MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Aug 11 2016, 8:06 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK Indiana Supreme Court regarded as precedent or cited before any Court of Appeals and Tax Court court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Thomas C. Allen Gregory F. Zoeller Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Christina D. Pace Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN
THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Juan Duran, August 11, 2016 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 02A04-1601-CR-65 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Wendy W. Davis, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D06-1506-F6-504
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 1 of 7 STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Defendant, Juan Duran (Duran), appeals his convictions for Count I,
attempted residential entry, a Level 6 felony, Ind. Code § §35-43-2-1.5; -41-5-1;
Count II, criminal recklessness, a Class B misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-42-2-2(a); and
Count III, criminal mischief, a Class B misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-43-1-2(a).
[2] We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions.
ISSUE
[3] Duran raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as: Whether double
jeopardy protections were violated when Duran was convicted of attempted
residential entry, criminal recklessness, and criminal mischief.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] Duran and Jessica Lopez (Lopez) had a son, M.L. (the Child). The two were
not married, and Lopez had primary custody of the Child. Because there was
no custody agreement, Duran would visit the Child at least once every month
and pick up the Child from Lopez’s house. On February 23, 2015, at
approximately 5:00 p.m., Lopez was at home making dinner for her four
children, including the Child. Duran visited, in accordance with his usual
routine before picking up the Child, Duran went into the living room to play
with Lopez’s other son, I.L., who was autistic. Lopez saw Duran cornering
I.L. and screaming at him. At that point, Lopez asked Duran to leave her
house. Duran refused to leave and he pushed Lopez. In turn, Lopez slapped
Duran across the face and pushed him out of her house. Lopez hurried back Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 2 of 7 inside, locked the door, and then put her foot behind the door-jamb. Lopez
also asked her children to retrieve her cell phone so that she could call the
police.
[5] Angered by Lopez’s actions, Duran ran back to the door, opened the screen
door, and started kicking the door with his foot. Lopez was still holding the
bottom of the door with her foot, but the top part of the door bent inwards due
to Duran’s forceful kicks. Duran kicked the door about three to four times, and
he also kicked the Plexiglas window in the center of the door several times. In
the process, the entire window came off and fell into Lopez’s residence. The
Child, who was standing behind the door, was struck in the face by the
Plexiglas. The Child screamed and blood trickled down his face. Upon seeing
what he had done, Duran pulled his foot out of the door and ran to his car.
Lopez followed him and told him that she was calling the police.
[6] On June 4, 2015, the State filed an Information, charging Duran with Count I,
residential entry, a Level 6 felony; Count II, criminal recklessness, a Class B
misdemeanor; and Count III, criminal mischief, a Class B misdemeanor. A
jury trial was held on December 1, 2015, and at the close of the hearing, Duran
was found guilty as charged. On December 17, 2015, the trial court sentenced
Duran to one year executed in the Department of Correction for his attempted
residential entry conviction, sixty days for his criminal recklessness conviction,
and sixty days for his criminal mischief conviction. All sentences were to run
concurrently.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 3 of 7 [7] Duran now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
[8] Duran argues his conviction and subsequent sentence for all three charges—
attempted residential entry, criminal recklessness, and criminal mischief—
violates double jeopardy principles.
[9] Article I, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution provides that “[n]o person shall
be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense.” 1 We determine whether
convictions violate this clause by following the two-part test established in
Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999). First, we evaluate whether
the statutory elements of the crimes are the same. Goldberry v. State, 821 N.E.2d
447, 458 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Then, we evaluate whether the actual evidence
used to convict the defendant of the two crimes is the same. Id. In Spivey v.
State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 833 (Ind. 2001), our supreme court further explained
that the actual evidence test is not merely whether the evidentiary facts used to
establish one of the essential elements of one offense may also have been used
to establish one of the essential elements of a second challenged offense.
Rather, the actual evidence test is not violated so long as each conviction
requires proof of at least one unique evidentiary fact. Bald v. State, 766 N.E.2d
1170, 1172 (Ind. 2002). Thus, even if each charge utilizes the same factual
event, no constitutional violation will be found if the second offense requires
1 Duran has not raised a double jeopardy claim under the United States Constitution.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 4 of 7 additional evidentiary facts establishing the essential elements. Vandergriff v.
State, 812 N.E.2d 1084, 1086-87 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).
