IN THE
Court of Appeals of Indiana FILED Josh Griffith, Apr 30 2025, 10:44 am Appellant-Defendant CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court v.
State of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff
April 30, 2025 Court of Appeals Case No. 23A-CR-2022 Appeal from the Marion Superior Court The Honorable Andrew Borland, Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 49D32-2107-F1-23262
Opinion by Judge May Judges Brown and Pyle concur.
May, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 1 of 25 [1] Josh Griffith appeals following his conviction of Level 1 felony child
molesting. 1 Griffith raises five issues on appeal, and we need address only
three 2:
1. Whether the trial court committed reversible error when it allowed the
State to impeach Griffith by questioning him about a report of child
abuse that the Indiana Department of Child Services (“DCS”) had
investigated and determined was unsubstantiated;
2. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence such that retrial does
not violate Griffith’s constitutional right to not be subjected to double
jeopardy; and
3. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the State to
read a transcript of the alleged victim’s forensic interview into evidence.
We reverse and remand.
1 Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3 (2015). 2 We do not address Griffith’s arguments that the trial court abused its discretion when it limited his presentation of evidence designed to counter the State’s impeachment of his testimony and when it limited his impeachment of the alleged victim because we reverse Griffith’s conviction on other grounds. See, e.g., Methodist Hosps., Inc. v. Johnson, 856 N.E.2d 718, 720 n.6 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (declining to address issue when we reversed on other grounds).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 2 of 25 Facts and Procedural History [2] Griffith and Emily married in 2016, and they bought a house together in Beech
Grove, Indiana. Griffith and Emily each had three children from prior
relationships that they brought into the marriage. Griffith’s three children were
Lu.G., Le.G., and C.G., and Emily’s three children were C.L., B.L., and M.L.
Griffith and Emily had a seventh child together, G.G., in 2017.
[3] Christina Smith (“Christina”) was one of Emily’s friends, and they had known
one another since middle school. Christina and her husband Trevor Smith
(“Trevor”) welcomed a daughter, O.S., in September 2016. In early 2019,
Emily and Griffith began babysitting O.S. approximately three days a week
when both Christina and Trevor had to work. This arrangement lasted until
O.S. was old enough to begin preschool in the summer of 2020. On June 15,
2021, during a conversation about arranging a playdate between O.S. and
G.G., O.S. told Christina that Griffith had sexually abused her. Christina and
Trevor contacted the police the next morning.
[4] Maya James, a forensic child interviewer at the Marion County Child
Advocacy Center, interviewed O.S. on June 22, 2021. While James was
explaining her role and the purpose of the interview room, O.S. interrupted her
to say: “I just have one thing that someone did . . . It’s a good, a good guy did
it, but it was, it was inappropriate.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 161.) Later in the interview,
when James asked O.S. to describe what was inappropriate, O.S. stated:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 3 of 25 A good guy did it, but it wasn’t appropriate still. (Inaudible) asked me to put my mouth on his private part. . . . It was a good guy that made me put my mouth on his propriate [sic]. I accidently forgot to say I didn’t want to do it.
(Id. at 162) (parenthetical in original). O.S. explained the “good guy” was an
adult named Josh, and he was the father of her friend G.G. (Id.) James asked
O.S. to circle, on a diagram of a male body, the body part she was referring to
when she said “Josh’s private”, and O.S. circled the penis. (Id. at 165.) O.S.
stated this occurred at “a house that I go to that’s like my school.” (Id. at 163.)
She explained Josh asked her to place her mouth on his penis “a lot . . . because
I been there a lot.” (Id. at 165.) O.S. described that the last time Griffith made
her put her mouth on his penis was after G.G. had taken a toy from O.S. and
O.S. had gone to Griffith to complain. O.S. stated it occurred when Griffith
was in the house’s bathroom and O.S. was “half away [sic] in the bathroom and
half way in the inside of the house.” (Id. at 170.) She explained: “The whole
thing went in. I had his private part in my, with my mouth on it.” (Id. at 168.)
