NO. 07-01-0441-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL C
JULY 3, 2003
______________________________
JUAN MORENO, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 242ND DISTRICT COURT OF HALE COUNTY;
NO. B14036-0104; HONORABLE ED SELF, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before JOHNSON, C.J., and QUINN and REAVIS, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Upon a plea of not guilty, appellant Juan Moreno was convicted by a jury of
endangering a child and punishment was assessed at 270 days confinement in a state jail
facility. Presenting a sole issue, appellant asserts the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. Based upon the rationale expressed herein, we reverse and enter
a judgment of acquittal.
In the early morning hours of April 7, 2001, a police officer observed appellant, who
was accompanied by his common law wife, Patricia Trujillo, step in front of a vehicle. He
proceeded to check on appellant and detected a strong odor of alcohol on both. After
conducting field sobriety tests, he concluded they were intoxicated. Both were arrested
and upon being placed in the patrol car, appellant expressed concern for his four children,
who were home alone. The oldest child, a 12 year old son, had been left to supervise the
remaining three, ages ten, eight, and ten months old, while appellant and Trujillo went to
a nearby convenience store for food. After the parents were arrested, two other officers
took an uncle of the children to the home to get them. Upon arriving, the children were
found sleeping and unharmed. After getting dressed, they left with their uncle.
By a sole issue appellant contends the evidence presented by the State is legally
insufficient to support his conviction for endangering a child. We agree. It is a
fundamental rule of criminal law that one cannot be convicted of a crime unless it is shown
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed each element of the alleged
offense. U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.03 (Vernon Supp.
2003); Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 2.01 (Vernon 1994). In conducting a legal sufficiency
review, we must determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
2 crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781,
2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 573 (1979); Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex.Cr.App.
1991), overruled on other grounds, Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex.Cr.App.
2000). As an appellate court, we may not sit as a thirteenth juror, but must uphold the
jury's verdict unless it is irrational or unsupported by more than a mere modicum of
evidence. Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex.Cr.App. 1988).
A person commits the offense of endangering a child if he intentionally, knowingly,
recklessly, or with criminal negligence, by act or omission, engages in conduct that places
a child younger than 15 years of age in imminent danger of death, bodily injury, or physical
impairment. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.041 (Vernon Supp. 2003). Imminent means “ready
to take place, near at hand, impending, hanging threateningly over one’s head, menacingly
near.” Devine v. State, 786 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex.Cr.App. 1989); see also Millslagle v.
State, 81 S.W.3d 895, 898) (Tex.App.–Austin 2002, pet. ref’d). It is not sufficient that the
accused placed the child in a potentially dangerous situation. Millslagle, 81 S.W.3d at 898;
see also Broussard v. State, 827 S.W.2d 619, 622 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 1992, no pet.)
(holding that the possibility of harm is not imminent risk in an involuntary commitment
case).
Appellant was indicted for acting with criminal negligence by omission in leaving his
10 month old daughter without adequate supervision. A person acts with criminal
negligence with respect to circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his
3 conduct when he ought to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the
circumstances exist or the result will occur. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 6.03(d) (Vernon 2003);
see also Lewis v. State, 529 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex.Cr.App. 1975) (noting that criminal
negligence involves inattentive risk creation).
The State presented evidence from three police officers and Trujillo. Officer Kernell
testified that at approximately 12:00 a.m., he observed appellant and Trujillo step in front
of a moving vehicle and stopped to check on them. After conducting field sobriety tests,
he concluded they were both intoxicated and arrested them. According to Kernell,
following his arrest, appellant became worried about his four children. Officers Sanchez
and Morris, who had arrived to assist Kernell, proceeded to appellant’s house,
accompanied by an uncle of the children, to check on them.
