Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas MEMORANDUM OPINION No. 04-24-00691-CR
Josue Sanchez CACERES, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 63rd Judicial District Court, Kinney County, Texas Trial Court No. 3316CR Honorable Roland Andrade, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: H. Todd McCray, Justice
Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice H. Todd McCray, Justice
Delivered and Filed: May 27, 2026
AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED
Appellant, Josue Sanchez Caceres, appeals his conviction for five counts of smuggling of
persons with intent to flee from a peace officer or special investigator under Texas Penal Code
section 20.05(a)(1)(B) 1. Following a jury trial, Caceres was convicted and sentenced to eight years’
imprisonment. In his first and second issues on appeal, Caceres argues section 20.05(a)(1)(B) is
1 The judgment signed by the trial court recites that the jury found Caceres guilty of smuggling of persons: fleeing but incorrectly cites the statute for this offense as Texas Penal Code section 20.05(b)(1)(E) (subsection on punishment). 04-24-00691-CR
field and conflict preempted by federal law as applied to his prosecution. We affirm Caceres’s
conviction, but sua sponte reform the trial court’s judgment to conform with the jury’s verdict.
BACKGROUND
On August 23, 2022, Department of Public Safety (“DPS”) Trooper Corey Seymore was
on assignment in Kinney County, Texas, for Operation Lone Star. While patrolling near Highway
90 and farm-to-market road 693, Trooper Seymore heard a DPS radio transmission issuing a be-
on-the-lookout (“BOLO”) for a white Toyota pickup truck traveling on FM 693 suspected of
smuggling of persons. According to Trooper Seymore, based on his training and experience while
working Operation Lone Star, FM 693 is generally used by locals, ranchers, hunters, or human
smugglers. Trooper Seymore observed a vehicle matching the description on FM 693 and initiated
a traffic stop after confirming the vehicle was speeding. The vehicle reduced its speed and turned
on its hazard lights but continued driving for two minutes after Trooper Seymore activated his
siren. When the vehicle came to a stop, five passengers immediately exited the vehicle and fled
the scene; the driver, later identified as Josue Sanchez Caceres, and the front seat passenger
remained in the vehicle. Border Patrol Agents arrived on scene and assisted Trooper Seymore in
detaining Caceres. Despite their combined search efforts, the five passengers were never located.
According to Trooper Seymore, the front seat passenger, identified as Jose Ponce Mencia,
consented to a search of his phone. The phone contained numerous messages with coordinates,
location drops, pictures of Border Patrol units, and maps with highlighted routes. After reviewing
the digital evidence, Trooper Seymore concluded that Caceres was engaged in human smuggling
and attempting to avoid the U.S. Border Patrol checkpoint.
Caceres was arrested and later indicted for five counts of smuggling of persons under Texas
Penal Code section 20.05(a)(1)(B) and one count of evading arrest with a motor vehicle under
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Texas Penal Code section 38.04(a). See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 20.05(a)(1)(B), 38.04(a). The
jury convicted Caceres on the five smuggling counts but acquitted him of evading arrest with a
motor vehicle. After conviction, Caceres filed a motion for new trial. The motion was denied by
operation of law and Caceres timely appealed.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review Caceres’s constitutional challenges de novo. See Tex. Mut. Ins. Co. v. PHI Air Med.,
LLC, 610 S.W.3d 839, 846 (Tex. 2020) (“Preemption is a question of law reviewed de novo.”);
State v. Flores, 679 S.W.3d 232, 243 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2023, pet. ref’d) (holding the
same).
AS-APPLIED PREEMPTION
Caceres argues that, as applied to his prosecution, section 20.05(a)(1)(B) is field preempted
by federal law because there is a “clear and manifest purpose of Congress” to preclude the states
from regulating in the field of transporting non-citizens. Caceres further argues the statute is
conflict preempted as applied to his prosecution because section 20.05(a) “reduced the amount of
proof required to secure a conviction under federal law, subjected [Caceres] to harsher punishment,
and frustrated the aims of the federal regulatory scheme.”
A. Applicable Law
This court analyzed a similar as-applied field and conflict preemption challenge to section
20.05(a)(1)(A) in Roberts v. State, No. 04-24-00485-CR, 2026 WL 290378, at *5–9 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio Feb. 4, 2026, pet. filed). As such, while we will address the facts specific to Caceres’s
case for his as-applied challenge to section 20.05(a)(1)(B), the legal principles discussed in Roberts
guide our analysis here.
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B. Analysis
Section 20.05(a)(1)(B) provides: “(a) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly:
(1) uses a motor vehicle, aircraft, watercraft, or other means of conveyance to transport an
individual with the intent to: (B) flee from a person the actor knows is a peace officer or special
investigator attempting to lawfully arrest or detain the actor[.]” TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. §
20.05(a)(1)(B). In Roberts we explained that “unlike the instances where courts have found state
statutes to be field preempted, section 20.05(a)(1)(A) does not require prosecutors to prove a
noncitizen’s illegal presence in the United States.” Id. at *7. Similarly, section 20.05(a)(1)(B) does
not require that the State prove a noncitizen’s illegal presence in the United States; it requires that
the State prove the defendant transported an individual with the intent to flee from law
enforcement.