[10] Duran contends that his convictions for attempted residential entry, criminal
mischief, and criminal recklessness stem from the same evidence. The State
agrees with Duran’s double jeopardy argument but only with respect to his
convictions for attempted residential entry and criminal mischief. The elements
of attempted residential entry are met when a person knowingly or intentionally
performs a substantial step toward breaking and entering the dwelling of
another. I.C. § §35-43-2-1.5; -41-5-1. To convict Duran of criminal mischief as
a Class B misdemeanor, the State was required to establish that Duran
recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally damaged or defaced property of Lopez
without her consent. See I.C. § 35-43-l-2(a)(l). Specifically, the State admits
that the jury may have relied on the same act, Duran’s act of forcefully kicking
Lopez’s door, to support those convictions. Thus, to remedy this error, we
remand with instructions for the trial court to vacate Duran’s criminal mischief
conviction, the lesser of the two charges. See Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 54
(“When two convictions are found to contravene double jeopardy principles, a
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MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Aug 11 2016, 8:06 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK Indiana Supreme Court regarded as precedent or cited before any Court of Appeals and Tax Court court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Thomas C. Allen Gregory F. Zoeller Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Christina D. Pace Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN
THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Juan Duran, August 11, 2016 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 02A04-1601-CR-65 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Wendy W. Davis, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D06-1506-F6-504
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 1 of 7 STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Defendant, Juan Duran (Duran), appeals his convictions for Count I,
attempted residential entry, a Level 6 felony, Ind. Code § §35-43-2-1.5; -41-5-1;
Count II, criminal recklessness, a Class B misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-42-2-2(a); and
Count III, criminal mischief, a Class B misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-43-1-2(a).
[2] We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions.
ISSUE
[3] Duran raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as: Whether double
jeopardy protections were violated when Duran was convicted of attempted
residential entry, criminal recklessness, and criminal mischief.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] Duran and Jessica Lopez (Lopez) had a son, M.L. (the Child). The two were
not married, and Lopez had primary custody of the Child. Because there was
no custody agreement, Duran would visit the Child at least once every month
and pick up the Child from Lopez’s house. On February 23, 2015, at
approximately 5:00 p.m., Lopez was at home making dinner for her four
children, including the Child. Duran visited, in accordance with his usual
routine before picking up the Child, Duran went into the living room to play
with Lopez’s other son, I.L., who was autistic. Lopez saw Duran cornering
I.L. and screaming at him. At that point, Lopez asked Duran to leave her
house. Duran refused to leave and he pushed Lopez. In turn, Lopez slapped
Duran across the face and pushed him out of her house. Lopez hurried back Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 2 of 7 inside, locked the door, and then put her foot behind the door-jamb. Lopez
also asked her children to retrieve her cell phone so that she could call the
police.
[5] Angered by Lopez’s actions, Duran ran back to the door, opened the screen
door, and started kicking the door with his foot. Lopez was still holding the
bottom of the door with her foot, but the top part of the door bent inwards due
to Duran’s forceful kicks. Duran kicked the door about three to four times, and
he also kicked the Plexiglas window in the center of the door several times. In
the process, the entire window came off and fell into Lopez’s residence. The
Child, who was standing behind the door, was struck in the face by the
Plexiglas. The Child screamed and blood trickled down his face. Upon seeing
what he had done, Duran pulled his foot out of the door and ran to his car.
Lopez followed him and told him that she was calling the police.
[6] On June 4, 2015, the State filed an Information, charging Duran with Count I,
residential entry, a Level 6 felony; Count II, criminal recklessness, a Class B
misdemeanor; and Count III, criminal mischief, a Class B misdemeanor. A
jury trial was held on December 1, 2015, and at the close of the hearing, Duran
was found guilty as charged. On December 17, 2015, the trial court sentenced
Duran to one year executed in the Department of Correction for his attempted
residential entry conviction, sixty days for his criminal recklessness conviction,
and sixty days for his criminal mischief conviction. All sentences were to run
concurrently.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 3 of 7 [7] Duran now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
[8] Duran argues his conviction and subsequent sentence for all three charges—
attempted residential entry, criminal recklessness, and criminal mischief—
violates double jeopardy principles.