Morris testified that when he and Sanchez arrived at appellant’s house, they
knocked on the door and one of the children let them in. He and Sanchez both testified
the children were asleep on wooden floors. Sanchez described the house as being in
“bad” condition, i.e., dirty dishes, cockroaches, and piles of clothes everywhere. He
claimed the ten month old was wearing only a diaper. Morris testified the house was
unclean and there were signs of possible construction. On cross-examination, he
conceded the children were uninjured.
Trujillo testified that when she and appellant went to the convenience store, the 12
year old and ten month old were on the couch and her other two children were asleep in
4 their beds. She believed her 12 year old son could adequately supervise her ten month
old daughter while she and appellant went to the store. She also explained that although
she did not believe she had done anything wrong in leaving her 12 year old in charge of
his siblings, she nevertheless plead guilty to child endangerment to avoid a trial.
The defense presented the testimony of the 12 year old who testified that when his
parents left home at approximately 10:30 p.m., he and his ten month old sister were in the
living room on the couch. He was watching television and she was asleep next to him. His
brother and other sister were asleep in their beds. He testified he could care for his baby
sister and knew what to do in case of an emergency. He further testified he knew “a little
bit about CPR” and had been instructed in school on what to do in case of fire.
Citing Elder v. State, 993 S.W.2d 229, 230 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1999, no pet.),
the State recognizes that imminent means ready to take place, near at hand, impending,
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NO. 07-01-0441-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL C
JULY 3, 2003
______________________________
JUAN MORENO, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 242ND DISTRICT COURT OF HALE COUNTY;
NO. B14036-0104; HONORABLE ED SELF, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before JOHNSON, C.J., and QUINN and REAVIS, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Upon a plea of not guilty, appellant Juan Moreno was convicted by a jury of
endangering a child and punishment was assessed at 270 days confinement in a state jail
facility. Presenting a sole issue, appellant asserts the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. Based upon the rationale expressed herein, we reverse and enter
a judgment of acquittal.
In the early morning hours of April 7, 2001, a police officer observed appellant, who
was accompanied by his common law wife, Patricia Trujillo, step in front of a vehicle. He
proceeded to check on appellant and detected a strong odor of alcohol on both. After
conducting field sobriety tests, he concluded they were intoxicated. Both were arrested
and upon being placed in the patrol car, appellant expressed concern for his four children,
who were home alone. The oldest child, a 12 year old son, had been left to supervise the
remaining three, ages ten, eight, and ten months old, while appellant and Trujillo went to
a nearby convenience store for food. After the parents were arrested, two other officers
took an uncle of the children to the home to get them. Upon arriving, the children were
found sleeping and unharmed. After getting dressed, they left with their uncle.
By a sole issue appellant contends the evidence presented by the State is legally
insufficient to support his conviction for endangering a child. We agree. It is a
fundamental rule of criminal law that one cannot be convicted of a crime unless it is shown
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed each element of the alleged
offense. U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.03 (Vernon Supp.
2003); Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 2.01 (Vernon 1994). In conducting a legal sufficiency
review, we must determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
2 crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781,
2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 573 (1979); Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex.Cr.App.
1991), overruled on other grounds, Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex.Cr.App.
2000). As an appellate court, we may not sit as a thirteenth juror, but must uphold the
jury's verdict unless it is irrational or unsupported by more than a mere modicum of
evidence. Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex.Cr.App. 1988).
A person commits the offense of endangering a child if he intentionally, knowingly,
recklessly, or with criminal negligence, by act or omission, engages in conduct that places
a child younger than 15 years of age in imminent danger of death, bodily injury, or physical
impairment. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.041 (Vernon Supp. 2003). Imminent means “ready
to take place, near at hand, impending, hanging threateningly over one’s head, menacingly
near.” Devine v. State, 786 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex.Cr.App. 1989); see also Millslagle v.
State, 81 S.W.3d 895, 898) (Tex.App.–Austin 2002, pet. ref’d). It is not sufficient that the
accused placed the child in a potentially dangerous situation. Millslagle, 81 S.W.3d at 898;
see also Broussard v. State, 827 S.W.2d 619, 622 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 1992, no pet.)
