Erlanger, J.
The plaintiff was awarded a verdict in an action brought to recover .commissions claimed to have been due his assignor for services rendered under a contract of [558]*558employment.. The defendant is the owner of a patent stop watch attachment. Plaintiff’s assignor, Simon Goldsmith, claims that he was employed to sell chronographs for defendant on a commission of five per cent, on all sales, whether made by him or by any person acting for defendant or having the right to manufacture and sell the chronographs. The defendant, admitting the employment, contends that Goldsmith was to receive a commission only on sales made or effected through him, and that he had been fully paid for such sales, excepting the sum of $180', being the amount of ‘commissions on sales made by plaintiff’s assignor but collected since the termination of their relations. The issue presented was whether the defendant agreed to pay Goldsmith not only a commission on sales which he made, but on sales with which he had absolutely nothing to do, and, indeed, which were made by third parties who had simply acquired a license to use defendant’s patent in connection with the manufacture of watches. Plaintiff’s case rests entirely upon his own testimony. The commissions were paid monthly. When the first payment was made, on February 11, 1905, a statement was prepared, setting forth in detail the names of the parties to whom sales had been made and the sums collected; and underneath the total was the percentage stated “ 5$,” and a computation showing the amount due to be thirty-two dollars and seventeen cents, below which was the following, in the handwriting of the plaintiff:
“ Commission on sales expires by mutual agreement on December 15, 1905. Bills remaining unpaid on that date, still entitled to same commissions to be paid to me as soon as received, and on all sales that I make and accepted by Victor Hivois up to December 15th, 1905.
“ Wit. S. L. Johhstoh. Simoet Goldsmith.”
Prior to the signing of this paper, and on July 13, 1904, defendant entered into an agreement with the Hew York Standard Watch Company, by which that company was to manufacture, sell and deliver to defendant 100,000 watch movements with stop watch attachments under the patent owned by defendant for three dollars and thirty-five cents [559]*559each for the seven jewel movement and three dollars and seventy-five cents each for the ten jewel movement. Of this company one Zurbrugg was president. He was also president of a corporation known as the Keystone Watch Case Company and of the Philadelphia Watch Case Company. On December 30, 1904, a license was granted by defendant to the Keystone company (which recited the agreement of manufacture made with the Standard company), granting to that company a license to use the patented attachment for export business only, on a royalty of fifty cents to defendant on each watch movement sold by the Keystone company; and, on January 25, 1905, a similar license was granted to the Philadelphia Watch Case Company. It should be noticed that these three agreements antedated the paper writing executed by Goldsmith. In December, 1905, when the final monthly statement was rendered of sales made by Goldsmith, upon which he received his commissions, he claimed commissions on the export sales made by the Keystone and Philadelphia companies and all sales made by defendant. His right thereto being disputed, he assigned his claim to the plaintiff, who commenced this action. It does not appear that, prior to December, 1905, when the last payment of commissions then due Goldsmith was made, he demanded or claimed to be entitled to commissions on the export sales made by the Keystone and Philadelphia companies under their licenses. While Goldsmith testified that, embraced in the monthly statements itemizing the sales made, and upon which the five per cent, commission was calculated, there were included sales not made directly by him, it appears that in those instances the names of such customers appeared upon a list which he submitted to defendant; and thereafter, when any sales were made through correspondence by defendant with persons on such list, the commission was allowed by defendant and included in the sales upon which the monthly calculation was made. There seems to have been no discussion on this subject between the parties, but the defendant assumed that plaintiff’s assignor was entitled to a commission whenever a sale resulted from correspondence with a person on the list of possible customers fur[560]*560nished or submitted to him by Goldsmith. There is no explanation made by Goldsmith why, during the entire period of employment, he made no demand or claim for commission upon the export trade of defendant’s licensees; and the only explanation made of the paper writing of February 11, 1905, which limits the commissions to sales made by Goldsmith, is that he was forced to sign the paper but without any very clear explanation of the nature of the coercion used. When it is considered that the writing above quoted is Goldsmith’s o.wn phrasing, and that the body as well as the signature is in his handwriting, and that no objection was raised to its form intermediate its execution in February and the termination of the relations in December, it would seem that the plaintiff should have sustained the claim of Goldsmith having been “ forced ” to execute the paper by some fact or circumstance in addition to Goldsmith’s general statement that his act was not voluntary. In addition to the defendant’s evidence, the witness to the writing, Sadie L. Johnston, who at the time of the trial was no longer in defendant’s employ, fairly met Goldsmith’s statement that he was driven or “ forced ” to sign the paper. Under the licenses which defendant granted to the Keystone and Philadelphia companies, he had no control over the sales made by those companies, receiving simply a royalty of fifty cents on each watch movement sold by them; and yet plaintiff’s claim for commissions is founded, not upon the royalty, but upon the selling price of the chronographs, at the rate of three dollars and thirty-five cents on the seven jewel movement, and three dollars and seventy-five cents on the ten jewel movement. As the defendant’s royalty from the Keystone and Philadelphia companies was only fifty cents on each movement sold, irrespective of whether it was a seven jewel or ten jewel movement, if Goldsmith’s story is correct, he was to receive about one-third of the amount realized by his employer, and this, too, on licenses granted without any assistance from him and on sales effected by the licensees. It is not necessary for us to determine whether the plaintiff made out his case by that fair preponderance of evidence which is required to sustain a verdict, because of errors committed by the trial jus[561]*561tice, to which reference wlill be made. Neither is it necessary for us to determine on this appeal whether the paper writing of February 11, 1905, embodies all the elements of a contract so as to exclude the parol evidence offered by plaintiff, contradictory of the writing. It may be mentioned, however, that the contention of the respondent that the writing on its face indicates that the parties did not intend thereby to completely set forth all the terms of the employment, because it did not specify the rate of commission, nor the term of the hiring, overlooks the account which precedes the writing above quoted but is part thereof, showing that the commission is figured at five per cent, and that the term expires on December 15, 1905.
