Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: March 4, 2026
• Docket: Civil Action No. 2024-0742
• Status: Published

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JUDICIAL WATCH, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v. Civil Action No. 24-cv-742 (TSC)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

On March 14, 2024, Plaintiff Judicial Watch, Inc. brought this action against Defendant

U.S. Department of Homeland Security, seeking records it previously requested under the Freedom

of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (“FOIA”). See Compl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 1. After the Complaint

and Answer were filed, Defendant moved for summary judgment on the sole issue in the case—

whether it completed an adequate search pursuant to Plaintiff’s FOIA request. See Mem. in Supp.

of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 1 (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 15. Plaintiff opposed Defendant’s

motion and cross-moved for summary judgment, arguing that Defendant failed to complete an

adequate search for records, see Mem. in Supp. of Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. at 2 (“Pl.’s Mot.”),

ECF No. 17. For the reasons below, the court will DENY Defendant’s motion for summary

judgment and DENY Plaintiff’s cross-motion for summary judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

On August 25, 2023, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to U.S. Customs and Border

Protection (“CBP”), a component of Defendant. Compl. ¶ 6. The request sought “[a]ll documents

and communications from August 25, 2022 to August 25, 2023, relating to welding open 114 flood

Page 1 of 7 gates in the border wall in Arizona.” Id.; see also Decl. of Patrick Howard (“Howard Decl.”) ¶ 6,

ECF No. 15-3. CBP acknowledged Plaintiff’s FOIA request and assigned it a tracking number.

Howard Decl. ¶¶ 6–7. On or about August 28, 2023, CBP FOIA assigned a document and

communications search to a member of CBP’s Program Management Office Directorate, who

identified nine CBP custodians and several key terms, including “welding, flood gates, Yuma,

Tucson, and Sector,” which were then submitted to CBP’s e-Discovery team for an e-Discovery

search. Id. ¶¶ 8–9.

Having received no response from the agency, Plaintiff filed this case on March 14, 2024,

alleging that Defendant failed to “(i) determine whether to comply with Plaintiff’s request; (ii)

notify Plaintiff of any such determination or the reason(s) therefor; (iii) advise Plaintiff of the right

to appeal any adverse determination; or (iv) produce the requested records or otherwise

demonstrate that the requested records are exempt from production.” Compl. ¶ 8. On May 24,

2024, Defendant filed its Answer. ECF No. 7. And, on September 4, 2024, CBP’s FOIA office

issued its First Interim Response, a total of twelve responsive records consisting of eight pages of

photographs and four pages of emails with redactions. Howard Decl. ¶ 11; Howard Decl., Ex. D1

(“Responsive Emails”), ECF No. 15-8.

Subsequently, CBP reviewed an additional 489 documents and five spreadsheets, which it

eventually determined were non-responsive, Howard Decl. ¶ 12. CBP then issued its Final

Response on October 8, 2024. Id. CBP thereafter conducted a supplemental search, see Feb. 21,

2025 Joint Status Report, ECF No. 13, yielding 571 pages of documents and three spreadsheets.

Howard Decl. ¶ 13. It determined these records were similarly non-responsive. Id.

Defendant moved for summary judgment on April 10, 2025, Def.’s Mot., and Plaintiff

opposed, filing its own cross-motion for summary judgment on May 14, 2025, Pl.’s Mot.

Page 2 of 7 Following Plaintiff’s cross-motion, the Department performed an additional search of the U.S.

Border Patrol’s Sector Chiefs’ personnel records, see Supp. Decl. of Patrick Howard (“Supp.

Howard Decl.”) ¶ 6, ECF No. 21-2, which failed to generate any additional responsive records.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate where, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to

the non-moving party, “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson

v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986); Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir.

2006). A fact is material if “a dispute over it might affect the outcome of a suit under governing

law” and an issue is genuine if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict

for the nonmoving party.” Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895 (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248).

In FOIA litigation, summary judgment may only be granted where an agency demonstrates

that no material facts are in dispute as to whether it conducted an adequate search for responsive

records and whether each responsive record has been produced or is exempt from disclosure. See

Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 59 F. Supp. 3d 184, 189 (D.D.C. 2014). In

determining whether an agency’s search for responsive materials was adequate, courts conduct a

reasonableness test. Rodriguez v. Dep’t of Def., 236 F. Supp. 3d 26, 34 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing

Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 164 F.3d 20, 27 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). Under this test, the agency

“must show beyond material doubt . . . that it has conducted a search reasonably calculated to

uncover all relevant documents.” Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir.

1983). Although “the adequacy of a FOIA search is generally determined not by the fruits of the

search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to carry out the search,” Iturralde v.

Comptroller of the Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003), “evidence that relevant records

Page 3 of 7 have not been released may shed light on whether the agency’s search was indeed adequate,”

Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 1351.

III. ANALYSIS

As noted above, this case turns solely on the adequacy of Defendant’s search. Plaintiff

contends that the agency’s search was inadequate on two counts. First, Plaintiff asserts that the

agency impermissibly failed to follow “clear and certain leads” revealed in a disclosed email that

referenced “an updated work request, a contractor’s work ticket, and a confirmation request from

the sender.” Pl.’s Mot. at 3 (citing Responsive Emails at 7). On this count, Plaintiff suggests that

the email’s reference to the agency’s decision to “additionally open 2 gates” reasonably implies

that other documents related to that decision exist. Id. at 4. Second, Plaintiff argues that

Defendant’s declarations are “too vague to know what systems were searched or how many

systems were searched.” Id. at 3. Upon review of Defendant’s proffered evidence, the court

concludes that a genuine dispute of material fact exists as to the adequacy of the agency’s search,

rendering summary judgment inappropriate.

