IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 24-1962 Filed October 29, 2025
JOSHUA DOUGLAS MCCORMICK, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Mark D. Fisher, Judge.
An applicant appeals from the district court’s denial of his application for
postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
Raya Dimitrova of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., for appellant.
Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Katherine Wenman, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered without oral argument by Schumacher, P.J., and Badding and
Langholz, JJ. 2
SCHUMACHER, Presiding Judge.
Joshua McCormick appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for
postconviction relief (PCR) alleging his counsel was ineffective in failing to move
to suppress evidence and arguing that structural error existed because counsel
failed to assist him during plea negotiations. We affirm the district court’s denial of
the petition.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings
Cedar Rapids law enforcement observed several vehicles at a storage
facility where multiple burglaries had recently occurred. Law enforcement saw a
silver Buick, occupied by McCormick, drive away from the facility and make an
immediate turn into a gas station parking lot. As the Buick was parked, law
enforcement ran the license plate and discovered the plate belonged to a different
vehicle and its registration was expired. McCormick remained in the driver’s seat
of the Buick while at the gas station and then drove toward the exit of the parking
lot after law enforcement drove around the building, out of sight of McCormick.
While observing McCormick drive out of the parking lot, law enforcement
contacted a K-9 officer to assist in potentially inspecting the vehicle. Law
enforcement stopped McCormick immediately after he left the lot and initiated
contact with him. While one officer investigated the license plates, the K-9 officer
removed McCormick from the vehicle before having the K-9 dog perform an open-
air sniff around the perimeter of the vehicle. McCormick was detained and placed
in handcuffs because of the possibility of an outstanding warrant.
While the officers were checking for warrants, the K-9 dog alerted law
enforcement to the presence of narcotics in the vehicle, and the officers searched 3
the vehicle and its contents. Within a backpack in the backseat, a baggie was
found which contained suspected methamphetamine along with a pipe.
McCormick was subsequently charged with possession of a controlled substance
and possession of drug paraphernalia.
Counsel was appointed to represent McCormick. McCormick later moved
for new counsel, and the motion was granted. Subsequent counsel was appointed
to represent McCormick. McCormick eventually pled guilty to possession of a
controlled substance, third offense, and requested immediate sentencing.
McCormick was sentenced to an indeterminate term of prison not to exceed five
years, which was suspended. McCormick was placed on supervised probation.
McCormick then filed a timely application for PCR. He alleged his counsel
was ineffective for failing to move to suppress evidence. In testimony at the PCR
trial, it was explained that his first attorney missed the deadline to move to
suppress and his second attorney could have requested leave of the court to file
the motion. McCormick’s second counsel testified that McCormick essentially
worked out a plea agreement with the prosecutor by himself and counsel assisted
with the paperwork afterward. The district court denied McCormick’s PCR
application, finding counsel was not ineffective and no structural error existed
within the proceedings.
II. Discussion
On appeal, McCormick asserts his counsel was ineffective for failure to
move to suppress the evidence found within the vehicle. He alleges that counsel
failed to conduct a reasonable investigation into the merits of a potential motion to 4
suppress by not reviewing the video of the incident and not deposing the officers
involved.
We review challenges to PCR determinations based on ineffective
assistance of counsel de novo, as these claims raise constitutional issues.
Sothman v. State, 967 N.W.2d 512, 522 (Iowa 2021).
To succeed on ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, “the applicant must
demonstrate both ineffective assistance and prejudice.” Ledezma v. State, 626
N.W.2d 134, 142 (Iowa 2001) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984)). The first prong, ineffective assistance, “must be proven by a
preponderance of the evidence.” Id. As for the second prong, prejudice, “the
[applicant] must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 (“A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome [of the case]”). If an ineffective-assistance-
of-counsel claim fails on either prong, “it can be decided on that ground alone.”
Ledezma, 626 N.W.2d at 142.