(holding that the possibility of harm is not imminent risk in an involuntary commitment
case).
Appellant was indicted for acting with criminal negligence by omission in leaving his
10 month old daughter without adequate supervision. A person acts with criminal
negligence with respect to circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his
3 conduct when he ought to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the
circumstances exist or the result will occur. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 6.03(d) (Vernon 2003);
see also Lewis v. State, 529 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex.Cr.App. 1975) (noting that criminal
negligence involves inattentive risk creation).
The State presented evidence from three police officers and Trujillo. Officer Kernell
testified that at approximately 12:00 a.m., he observed appellant and Trujillo step in front
of a moving vehicle and stopped to check on them. After conducting field sobriety tests,
he concluded they were both intoxicated and arrested them. According to Kernell,
following his arrest, appellant became worried about his four children. Officers Sanchez
and Morris, who had arrived to assist Kernell, proceeded to appellant’s house,
accompanied by an uncle of the children, to check on them.
Morris testified that when he and Sanchez arrived at appellant’s house, they
knocked on the door and one of the children let them in. He and Sanchez both testified
the children were asleep on wooden floors. Sanchez described the house as being in
“bad” condition, i.e., dirty dishes, cockroaches, and piles of clothes everywhere. He
claimed the ten month old was wearing only a diaper. Morris testified the house was
unclean and there were signs of possible construction. On cross-examination, he
conceded the children were uninjured.
Trujillo testified that when she and appellant went to the convenience store, the 12
year old and ten month old were on the couch and her other two children were asleep in
4 their beds. She believed her 12 year old son could adequately supervise her ten month
old daughter while she and appellant went to the store. She also explained that although
she did not believe she had done anything wrong in leaving her 12 year old in charge of
his siblings, she nevertheless plead guilty to child endangerment to avoid a trial.
The defense presented the testimony of the 12 year old who testified that when his
parents left home at approximately 10:30 p.m., he and his ten month old sister were in the
living room on the couch. He was watching television and she was asleep next to him. His
brother and other sister were asleep in their beds. He testified he could care for his baby
sister and knew what to do in case of an emergency. He further testified he knew “a little
bit about CPR” and had been instructed in school on what to do in case of fire.
Citing Elder v. State, 993 S.W.2d 229, 230 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1999, no pet.),
the State recognizes that imminent means ready to take place, near at hand, impending,
hanging threateningly over one’s head, menacingly near. Nevertheless, it contends that
appellant’s conduct in leaving his ten month old daughter at home without adult supervision
placed her in imminent danger. The State concludes the evidence is sufficient to support
appellant’s conviction because the infant was left alone and helpless in a dangerous
environment infested by cockroaches with an “imminent possibility” that she could have
been injured. However, the infant was not left alone, but was under the care of her 12 year
old brother whom the evidence established was responsible. Moreover, the State cites no
authority and we have found none holding that an unclean environment, sleeping on
5 wooden floors, or the presence of cockroaches presents imminent danger. As noted in
Millslagle, placing a child in a potentially dangerous situation is insufficient to support a
conviction for endangering a child. 81 S.W.3d at 898.
By Trujillo’s testimony, the State attempted to prove that appellant was a party to
her crime of endangering her infant daughter by leaving her under the care of her 12 year
old son. However, neither her testimony nor that of the three officers established that
appellant was guilty of endangering a child with criminal negligence, i.e., creating an
inattentive risk. The State cites no authority holding that a parent commits the offense of
endangerment of a child when a parent allows a 12 year old to be in charge of his younger
siblings absent other evidence of a “substantial and unjustifiable risk” that imminent danger
of death, bodily injury, or physical impairment could result. Viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, we conclude no rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of endangering a child beyond a reasonable doubt.
Appellant’s sole issue is sustained.
Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and judgment of acquittal is
hereby rendered.
Don H. Reavis Justice
Do not publish.