[9] Article I, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution provides that “[n]o person shall
be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense.” 1 We determine whether
convictions violate this clause by following the two-part test established in
Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999). First, we evaluate whether
the statutory elements of the crimes are the same. Goldberry v. State, 821 N.E.2d
447, 458 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Then, we evaluate whether the actual evidence
used to convict the defendant of the two crimes is the same. Id. In Spivey v.
State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 833 (Ind. 2001), our supreme court further explained
that the actual evidence test is not merely whether the evidentiary facts used to
establish one of the essential elements of one offense may also have been used
to establish one of the essential elements of a second challenged offense.
Rather, the actual evidence test is not violated so long as each conviction
requires proof of at least one unique evidentiary fact. Bald v. State, 766 N.E.2d
1170, 1172 (Ind. 2002). Thus, even if each charge utilizes the same factual
event, no constitutional violation will be found if the second offense requires
1 Duran has not raised a double jeopardy claim under the United States Constitution.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 4 of 7 additional evidentiary facts establishing the essential elements. Vandergriff v.
State, 812 N.E.2d 1084, 1086-87 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).
[10] Duran contends that his convictions for attempted residential entry, criminal
mischief, and criminal recklessness stem from the same evidence. The State
agrees with Duran’s double jeopardy argument but only with respect to his
convictions for attempted residential entry and criminal mischief. The elements
of attempted residential entry are met when a person knowingly or intentionally
performs a substantial step toward breaking and entering the dwelling of
another. I.C. § §35-43-2-1.5; -41-5-1. To convict Duran of criminal mischief as
a Class B misdemeanor, the State was required to establish that Duran
recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally damaged or defaced property of Lopez
without her consent. See I.C. § 35-43-l-2(a)(l). Specifically, the State admits
that the jury may have relied on the same act, Duran’s act of forcefully kicking
Lopez’s door, to support those convictions. Thus, to remedy this error, we
remand with instructions for the trial court to vacate Duran’s criminal mischief
conviction, the lesser of the two charges. See Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 54
(“When two convictions are found to contravene double jeopardy principles, a
reviewing court may remedy the violation by reducing either conviction to a
less serious form of the same offense if doing so will eliminate the violation. If
it will not, one of the convictions must be vacated.”).
[11] With regard to whether Duran’s convictions for attempted residential entry and
criminal recklessness violate the double jeopardy principles, we find no
violation. At issue in this case is the application of the actual evidence test. As
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 5 of 7 noted above, the elements of Level 6 felony attempted residential entry are met
when a person knowingly or intentionally performs a substantial step toward
breaking and entering the dwelling of another. I.C. §§ 35-41-5-1; -43-2-1.5. In
order to convict Duran of criminal recklessness as charged, the State had to
prove that Duran recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally performed an act that
created a substantial risk of bodily injury to the Child. I.C. § 35-42-2-2(a). A
person engages in conduct “recklessly” if he engages in the conduct in plain,
conscious, and unjustifiable disregard of harm that might result and the
disregard involves a substantial deviation from acceptable standards of conduct.
I.C. § 35-41-2-2(c).
[12] Based on the foregoing, Duran’s argument that his attempted residential entry
and criminal recklessness relied on the same actual evidence fails. With respect
to his attempted residential entry offense, the State introduced evidence that
Duran used his foot to kick Lopez’s door. As for his criminal recklessness
charge, the State introduced evidence that Duran, with plain, conscious, and
unjustifiable disregard to the Child’s safety, forcibly kicked Lopez’s door and
the Plexiglas from the door that injured his son. Because the criminal
recklessness conviction required additional proof that Duran, recklessly kicked
Lopez’s door, his convictions for attempted residential entry, and criminal
recklessness did not violate the actual evidence test. See Richardson, 717 N.E.2d
54.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 6 of 7 [13] Accordingly, we reverse in part and remand to the trial court with instructions
to vacate Duran’s conviction and sentence for criminal mischief. However,
Duran’s convictions for residential entry and criminal recklessness remain.
CONCLUSION
[14] Based on the foregoing, we affirm Duran’s convictions for attempted residential
entry and criminal recklessness; but we reverse in part and remand to the trial
court with instructions to vacate Duran’s conviction and sentence for criminal
mischief.
[15] Affirmed in part, reversed, in part, and remanded with instructions.
[16] Kirsch, J. and Pyle, J. concur
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A04-1601-CR-65 | August 11, 2016 Page 7 of 7