NUMBER 13-11-00572-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
JOSHUA SEYMOUR, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 117th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Benavides, Vela, and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes Appellant, Joshua Seymour, appeals his conviction for the lesser-included offense
of robbery, a second-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.02 (West 2011).
Based on a jury’s verdict, appellant was found guilty, sentenced to six years of
confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, and ordered to pay a $5,500 fine. 1 Appellant’s sentence and fine were suspended and
appellant was placed on community supervision for five years. By one issue, appellant
argues the trial court erred in denying his request for a necessity instruction. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
On September 3, 2010, two J.C. Penny’s 3 loss-prevention officers, Michael
Sauceda and Herman Cardenas, observed appellant stealing merchandise and a pair of
scissors from the store. Sauceda and Cardenas observed appellant by camera.
Appellant did not know he was being watched. Sauceda pursued appellant as he left the
store and went outside with the stolen property.
Sauceda and a co-worker identified themselves as security. Appellant told them
that he was not going to return to the store. Sauceda told him that they would handcuff
him, if necessary, to return him to the store. Sauceda took his arm, but appellant
resisted and was pushed up against the wall or door. Appellant withdrew the scissors
from his pocket with his right hand and swung his arms up, bringing the scissors within six
inches from Sauceda’s neck. Appellant then tried to run away, but was tackled on the
sidewalk. Cardenas handcuffed appellant and picked up the merchandise and scissors
that fell to the ground, except for a stolen watch that appellant was wearing. Appellant,
1 Count one of the indictment alleged aggravated robbery, a first-degree felony. Count two alleged robbery, a second-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 29.02, 29.03 (West 2011). Appellant appeals his conviction of the lesser-included offense of robbery as to the aggravated-robbery charge. He was acquitted of the second count. 2 Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court's decision and the basic reasons for it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4. 3 “J.C. Penny” is the name of the store as it appears in the reporter’s record. 2 now in handcuffs, continued to resist and tried to kick the officers as they walked through
the store’s salon. As appellant was escorted inside, he also tried to kick customers in the
salon and attempted to run the officers into merchandise displays.
During the escort through the store, appellant bit Leonard Sanchez, a mall security
guard. When they arrived at the loss-prevention office, appellant refused to sit down,
and threw everything off of the desk. When Sauceda tried to get appellant to sit down,
appellant bit Sauceda in the arm and grabbed Sauceda’s genitals.
At trial, appellant testified in his own defense. While appellant admitted he
attempted to steal merchandise, he denied ever threatening Sauceda with the scissors.
Instead, he testified he kept the scissors in his pocket. Appellant testified that he bit
Sauceda when they were in the loss-prevention office after Sauceda put his knee in
appellant’s neck and held it there until appellant could not breathe. Appellant testified at
this point, he bit “very suddenly” so that Sauceda “would let up, that’s all.” Appellant
testified that he did not remember biting Sanchez.
During the jury-charge conference, appellant’s counsel requested an instruction
on necessity, applicable not to the charge of aggravated robbery, but to the
lesser-included offense of robbery, and to the second, additional robbery charge.
Appellant argued his admission of biting justified a necessity instruction. The trial court
stated that appellant contradicted himself regarding his account of the biting incidents and
denied his request for an instruction on necessity, stating it did not think appellant
qualified for such an instruction.
3 II. ANALYSIS
By his sole issue, appellant claims the trial court erred in denying his requested
necessity instruction. Appellant relies on his testimony to argue that he was entitled to a
necessity instruction in the jury charge. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
In reviewing a jury-charge issue, an appellate court’s first duty is to determine
whether error exists in the jury charge. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996). If error is found, the appellate court should analyze that error for harm.
Middleton v. State, 125 S.W3d 450, 453–54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If an error was
properly preserved by objection, reversal will be necessary if the error is not harmless.
Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Conversely, if error was
not preserved at trial by a proper objection, a reversal will be granted only if the error
presents egregious harm, meaning appellant did not receive a fair and impartial trial. Id.
To obtain reversal for jury-charge error, appellant must have suffered actual harm and not
just merely theoretical harm. Sanchez v. State, No. PD-0961-07, 2012 WL 1694606, at
*6 (Tex. Crim. App. May 16, 2012); see also Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 352 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986).
B. Whether a Necessity Instruction was Warranted
In the instant case, appellant sought a necessity-defense instruction to negate the
lesser-included offense of robbery. Section 9.22 of the Texas Penal Code describes the
defense of necessity:
Conduct is justified if:
4 (1) the actor reasonably believes the conduct is immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm;
(2) the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm clearly outweigh, according to ordinary standards of reasonableness, the harm sought to be prevented by the law proscribing the conduct; and
(3) a legislative purpose to exclude the justification claimed for the conduct does not otherwise plainly appear. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.22 (West 2011).4
When it applies, necessity operates as a justification for committing the charged
offense once the defendant admits he committed the charged offense. See Juarez v.