[5] The State charged Griffith with one count of Level 1 felony child molesting on
July 29, 2021, and the trial court held Griffith’s jury trial beginning on February
15, 2023. O.S. was six years old at the time of the trial. She testified that she
remembered a man named Josh Griffith as the father of her friend G.G. The
State questioned O.S.:
Q. And do you remember going over to Josh’s house?
A. Yes.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 4 of 25 Q. Why would you go to Josh’s house?
A. Because my mom dropped me off there.
Q. [O.S.], do you remember a time that Josh did something to your body that made you feel uncomfortable?
Q. Okay. Can you tell me about that?
A. I forget.
Q. Okay. [O.S.], do you see Josh in the courtroom today?
A. No.
(Id. at 101.) The State asked O.S. to stand up in the witness stand and look
around the courtroom. O.S. continued to indicate that she did not see Griffith
in the courtroom. The State also asked O.S. to come off the witness stand into
the well of the courtroom and look for Griffith, and she continued to indicate
she did not see him in the courtroom. The State presented O.S. with a disc that
contained a recording of her forensic interview. O.S. acknowledged that she
had watched the recorded interview and that it was her in the recording.
[6] Griffith objected to further questions about the recorded interview on the basis
that the interview was hearsay and did not meet the recorded recollection
exception to the rule against hearsay. The trial court ruled that the State could
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 5 of 25 not play the recording for the jury but, assuming the State laid an adequate
foundation, the transcript of the interview could be read to the jury. The State
asked O.S.:
Q. [O.S.], did you tell the truth in that video?
Q. And did you do that interview when you remembered the events better?
(Id. at 133.) After O.S. finished testifying, the State called Forensic Interviewer
James to testify. She explained that she had also reviewed the recording of the
forensic interview, and it was a true and accurate recording of her forensic
interview with O.S. The parties stipulated that the transcript of the interview
was accurate, and the State read the transcript to the jury over Griffith’s
objection.
[7] After the State rested its case, the trial court held a hearing outside the presence
of the jury. During that hearing, the State discussed its intentions regarding a
prior allegation of child molesting that had been made against Griffith:
[STATE:] I just want to make a record so that we all know where we’re going here, if it happens, okay? I just want to be very clear. A lot of the witnesses, specifically talking about the defendant’s wife Emily, in her depo was very insistent that the defendant would never do this. And so, my concern, and I wanted to make
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 6 of 25 sure everyone is aware that if that’s where we go here, or if that’s where the defendant goes, or other witnesses, the defendant has been accused of this before, and so the State would ask to approach and would be asking Your Honor to allow us to introduce that evidence, if that becomes the case.
[GRIFFITH:] Judge, first of all, I’m not going to be asking Mrs. Griffith that and –
THE COURT: Then we’re good.
[GRIFFITH:] Yeah.
THE COURT: All right. I don’t need to hear anything more, then. That’s fine.
(Tr. Vol. 3 at 41.)
[8] Griffith testified at trial, and his attorney questioned him during his direct
examination:
Q. Okay. Let’s see. Joshua Griffith, did you put your penis in the mouth of [O.S.] at any time?
A. No, I never did.
Q. Look at those people and tell them.
A. I have never done that to [O.S.] or any other child that I’ve ever known.
*****
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 7 of 25 Q. And you must understand as parents that are on the jury how they feel about this kind of an accusation.
A. I do.
Q. So, you better look at them and tell them whether or not, again, you would put your penis in the tiny mouth of a little girl who is two years old, or one and a half. Look at them and tell them.
A. I would not. I would not hurt a child.
(Id. at 135-36.) Later during Griffith’s direct examination, his attorney returned
to the topic:
Q. And ever – have you ever wanted to do that to a child?
A. No, I have not.
Q. And look at this jury and tell them that.
A. I’ve never wanted to touch or hurt a child in any way, particularly in a sexual manner.
(Id. at 145.)