To establish counsel was ineffective as per the first prong, “the applicant
must demonstrate the attorney performed below the standard demanded of a
reasonably competent attorney.” Id. The attorney’s performance is measured
“against prevailing professional norms.” Id. (cleaned up). We presume that
counsel performed their duties with competence, and “avoid second-guessing and
hindsight.” Id. These claims can be based on almost any inaction or action of
counsel, including a failure to investigate. Id. Alleged inaction by counsel based
on lack of diligence can establish ineffective assistance. Id. Counsel’s mistakes 5
of judgment or miscalculated trial strategies generally do not establish ineffective
assistance. Id. at 143. Concerning “less than complete investigations” by counsel,
to be deemed effective assistance, the investigation “must be based on reasonable
professional judgments which support the particular level of investigation
conducted.” Id.
After establishing the first prong, it must also be shown that counsel’s errors
caused prejudice to the applicant. Id. To establish this second prong, “the
applicant must demonstrate ‘that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). A probability which is
“sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome” qualifies as “a reasonable
probability.” Id. To “undermine confidence in the outcome,” the applicant must
show that absent counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability “the fact finder
would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.” Id.
A. Motion to Suppress
McCormick asserts his counsel was ineffective by not conducting a
reasonable investigation into the case and consequently failing to move to
suppress. McCormick testified at the PCR trial that his first attorney did not discuss
the deadline for the motion and was instead interested in obtaining a plea. He also
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 24-1962 Filed October 29, 2025
JOSHUA DOUGLAS MCCORMICK, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Mark D. Fisher, Judge.
An applicant appeals from the district court’s denial of his application for
postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
Raya Dimitrova of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., for appellant.
Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Katherine Wenman, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered without oral argument by Schumacher, P.J., and Badding and
Langholz, JJ. 2
SCHUMACHER, Presiding Judge.
Joshua McCormick appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for
postconviction relief (PCR) alleging his counsel was ineffective in failing to move
to suppress evidence and arguing that structural error existed because counsel
failed to assist him during plea negotiations. We affirm the district court’s denial of
the petition.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings
Cedar Rapids law enforcement observed several vehicles at a storage
facility where multiple burglaries had recently occurred. Law enforcement saw a
silver Buick, occupied by McCormick, drive away from the facility and make an
immediate turn into a gas station parking lot. As the Buick was parked, law
enforcement ran the license plate and discovered the plate belonged to a different
vehicle and its registration was expired. McCormick remained in the driver’s seat
of the Buick while at the gas station and then drove toward the exit of the parking
lot after law enforcement drove around the building, out of sight of McCormick.
While observing McCormick drive out of the parking lot, law enforcement
contacted a K-9 officer to assist in potentially inspecting the vehicle. Law
enforcement stopped McCormick immediately after he left the lot and initiated
contact with him. While one officer investigated the license plates, the K-9 officer
removed McCormick from the vehicle before having the K-9 dog perform an open-
air sniff around the perimeter of the vehicle. McCormick was detained and placed
in handcuffs because of the possibility of an outstanding warrant.
While the officers were checking for warrants, the K-9 dog alerted law
enforcement to the presence of narcotics in the vehicle, and the officers searched 3
the vehicle and its contents. Within a backpack in the backseat, a baggie was
found which contained suspected methamphetamine along with a pipe.
McCormick was subsequently charged with possession of a controlled substance
and possession of drug paraphernalia.
Counsel was appointed to represent McCormick. McCormick later moved
for new counsel, and the motion was granted. Subsequent counsel was appointed
to represent McCormick. McCormick eventually pled guilty to possession of a
controlled substance, third offense, and requested immediate sentencing.
McCormick was sentenced to an indeterminate term of prison not to exceed five
years, which was suspended. McCormick was placed on supervised probation.
McCormick then filed a timely application for PCR. He alleged his counsel
was ineffective for failing to move to suppress evidence. In testimony at the PCR
trial, it was explained that his first attorney missed the deadline to move to
suppress and his second attorney could have requested leave of the court to file
the motion. McCormick’s second counsel testified that McCormick essentially
worked out a plea agreement with the prosecutor by himself and counsel assisted
with the paperwork afterward. The district court denied McCormick’s PCR
application, finding counsel was not ineffective and no structural error existed
within the proceedings.