State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 403–04 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (holding the
confession-and-avoidance doctrine applies to the defense of necessity). To be entitled
to a necessity instruction “a defendant must admit to the conduct—the act and the
culpable mental state—of the charged offense . . . .” Id. at 399; see also McGarity v.
State, 5 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.) (holding defendant was
not entitled to necessity instruction when he admitted to throwing victim on bed to prevent
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NUMBER 13-11-00572-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
JOSHUA SEYMOUR, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 117th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Benavides, Vela, and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes Appellant, Joshua Seymour, appeals his conviction for the lesser-included offense
of robbery, a second-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.02 (West 2011).
Based on a jury’s verdict, appellant was found guilty, sentenced to six years of
confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, and ordered to pay a $5,500 fine. 1 Appellant’s sentence and fine were suspended and
appellant was placed on community supervision for five years. By one issue, appellant
argues the trial court erred in denying his request for a necessity instruction. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
On September 3, 2010, two J.C. Penny’s 3 loss-prevention officers, Michael
Sauceda and Herman Cardenas, observed appellant stealing merchandise and a pair of
scissors from the store. Sauceda and Cardenas observed appellant by camera.
Appellant did not know he was being watched. Sauceda pursued appellant as he left the
store and went outside with the stolen property.
Sauceda and a co-worker identified themselves as security. Appellant told them
that he was not going to return to the store. Sauceda told him that they would handcuff
him, if necessary, to return him to the store. Sauceda took his arm, but appellant
resisted and was pushed up against the wall or door. Appellant withdrew the scissors
from his pocket with his right hand and swung his arms up, bringing the scissors within six
inches from Sauceda’s neck. Appellant then tried to run away, but was tackled on the
sidewalk. Cardenas handcuffed appellant and picked up the merchandise and scissors
that fell to the ground, except for a stolen watch that appellant was wearing. Appellant,
1 Count one of the indictment alleged aggravated robbery, a first-degree felony. Count two alleged robbery, a second-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 29.02, 29.03 (West 2011). Appellant appeals his conviction of the lesser-included offense of robbery as to the aggravated-robbery charge. He was acquitted of the second count. 2 Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court's decision and the basic reasons for it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4. 3 “J.C. Penny” is the name of the store as it appears in the reporter’s record. 2 now in handcuffs, continued to resist and tried to kick the officers as they walked through
the store’s salon. As appellant was escorted inside, he also tried to kick customers in the
salon and attempted to run the officers into merchandise displays.
During the escort through the store, appellant bit Leonard Sanchez, a mall security
guard. When they arrived at the loss-prevention office, appellant refused to sit down,
and threw everything off of the desk. When Sauceda tried to get appellant to sit down,
appellant bit Sauceda in the arm and grabbed Sauceda’s genitals.
At trial, appellant testified in his own defense. While appellant admitted he
attempted to steal merchandise, he denied ever threatening Sauceda with the scissors.
Instead, he testified he kept the scissors in his pocket. Appellant testified that he bit
Sauceda when they were in the loss-prevention office after Sauceda put his knee in
appellant’s neck and held it there until appellant could not breathe. Appellant testified at
this point, he bit “very suddenly” so that Sauceda “would let up, that’s all.” Appellant
testified that he did not remember biting Sanchez.
During the jury-charge conference, appellant’s counsel requested an instruction
on necessity, applicable not to the charge of aggravated robbery, but to the
lesser-included offense of robbery, and to the second, additional robbery charge.
Appellant argued his admission of biting justified a necessity instruction. The trial court
stated that appellant contradicted himself regarding his account of the biting incidents and
denied his request for an instruction on necessity, stating it did not think appellant
qualified for such an instruction.
3 II. ANALYSIS
By his sole issue, appellant claims the trial court erred in denying his requested
necessity instruction. Appellant relies on his testimony to argue that he was entitled to a
necessity instruction in the jury charge. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
In reviewing a jury-charge issue, an appellate court’s first duty is to determine
whether error exists in the jury charge. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996). If error is found, the appellate court should analyze that error for harm.
Middleton v. State, 125 S.W3d 450, 453–54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If an error was
properly preserved by objection, reversal will be necessary if the error is not harmless.
Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Conversely, if error was
not preserved at trial by a proper objection, a reversal will be granted only if the error
presents egregious harm, meaning appellant did not receive a fair and impartial trial. Id.
To obtain reversal for jury-charge error, appellant must have suffered actual harm and not
just merely theoretical harm. Sanchez v. State, No. PD-0961-07, 2012 WL 1694606, at
*6 (Tex. Crim. App. May 16, 2012); see also Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 352 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986).