It is well established that “the failure of an agency to turn up one specific document in its

search does not alone render a search inadequate” because “the adequacy of a FOIA search is

generally determined not by the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods

used to carry out the search.” Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 315 (citation omitted); see also SafeCard

Servs., Inc. v. S.E.C., 926 F.2d 1197, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (“Mere speculation that as yet

uncovered documents may exist does not undermine the finding that the agency conducted a

reasonable search for them.” (citations omitted)). Nonetheless, “if an agency has reason to know

that certain places may contain responsive documents, it is obligated under FOIA to search barring

an undue burden.” Valencia–Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 327 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

Page 4 of 7 Here, Plaintiff requested “[a]ll documents and communications from August 25, 2022, to

August 25, 2023, relating to welding open 114 flood gates in the border wall in Arizona.” Howard

Decl. ¶ 6. In its First Interim Response, CBP produced an email from an employee in the Program

Management Office Directorate titled “[redacted] Gates” that stated “[i]t has been decided that we

will additionally open only 2 gates in [redacted] Please confirm this for the record so we can update

the current [redacted] work request and add this to the Contractor’s work ticket.” Responsive

Emails at 7. According to Plaintiff, CBP’s failure to turn over the documents referenced in this

email indicates that its search was inadequate. Pl.’s Mot. at 3. While the court cannot agree that

the agency’s failure to uncover the materials referenced in the email is by itself sufficient to render

Defendant’s entire search inadequate—particularly in light of the subsequent search of the USBP

Sector Chiefs’ personnel records, Supp. Howard Decl. ¶ 6—the court similarly lacks sufficient

information detailing the agency’s initial searches and subsequent response to these “positive

indications of overlooked materials,” to grant Defendant summary judgment. Iturralde, 315 F.3d

at 314 (internal quotations and citation omitted).

In general, agency affidavits must “describe . . . what records were searched, by whom,

and through what process.” Steinberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 23 F.3d 548, 552 (D.C. Cir. 1994).

While Defendant’s second declaration provides more detail about the additional search the agency

conducted following Plaintiff’s cross-motion for summary judgment insofar as it articulates the

types of records searched—the Sector Chiefs’ personnel records—and the applicable search

terms—“welding, flood gates, Yuma, Tucson and Sector,” Supp. Howard Decl. ¶¶ 6–7—the first

declaration fails to proffer the same detail regarding Defendant’s initial search efforts, see Howard

Decl. ¶¶ 8–14. Namely, although Defendant’s declarant explains the role of the individual tasked

with the search, the search terms used, and the volume of records reviewed, Defendant did not

Page 5 of 7 articulate what “systems” CBP used in conducting its initial searches or the types of records it

examined. See Howard Decl. ¶¶ 8–14. This lack of information hinders Plaintiff’s ability to

meaningfully challenge Defendant’s search methods as well as the court’s ability to determine

whether those methods were “reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.”

Steinberg, 23 F.3d at 551 (quoting Weisberg v. Dep’t of Just., 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir.

1984)).

Defendant’s omissions are particularly problematic where, as here, Plaintiff has provided

more than “[m]ere speculation that as yet uncovered documents may exist.” SafeCard Servs., Inc.,

926 F.2d at 1201; see also Hall v. CIA, 881 F. Supp. 2d 38, 61–62 (D.D.C. 2012) (“Where specific

records . . . are referenced in [agency] documents, it is no longer ‘mere speculation’ that the files

exist.”). As Plaintiff observes, the Responsive Emails refer to “an updated work request, a

contractor’s work ticket, and a confirmation request from the sender.” Pl.’s Mot. at 3 (citing

Responsive Emails at 7). It is unclear, however, whether Defendant searched any systems likely

to contain these records, concluded that such records were non-responsive, or determined that the

records do not exist. See Valencia–Lucena, 180 F.3d at 327. Indeed, Defendant’s supplemental

declaration, submitted to provide “further information to the Court and the Plaintiff regarding

CBP’s actions since reviewing the scope of the initial search,” Supp. Howard Decl. ¶ 5, fails to

even mention the contents of the Responsive Emails, let alone explain if and how it pursued the

potential leads contained in those emails, id. ¶¶ 1–10.

While Defendant “is not obliged to look beyond the four corners of the request for leads to

the location of responsive documents,” Kowalczyk v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 73 F.3d 386, 389 (D.C.

Cir. 1996), “this principle does not grant an agency carte blanche to ignore additional leads that

unmistakably come to light during its search efforts,” Neighborhood Assistance Corp. of Am. v.

Page 6 of 7 U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urb. Dev., 19 F. Supp. 3d 1, 11 n. 3 (D.D.C. 2013) (citing Kowalczyk, 73

F.3d at 389). Because Defendant’s proffered declarations fail to provide sufficient detail regarding

the types of systems and records it included in its initial searches, the court cannot determine

whether its search methods were “reasonably expected to produce the information requested.”

Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). Summary judgment for either

party is therefore inappropriate.

IV. CONCLUSION

In light of the foregoing, the court will DENY the Department’s Motion for Summary

Judgment and DENY Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, both without prejudice. A

separate Order consistent with the Memorandum Opinion will follow.

Date: March 4, 2026

Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge

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