II. Discussion
On appeal, McCormick asserts his counsel was ineffective for failure to
move to suppress the evidence found within the vehicle. He alleges that counsel
failed to conduct a reasonable investigation into the merits of a potential motion to 4
suppress by not reviewing the video of the incident and not deposing the officers
involved.
We review challenges to PCR determinations based on ineffective
assistance of counsel de novo, as these claims raise constitutional issues.
Sothman v. State, 967 N.W.2d 512, 522 (Iowa 2021).
To succeed on ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, “the applicant must
demonstrate both ineffective assistance and prejudice.” Ledezma v. State, 626
N.W.2d 134, 142 (Iowa 2001) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984)). The first prong, ineffective assistance, “must be proven by a
preponderance of the evidence.” Id. As for the second prong, prejudice, “the
[applicant] must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 (“A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome [of the case]”). If an ineffective-assistance-
of-counsel claim fails on either prong, “it can be decided on that ground alone.”
Ledezma, 626 N.W.2d at 142.
To establish counsel was ineffective as per the first prong, “the applicant
must demonstrate the attorney performed below the standard demanded of a
reasonably competent attorney.” Id. The attorney’s performance is measured
“against prevailing professional norms.” Id. (cleaned up). We presume that
counsel performed their duties with competence, and “avoid second-guessing and
hindsight.” Id. These claims can be based on almost any inaction or action of
counsel, including a failure to investigate. Id. Alleged inaction by counsel based
on lack of diligence can establish ineffective assistance. Id. Counsel’s mistakes 5
of judgment or miscalculated trial strategies generally do not establish ineffective
assistance. Id. at 143. Concerning “less than complete investigations” by counsel,
to be deemed effective assistance, the investigation “must be based on reasonable
professional judgments which support the particular level of investigation
conducted.” Id.
After establishing the first prong, it must also be shown that counsel’s errors
caused prejudice to the applicant. Id. To establish this second prong, “the
applicant must demonstrate ‘that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). A probability which is
“sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome” qualifies as “a reasonable
probability.” Id. To “undermine confidence in the outcome,” the applicant must
show that absent counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability “the fact finder
would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.” Id.
A. Motion to Suppress
McCormick asserts his counsel was ineffective by not conducting a
reasonable investigation into the case and consequently failing to move to
suppress. McCormick testified at the PCR trial that his first attorney did not discuss
the deadline for the motion and was instead interested in obtaining a plea. He also
testified that his second attorney refused to move to suppress. McCormick asserts
there was no reasonable investigation of his case by counsel because neither
attorney deposed the officers involved, his second attorney testified that he could
not remember if he reviewed the bodycam footage of the incident, and the minutes
of testimony differed from McCormick’s recollection. 6
The district court found that counsels’ representation was within the range
of competence and that a motion to suppress would have been meritless, thus
there was no breach of an essential duty. See State v. Tompkins, 859 N.W.2d
631, 637 (Iowa 2015) (when an applicant alleges a breach of duty for failure to
pursue a course of action, no duty exists when the action would be meritless). We
agree.
First, law enforcement had probable cause to stop the vehicle because they
observed traffic offenses, the outdated registration, and the nonconforming license
plate. See State v. Bauler, 8 N.W.3d 892, 897 (Iowa 2024). Law enforcement also
simultaneously acquired reasonable suspicion to further investigate the offenses.
See id.