Here, Caceres’s conviction did not turn on immigration status. In fact, the record is absent
of any evidence that establishes the passengers’ identity or legal status in the United States, and
the evidence presented at trial focused on Caceres’s intent to flee from Trooper Seymore.
Therefore, because Caceres was prosecuted under a neutral statute, and his conduct was criminal
regardless of the passengers’ immigration status, we hold that Caceres’s prosecution was not as-
applied field preempted. See id. at *8; Kansas v. Garcia, 589 U.S. 191, 208–09 (2020); State v.
Flores, 679 S.W.3d 232, 245 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2023, pet. ref’d); see also Gutierrez v.
State, 721 S.W.3d 639, 655 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2025, pet. ref’d) (holding
section 20.05(a)(1)(A) was not as-applied field preempted where the evidence showed Appellant
“was not convicted merely because of the citizenship status of the back seat passengers, but
because she intended to conceal those individuals from law enforcement”).
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As to Caceres’s second point of error, as we stated in Roberts, “[w]ith an as-applied conflict
preemption challenge, the application of the law must conflict with federal law’s comprehensive
immigration scheme or with the federal government’s discretion over immigration-related
prosecutions.” 2026 WL 290378, at *9. As in Roberts, the evidence presented at Caceres’s trial
does not show that his prosecution interfered with federal law or federal discretion over
immigration-related prosecutions. Id.
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Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas MEMORANDUM OPINION No. 04-24-00691-CR
Josue Sanchez CACERES, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 63rd Judicial District Court, Kinney County, Texas Trial Court No. 3316CR Honorable Roland Andrade, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: H. Todd McCray, Justice
Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice H. Todd McCray, Justice
Delivered and Filed: May 27, 2026
AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED
Appellant, Josue Sanchez Caceres, appeals his conviction for five counts of smuggling of
persons with intent to flee from a peace officer or special investigator under Texas Penal Code
section 20.05(a)(1)(B) 1. Following a jury trial, Caceres was convicted and sentenced to eight years’
imprisonment. In his first and second issues on appeal, Caceres argues section 20.05(a)(1)(B) is
1 The judgment signed by the trial court recites that the jury found Caceres guilty of smuggling of persons: fleeing but incorrectly cites the statute for this offense as Texas Penal Code section 20.05(b)(1)(E) (subsection on punishment). 04-24-00691-CR
field and conflict preempted by federal law as applied to his prosecution. We affirm Caceres’s
conviction, but sua sponte reform the trial court’s judgment to conform with the jury’s verdict.
BACKGROUND
On August 23, 2022, Department of Public Safety (“DPS”) Trooper Corey Seymore was
on assignment in Kinney County, Texas, for Operation Lone Star. While patrolling near Highway
90 and farm-to-market road 693, Trooper Seymore heard a DPS radio transmission issuing a be-
on-the-lookout (“BOLO”) for a white Toyota pickup truck traveling on FM 693 suspected of
smuggling of persons. According to Trooper Seymore, based on his training and experience while
working Operation Lone Star, FM 693 is generally used by locals, ranchers, hunters, or human
smugglers. Trooper Seymore observed a vehicle matching the description on FM 693 and initiated
a traffic stop after confirming the vehicle was speeding. The vehicle reduced its speed and turned
on its hazard lights but continued driving for two minutes after Trooper Seymore activated his
siren. When the vehicle came to a stop, five passengers immediately exited the vehicle and fled
the scene; the driver, later identified as Josue Sanchez Caceres, and the front seat passenger
remained in the vehicle. Border Patrol Agents arrived on scene and assisted Trooper Seymore in
detaining Caceres. Despite their combined search efforts, the five passengers were never located.
According to Trooper Seymore, the front seat passenger, identified as Jose Ponce Mencia,
consented to a search of his phone. The phone contained numerous messages with coordinates,
location drops, pictures of Border Patrol units, and maps with highlighted routes. After reviewing
the digital evidence, Trooper Seymore concluded that Caceres was engaged in human smuggling
and attempting to avoid the U.S. Border Patrol checkpoint.
Caceres was arrested and later indicted for five counts of smuggling of persons under Texas
Penal Code section 20.05(a)(1)(B) and one count of evading arrest with a motor vehicle under
-2- 04-24-00691-CR
Texas Penal Code section 38.04(a). See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 20.05(a)(1)(B), 38.04(a). The
jury convicted Caceres on the five smuggling counts but acquitted him of evading arrest with a
motor vehicle. After conviction, Caceres filed a motion for new trial. The motion was denied by
operation of law and Caceres timely appealed.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review Caceres’s constitutional challenges de novo. See Tex. Mut. Ins. Co. v. PHI Air Med.,
LLC, 610 S.W.3d 839, 846 (Tex. 2020) (“Preemption is a question of law reviewed de novo.”);
State v. Flores, 679 S.W.3d 232, 243 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2023, pet. ref’d) (holding the
same).