B. Whether a Necessity Instruction was Warranted
In the instant case, appellant sought a necessity-defense instruction to negate the
lesser-included offense of robbery. Section 9.22 of the Texas Penal Code describes the
defense of necessity:
Conduct is justified if:
4 (1) the actor reasonably believes the conduct is immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm;
(2) the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm clearly outweigh, according to ordinary standards of reasonableness, the harm sought to be prevented by the law proscribing the conduct; and
(3) a legislative purpose to exclude the justification claimed for the conduct does not otherwise plainly appear. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.22 (West 2011).4
When it applies, necessity operates as a justification for committing the charged
offense once the defendant admits he committed the charged offense. See Juarez v.
State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 403–04 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (holding the
confession-and-avoidance doctrine applies to the defense of necessity). To be entitled
to a necessity instruction “a defendant must admit to the conduct—the act and the
culpable mental state—of the charged offense . . . .” Id. at 399; see also McGarity v.
State, 5 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.) (holding defendant was
not entitled to necessity instruction when he admitted to throwing victim on bed to prevent
her from jumping out of a window, but did not admit to the charged offense of hitting the
victim on the face).
Appellant was charged by indictment with aggravated robbery committed against
Sauceda using scissors as a deadly weapon. At trial, appellant denied using the
scissors against Sauceda in any manner, and thus, the evidence did not raise the issue of
necessity. See Juarez, 308 S.W.3d at 406 (explaining “defendant cannot flatly deny the
4 Section 29.02 defines the offense of robbery, as follows: (a) A person commits an offense if, in the course of committing theft as defined in chapter 31 and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he: (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. (b) An offense under this section is a felony of the second degree. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.02. 5 charged conduct” and receive a necessity instruction); McGarity, 55 S.W.3d at 227
(same).
Appellant’s argument that his admission that he bit Sauceda in the loss-prevention
office justifies a necessity instruction on the lesser-included offense of robbery also fails
because this bite did not occur during the course of the robbery, but after the offense was
completed. Appellant’s biting of security personnel while in the loss-prevention office
cannot apply to the robbery charge because the robbery had already occurred and was
complete when appellant bit Sauceda. The requisite elements of robbery under the
Texas Penal Code were fulfilled when appellant, “in the course of committing theft” and
attempting to obtain or maintain control of the property, either placed another in fear of
serious bodily injury or death or intentionally, knowingly or recklessly injured another.
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.02 (West 2011). “In the course of committing theft” is
defined as “conduct that occurs in an attempt to commit, during the commission, or in
immediate flight after the attempt or commission of theft.” Id. § 29.01.
In this case, the loss-prevention officers had already apprehended appellant and
exercised control over the merchandise when appellant bit Sauceda. The bite occurred
in the loss-prevention office. Appellant was no longer attempting to obtain or maintain
control over the merchandise when he bit, nor was he in immediate flight. Rather,
according to his own testimony, appellant only bit Sauceda to get Sauceda to stop
pressing his knee into appellant’s neck because, according to appellant, Sauceda’s
conduct “cut off” his breathing. See id.; Banks v. State, 638 S.W.2d 532, 534 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1982, pet. ref’d) (explaining that when a person is in immediate
6 flight from the scene of a theft, the motive is escape).
Appellant’s claim that his conduct of biting was necessary and negates the
charged offense of robbery is incorrect because the temporal gap between the two
events, the robbery and the bite, is too large. In order for a necessity defense to be
applicable, there would have to be sufficient evidence showing appellant’s conduct was
necessary as a justification for the charged offense. See Kenny v. State, 292 S.W.3d 89,
101 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. struck) (holding evidence did not support
a necessity instruction because the record revealed a complete absence of evidence of
immediate necessity to justify criminal abduction of victim); Arnwine v. State, 20 S.W.3d
155, 160 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.) (holding evidence did not support
necessity instruction on charged lesser-included offense because assault was not
necessary to avoid imminent harm). The trial court did not err in omitting a necessity
instruction from its charge.
C. Whether a Self-Defense Instruction was Warranted
In his brief, within his argument concerning the requested necessity instruction,
appellant also argues that a self-defense instruction should have been given. The
record, however, shows that appellant did not request a self-defense instruction in the
trial court. A trial court does not have a duty to sua sponte instruct the jury on a
defensive issue raised by the evidence. Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 62 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1998) (en banc) (citing and applying Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 36.14
to the issue of whether a defendant who did not request a jury instruction on mistake of
fact could complain about the omission of the instruction for the first time on appeal);
7 Vasquez v. State, 2 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d) (holding
trial court had no duty to include an unrequested self-defense instruction in its jury
charge). Under Posey, a party can forfeit the right to complain about the omission of a
defensive issue because the defensive issue must be requested before the trial court has
a duty to place it in the charge; no error occurs absent a request. Williams v. State, 273
S.W.3d 200, 223 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Because appellant chose not to request a jury
instruction on self defense, the trial court did not err by omitting a self-defense instruction
from its charge. See Posey, 966 S.W.2d at 62; Vasquez, 2 S.W.3d at 362. Appellant’s
sole issue is overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Gregory T. Perkes Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 30th day of August, 2012.