Second, although law enforcement may not unreasonably extend a traffic
stop to allow a K-9 to sniff a vehicle, here the K-9 unit was already on scene at the
time of the stop. See State v. Arrieta, 998 N.W.2d 617, 621 (Iowa 2023). The stop
was not longer than necessary to effectuate the purpose of the investigation, as
the K-9 worked while McCormick was detained so officers could investigate the
outstanding warrant issue. See id. at 622–23 (noting “when complications arise
while carrying out the original purposes of the stop, law enforcement may
reasonably detain a driver for a longer duration”)
Lastly, the positive alert from the K-9 indicating the presence of drugs in the
vehicle established probable cause under the vehicle exception and permitted law
enforcement to search the vehicle and containers within absent a warrant or
consent. See State v. Thompson, No. 22-2015, 2024 WL 1295615, at *6 (Iowa Ct.
App. Mar. 27, 2024); see also State v. Stevens, 970 N.W.2d 598, 602 (Iowa 2022) 7
(stating that “[g]enerally, a positive alert from a reliable drug dog establishes
probable cause to search a vehicle, including containers”; “[t]he automobile
exception allows officers to search a vehicle without a warrant if the officers have
probable cause to believe the vehicle contains contraband.”)
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s determination that McCormick’s
counsel was not ineffective in not moving to suppress evidence, as such motion
was meritless. As we find McCormick has not demonstrated a breach of duty
regarding the motion to suppress, we need not and do not address prejudice. See
B. Structural Error
McCormick also claims that his second attorney’s failure to assist him during
plea negotiations amounted to structural error, rendering the proceedings
unreliable and unfair.1 As structural error implicates trial counsel’s performance, it
is a constitutional claim which we review de novo. Bomgaars v. State, 967
N.W.2d 41, 46 (Iowa 2021).
A structural error is one which “affect[s] the framework within which the trial
proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself.” Thongvanh v.
State, 938 N.W.2d 2, 13 (Iowa 2020) (quoting Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1,
8 (1999)). These types of errors contaminate the whole trial process and
“necessarily render a trial fundamentally unfair.” Id. (citation omitted). The
existence of structural error makes the “criminal adversary process . . .
1 The State asserts McCormick did not preserve the structural-error claim, as it
was not raised in the PCR application or in counsel’s PCR trial briefing. We choose to address this issue and decide the claim on the merits. 8
presumptively unreliable.” Id. (cleaned up). Because of this presumptive
unreliability, an applicant need not show prejudice, unlike an ineffective-
assistance-of-counsel claim. Id. Structural error occurs when:
(1) counsel is completely denied, actually or constructively, at a crucial stage of the proceeding; (2) where counsel does not place the prosecution’s case against meaningful adversarial testing; or (3) where surrounding circumstances justify a presumption of ineffectiveness, such as where counsel has an actual conflict of interest in jointly representing multiple defendants.
Lado v. State, 804 N.W.2d 248, 252 (Iowa 2011). If an applicant is successful in
showing the existence of structural error, they are entitled to a new proceeding.
Id.
Here, McCormick asserts there was structural error under the first element,
arguing he was denied counsel during a critical phase of the proceedings because
he negotiated a plea agreement with the State absent counsel. The plea
negotiation process is a critical stage of the proceeding where the Sixth
Amendment to counsel has attached. See Dempsey v. State, 860 N.W.2d 860,
868 (Iowa 2015).
But the record belies McCormick’s argument. There is no evidence that
McCormick was actually or constructively denied counsel. See Lado, 804 N.W.2d
at 253 (holding applicant was constructively denied counsel due to his attorney not
responding to motions for summary judgment). Counsel testified that he was
present within the courtroom when McCormick negotiated with an assistant county
attorney and he assisted in the necessary plea paperwork. Counsel also testified
that he would have advised against McCormick’s decision if there was “something
really substantial” which could affect his client. Ultimately, counsel determined it 9
was McCormick’s decision on whether to accept a plea deal, and his duty was to
advise him of potential consequences. See Krogmann v. State, 914 N.W.2d 293,
313 (Iowa 2018) (noting a defendant has the “right to be master of the defense”).
And McCormick’s signed written guilty plea asserted he “had sufficient opportunity
to discuss my case with my attorney. I am satisfied with the services and advice
of my attorney.”
We affirm the district court in its determination that no structural error
occurred.
AFFIRMED.