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Erlanger, J.
The plaintiff was awarded a verdict in an action brought to recover .commissions claimed to have been due his assignor for services rendered under a contract of [558]*558employment.. The defendant is the owner of a patent stop watch attachment. Plaintiff’s assignor, Simon Goldsmith, claims that he was employed to sell chronographs for defendant on a commission of five per cent, on all sales, whether made by him or by any person acting for defendant or having the right to manufacture and sell the chronographs. The defendant, admitting the employment, contends that Goldsmith was to receive a commission only on sales made or effected through him, and that he had been fully paid for such sales, excepting the sum of $180', being the amount of ‘commissions on sales made by plaintiff’s assignor but collected since the termination of their relations. The issue presented was whether the defendant agreed to pay Goldsmith not only a commission on sales which he made, but on sales with which he had absolutely nothing to do, and, indeed, which were made by third parties who had simply acquired a license to use defendant’s patent in connection with the manufacture of watches. Plaintiff’s case rests entirely upon his own testimony. The commissions were paid monthly. When the first payment was made, on February 11, 1905, a statement was prepared, setting forth in detail the names of the parties to whom sales had been made and the sums collected; and underneath the total was the percentage stated “ 5$,” and a computation showing the amount due to be thirty-two dollars and seventeen cents, below which was the following, in the handwriting of the plaintiff:
“ Commission on sales expires by mutual agreement on December 15, 1905. Bills remaining unpaid on that date, still entitled to same commissions to be paid to me as soon as received, and on all sales that I make and accepted by Victor Hivois up to December 15th, 1905.
“ Wit. S. L. Johhstoh. Simoet Goldsmith.”
Prior to the signing of this paper, and on July 13, 1904, defendant entered into an agreement with the Hew York Standard Watch Company, by which that company was to manufacture, sell and deliver to defendant 100,000 watch movements with stop watch attachments under the patent owned by defendant for three dollars and thirty-five cents [559]*559each for the seven jewel movement and three dollars and seventy-five cents each for the ten jewel movement. Of this company one Zurbrugg was president. He was also president of a corporation known as the Keystone Watch Case Company and of the Philadelphia Watch Case Company. On December 30, 1904, a license was granted by defendant to the Keystone company (which recited the agreement of manufacture made with the Standard company), granting to that company a license to use the patented attachment for export business only, on a royalty of fifty cents to defendant on each watch movement sold by the Keystone company; and, on January 25, 1905, a similar license was granted to the Philadelphia Watch Case Company. It should be noticed that these three agreements antedated the paper writing executed by Goldsmith. In December, 1905, when the final monthly statement was rendered of sales made by Goldsmith, upon which he received his commissions, he claimed commissions on the export sales made by the Keystone and Philadelphia companies and all sales made by defendant. His right thereto being disputed, he assigned his claim to the plaintiff, who commenced this action. It does not appear that, prior to December, 1905, when the last payment of commissions then due Goldsmith was made, he demanded or claimed to be entitled to commissions on the export sales made by the Keystone and Philadelphia companies under their licenses. While Goldsmith testified that, embraced in the monthly statements itemizing the sales made, and upon which the five per cent, commission was calculated, there were included sales not made directly by him, it appears that in those instances the names of such customers appeared upon a list which he submitted to defendant; and thereafter, when any sales were made through correspondence by defendant with persons on such list, the commission was allowed by defendant and included in the sales upon which the monthly calculation was made. There seems to have been no discussion on this subject between the parties, but the defendant assumed that plaintiff’s assignor was entitled to a commission whenever a sale resulted from correspondence with a person on the list of possible customers fur[560]*560nished or submitted to him by Goldsmith. There is no explanation made by Goldsmith why, during the entire period of employment, he made no demand or claim for commission upon the export trade of defendant’s licensees; and the only explanation made of the paper writing of February 11, 1905, which limits the commissions to sales made by Goldsmith, is that he was forced to sign the paper but without any very clear explanation of the nature of the coercion used. When it is considered that the writing above quoted is Goldsmith’s o.wn phrasing, and that the body as well as the signature is in his handwriting, and that no objection was raised to its form intermediate its execution in February and the termination of the relations in December, it would seem that the plaintiff should have sustained the claim of Goldsmith having been “ forced ” to execute the paper by some fact or circumstance in addition to Goldsmith’s general statement that his act was not voluntary. In addition to the defendant’s evidence, the witness to the writing, Sadie L. Johnston, who at the time of the trial was no longer in defendant’s employ, fairly met Goldsmith’s statement that he was driven or “ forced ” to sign the paper. Under the licenses which defendant granted to the Keystone and Philadelphia companies, he had no