . . . We would have – we
would have exercised on Padgett if cause for Ray had not been denied." The court
denied the cause challenge and the request for an additional peremptory challenge.
Juror Padgett ultimately served as the foreperson of the jury.
-4- "We apply the abuse of discretion standard to a trial court's decision to
deny a challenge for cause to a potential juror." Pelham v. Walker, 135 So. 3d 1114,
1116 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013). A cause challenge "must be granted if there is any
reasonable doubt regarding a potential juror's impartiality." Id. "[C]lose cases involving
challenges to the impartiality of potential jurors should be resolved in favor of excusing
the juror rather than leaving doubt as to impartiality." Four Wood Consulting, LLC v.
Fyne, 981 So. 2d 2, 5 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007). And although "a trial court generally has a
'unique vantage point' to assess the appropriateness of a challenge for cause," the
court's assessment must be "fairly supported by the record." Embleton v. Senatus, 993
So. 2d 593, 595 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008) (first quoting Weinstein Design Grp., Inc. v.
Fielder, 884 So. 2d 990, 994 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004); and then quoting Trotter v. State, 576
So. 2d 691, 694 (Fla. 1990)).
A trial court's determination of whether a juror can render a verdict based on the evidence presented involves an evaluation of "all of the questions and answers posed to or received from the juror." Although a juror's assurances of impartiality may suggest to a court that the denial of a challenge for cause may be appropriate, such assurances are neither determinative nor definitive. Assurances of impartiality after a proposed juror has announced prejudice [are] questionable at best.
Matarranz v. State, 133 So. 3d 473, 484-85 (Fla. 2013) (citations omitted) (quoting
Banks v. State, 46 So. 3d 989, 995 (Fla. 2010)). In this case, Juror Ray did not assure
impartiality; he did not declare that he could "render an impartial verdict according to the
evidence." Cf. § 913.03(10), Fla. Stat. (2017) ("[T]he formation of an opinion or
impression regarding the guilt or innocence of the defendant shall not be a sufficient
ground for challenge to a juror if he or she declares and the court determines that he or
-5- she can render an impartial verdict according to the evidence."). Rather, he declared
that he would measure his opinion against the evidence; his opinion remained "a large
barrier" in a case like this one. See Kochalka v. Bourgeois, 162 So. 3d 1122, 1125 (Fla.
2d DCA 2015) ("[Juror's] acknowledgment of bias in favor of one party—regardless of
which party it was—should have disqualified her from serving on the jury."); Pelham,
135 So. 3d at 1117 (concluding juror should have been excused for cause where
"[s]ome of [the juror's] answers were equivocal, but she was 'absolutely' certain when
she stated that she was defense-oriented"); Embleton, 993 So. 2d at 595 ("A juror
should be excluded for cause when her statements confirm that she cannot set aside
'the edge' that she would give one party at the beginning of the case."). The court
abused its discretion in denying the Estate's cause challenge to Juror Ray. See
Weinstein Design Grp., 884 So. 2d at 995 (concluding court abused its discretion in
denying cause challenges to jurors who "confirmed that they could not set aside 'the
edge' they would give" to a party); Jaffe v. Applebaum, 830 So. 2d 136, 138 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2002) (concluding court abused its discretion in denying challenge for cause
where juror admitted that plaintiffs would be starting out with "a half strike" against
them).
"[E]xpenditure of a peremptory challenge to cure the trial court's improper
denial of a cause challenge constitutes reversible error if a [party] exhausts all
remaining peremptory challenges and can show that an objectionable juror has served
on the jury." Busby v. State, 894 So. 2d 88, 96-97 (Fla. 2004). Here, had the court
excluded Juror Ray for cause, the Estate would have exercised its last peremptory
challenge on Juror Padgett. The court's error in failing to excuse Juror Ray for cause
-6- was compounded when the court failed to follow its own procedure which would have
permitted the Estate to exercise its alternate strike on Juror Padgett.2 Instead, Philip
Morris was permitted—out of turn—to backstrike a juror, placing Juror Padgett on the
jury and otherwise requiring the use of a peremptory challenge to excuse her. See
Trotter, 576 So. 2d at 693 ("[The objectionable] juror must be an individual who actually
sat on the jury and whom the [party] either challenged for cause or attempted to
challenge peremptorily or otherwise objected to after his peremptory challenges had
been exhausted."); Tedder v. Video Elecs., Inc., 491 So. 2d 533, 535 (Fla. 1986) ("[T]he
only fair scheme is to allow the parties to exercise their challenges singularly,
alternately, and orally so that, before a party exercises a peremptory challenge, he has
before him the full panel from which the challenge is to be made." (emphasis added)
(quoting Ter Keurst v. Miami Elevators Co., 486 So. 2d 547, 549 (Fla. 1986))).
The trial court abused its discretion in failing to excuse Juror Ray for
cause, wrongfully forcing the Estate to exhaust its peremptory challenges. Accordingly,
we reverse and remand for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
VILLANTI and MORRIS, JJ., Concur.
2The Estate moved for a mistrial based on the court's decision to negate its use of the alternate strike and to allow Philip Morris's backstrike to stand. Interestingly, the motion was denied despite the fact that Philip Morris did not oppose granting a mistrial, albeit for different reasons.
-7-