AS-APPLIED PREEMPTION
Caceres argues that, as applied to his prosecution, section 20.05(a)(1)(B) is field preempted
by federal law because there is a “clear and manifest purpose of Congress” to preclude the states
from regulating in the field of transporting non-citizens. Caceres further argues the statute is
conflict preempted as applied to his prosecution because section 20.05(a) “reduced the amount of
proof required to secure a conviction under federal law, subjected [Caceres] to harsher punishment,
and frustrated the aims of the federal regulatory scheme.”
A. Applicable Law
This court analyzed a similar as-applied field and conflict preemption challenge to section
20.05(a)(1)(A) in Roberts v. State, No. 04-24-00485-CR, 2026 WL 290378, at *5–9 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio Feb. 4, 2026, pet. filed). As such, while we will address the facts specific to Caceres’s
case for his as-applied challenge to section 20.05(a)(1)(B), the legal principles discussed in Roberts
guide our analysis here.
-3- 04-24-00691-CR
B. Analysis
Section 20.05(a)(1)(B) provides: “(a) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly:
(1) uses a motor vehicle, aircraft, watercraft, or other means of conveyance to transport an
individual with the intent to: (B) flee from a person the actor knows is a peace officer or special
investigator attempting to lawfully arrest or detain the actor[.]” TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. §
20.05(a)(1)(B). In Roberts we explained that “unlike the instances where courts have found state
statutes to be field preempted, section 20.05(a)(1)(A) does not require prosecutors to prove a
noncitizen’s illegal presence in the United States.” Id. at *7. Similarly, section 20.05(a)(1)(B) does
not require that the State prove a noncitizen’s illegal presence in the United States; it requires that
the State prove the defendant transported an individual with the intent to flee from law
enforcement.
Here, Caceres’s conviction did not turn on immigration status. In fact, the record is absent
of any evidence that establishes the passengers’ identity or legal status in the United States, and
the evidence presented at trial focused on Caceres’s intent to flee from Trooper Seymore.
Therefore, because Caceres was prosecuted under a neutral statute, and his conduct was criminal
regardless of the passengers’ immigration status, we hold that Caceres’s prosecution was not as-
applied field preempted. See id. at *8; Kansas v. Garcia, 589 U.S. 191, 208–09 (2020); State v.
Flores, 679 S.W.3d 232, 245 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2023, pet. ref’d); see also Gutierrez v.
State, 721 S.W.3d 639, 655 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2025, pet. ref’d) (holding
section 20.05(a)(1)(A) was not as-applied field preempted where the evidence showed Appellant
“was not convicted merely because of the citizenship status of the back seat passengers, but
because she intended to conceal those individuals from law enforcement”).
-4- 04-24-00691-CR
As to Caceres’s second point of error, as we stated in Roberts, “[w]ith an as-applied conflict
preemption challenge, the application of the law must conflict with federal law’s comprehensive
immigration scheme or with the federal government’s discretion over immigration-related
prosecutions.” 2026 WL 290378, at *9. As in Roberts, the evidence presented at Caceres’s trial
does not show that his prosecution interfered with federal law or federal discretion over
immigration-related prosecutions. Id. Despite Caceres’s argument that this prosecution frustrated
the aims of the federal regulatory scheme, nothing in the record suggests that federal prosecutors
wanted to pursue federal charges against Caceres. Because nothing in the trial record suggests any
state conduct that conflicts with federal immigration objectives, we hold that Caceres’s prosecution
under section 20.05(a)(1)(B) was not as-applied conflict preempted. See Kansas, 589 U.S. at 211
(“[T]he mere fact that state laws like the Kansas provisions at issue overlap to some degree with
federal criminal provisions does not even begin to make a case for conflict preemption.”).
Caceres further argues that the logically inconsistent verdicts reached in this case “confirm that
Mr. Caceres was impermissibly prosecuted for smuggling noncitizens.” However, even if we
assume the verdicts were inconsistent, the jury’s non-guilty verdict for evading arrest with a motor
vehicle could have resulted through mistake, compromise, or lenity, and, consequently, the non-
guilty verdict does not “confirm” an impermissible prosecution. See United States v. Powell, 469
U.S. 57, 65 (1984) (“It is equally possible that the jury, convinced of guilt, properly reached its
conclusion on the compound offense, and then through mistake, compromise, or lenity arrived at
an inconsistent conclusion on the lesser offense.”).
In sum, we overrule Caceres’s first and second issues.
-5- 04-24-00691-CR
CLERICAL ERROR IN THE WRITTEN JUDGMENT
The trial court’s judgment identified the “Statute for Offense” as “Sec. 20.05(b)(1)(E)
Penal Code.” Caceres, however, was charged and convicted under Texas Penal Code section
20.05(a)(1)(B). We have the authority to modify incorrect judgments when the necessary
information is available. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b); Minor v. State, No. 07-23-00397-CR, 2025
WL 211324, at *4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Jan. 15, 2025, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). Accordingly, we modify the judgment of conviction to state that the “Statute for
Offense” is “20.05(a)(1)(B) Penal Code.”
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court as modified.
H. Todd McCray, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
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