control over the sales made by those companies, receiving simply a royalty of fifty cents on each watch movement sold by them; and yet plaintiff’s claim for commissions is founded, not upon the royalty, but upon the selling price of the chronographs, at the rate of three dollars and thirty-five cents on the seven jewel movement, and three dollars and seventy-five cents on the ten jewel movement. As the defendant’s royalty from the Keystone and Philadelphia companies was only fifty cents on each movement sold, irrespective of whether it was a seven jewel or ten jewel movement, if Goldsmith’s story is correct, he was to receive about one-third of the amount realized by his employer, and this, too, on licenses granted without any assistance from him and on sales effected by the licensees. It is not necessary for us to determine whether the plaintiff made out his case by that fair preponderance of evidence which is required to sustain a verdict, because of errors committed by the trial jus[561]*561tice, to which reference wlill be made. Neither is it necessary for us to determine on this appeal whether the paper writing of February 11, 1905, embodies all the elements of a contract so as to exclude the parol evidence offered by plaintiff, contradictory of the writing. It may be mentioned, however, that the contention of the respondent that the writing on its face indicates that the parties did not intend thereby to completely set forth all the terms of the employment, because it did not specify the rate of commission, nor the term of the hiring, overlooks the account which precedes the writing above quoted but is part thereof, showing that the commission is figured at five per cent, and that the term expires on December 15, 1905. But if it was not a binding contract, it is very persuasive evidence that the parties understood that the commissions were to be paid only on the sales made by Goldsmith. It was essentially a part of plaintiff’s case to prove the number of sales of chronographs made by the Keystone and Philadelphia companies, in order to fix the amount of the commissions upon which plaintiff founded his right to-recover. For that purpose he read in evidence the deposition of Zurbrugg taken at plaintiff’s instance. Zurbrugg was asked to state how many chronograph's were manufactured by the New York Standard Watch Case Company up to December 15, 1905, and how many of said chronographs of seven jewels and how many ten jewel chronographs had been sold, and to whom they had been delivered. To this the witness answered: “ I have a memorandum, according to which the New York Standard Company sold to Victor Nivois up to December 15, 1905, 12,896 chronographs. Up to the same date to the Philadelphia Watch case Company 2,177; the Keystone Watch Case Company 1,396. I do not know how they were divided as to jewels.- There have been some manufactured since that, but I could not say how many; I have not the faintest idea.” A proper objection was made both to the interrogatory and to the answer and a motion was made to strike out the answer, which ivas denied and an exception was noted to the court’s ruling. It is quite evident from the witness’ answer that he was simply reading from a memorandum. Undoubtedly, a ' [562]*562witness may, while under examination, refresh his memory by referring to any writing made by himself at the time of the transaction, concerning which he is questioned, or so soon afterwards that it is probable that the transaction was at that time fresh in his memory (Stephens Dig. Ev. Art. 136), and he may use a memorandum no matter by whom or when made to refresh his recollection, if, after refreshing his recollection he can testify from memory. Howard v. McDonough, 77 N. Y. 592; Rathborne v. Hatch, 80 App. Div. 115—118; Wise v. Phoenix Fire Ins. Co., 101 N. Y. 637. But here the witness did not testify from memory, nor use the memorandum to refresh his recollection. It did not appear that he made the sales or had any personal knowledge regarding them. His evidence would indicate that he had no personal knowledge concerning the sales, because he had not “ the faintest idea ” how many chronographs had been manufactured since December 15, 1905, and did not know how those which were sold prior to that date were divided as to jewels. He simply testified that he had a memorandum, according to which the Standard company had made sales in the amount stated by him without proof of the correctness of the items. The injury to the appellant through this error of the learned trial justice is intensified when the record is examined and found to be barren of any other evidence of the amount of sales made by these various companies, and upon which a recovery was secured. The plaintiff’s assignor, on his cross-examination, stated that other than the sales made by himself, concerning which there was no dispute, he only knew of the sales by the defendant’s licensees from information furnished him by Mr. Zurbrugg, to whose deposition we have referred. Indeed, the trial justice thought that “ there should appear better evidence than the witness (Goldsmith) has given upon this point upon the number of sales by each of these concerns.” On objection made, he stated that the testimony of .Goldsmith as to these sales was simply based on statements made by Zurbrugg in his deposition and that it was quite evident, from the cross-examination of the witness, that he could not give any testimony other than by hearsay on the subject of the sales made by the Standard, Keystone and Philadelphia [563]*563companies. The verdict, therefore, rested entirely upon the evidence of Zurbrugg, which was erroneously admitted.
The judgment and order appealed from should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide the event.
Leventbitt, J., concurs.
Gildeesleeve, J., concurs in result.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide event.