[9] Prior to cross-examining Griffith, the State notified the trial court of its
intention to impeach Griffith by questioning him about an allegation that he
had forced M.L. to perform oral sex on him. Griffith objected to the State’s
request. He noted the allegation was reported to the DCS by Emily’s ex-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 8 of 25 husband based on something Emily’s ex-husband’s son had reported M.L. had
said, M.L. denied the abuse when interviewed by DCS, and DCS concluded the
abuse allegation was unsubstantiated. Griffith argued his assertion that he
would never sexually abuse a child “does not open the door to an accusation
that was unsubstantiated.” (Id. at 149.) He characterized the State’s request as
“fatally prejudicial.” (Id. at 156.) The trial court overruled Griffith’s objection.
The trial court explained:
As we spoke in the pretrial discussions before we began this, this was going to be a potential issue. And yet repeatedly throughout the direct examination, “I would never hurt a child,” “I would never sexually touch a child,” repeatedly was said over and over again. That opens the door to impeachment on a collateral matter. And that’s where we’re going with this.
(Id. at 161.)
[10] On cross-examination, the State asked Griffith: “You in fact have been
previously accused of having [M.L.], your stepdaughter, perform oral sex on
you; is that correct?” (Id. at 165-66.) Griffith answered: “Yes. I was informed
of that recently.” (Id. at 166.) On redirect, Griffith’s attorney questioned him
regarding the allegation involving M.L. Griffith explained he did not know
about the allegation until his attorneys informed him of it and neither DCS nor
the police ever interviewed him about the allegation. Griffith testified he had
learned from his attorneys the report had been made by Emily’s ex-husband
based on something his son had said, and M.L. denied the allegation when
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 9 of 25 interviewed by DCS. Griffith stated DCS found the report to be
unsubstantiated.
[11] When the trial court asked the jurors if they had any questions for Griffith, the
jurors submitted several questions regarding the allegation involving M.L.
Juror #10 asked:
Question #1 in reference to the accusation of [M.L.] being asked to perform oral sex on Josh—when was this reported?
Question #2 how old was [M.L.] at that time of the reporting?
(App. Vol. 2 at 131.) Juror #4 asked:
Question #1 Who is [M.L.] to you?
Question #2 Have you been restricted from spending alone time with her?
Question #3 Has that been put on pause because of this charge?
(Id. at 132.) Juror # 5 asked:
Question #1 How old was the accuser who reported the incident with [M.L.]?
(Id. at 133.) The trial court chose not to ask Griffith any of those questions.
The trial court explained: “We’ve gone about as far as I want to go. That is a
collateral issue. You had an opportunity to rehabilitate your client. We’re not
having a double trial here.” (Tr. Vol. 3 at 171.) Following Griffith’s testimony,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 10 of 25 Griffith attempted to recall Emily because the jurors had “asked if he had been
cut off from contact with [M.L.], and he has not been. Emily Griffith knows
that.” (Id. at 174.) The trial court ruled it would not allow such testimony. It
explained: “We’re done. We’re done with that issue. Does she have anything
besides that issue? We’re not having a trial within a trial. We’re not. That’s
what you’re trying to do.” (Id.) Griffith then rested his case. After
deliberation, the jury returned a verdict finding Griffith guilty.
[12] On June 29, 2023, the trial court sentenced Griffith to a term of twenty years in
the Indiana Department of Correction. On July 14, 2023, Griffith filed a
motion to correct error asking the trial court to vacate his conviction and order
a new trial. He asserted the trial court’s decision to allow the State to question
him about the prior allegation regarding M.L. constituted reversible error
because it “was irrelevant, unfairly prejudicial, and double hearsay.” (App.
Vol. 3 at 5.) The trial court did not rule on the motion to correct error, and it
was deemed denied on August 28, 2023.
Discussion and Decision 1. State’s Impeachment of Griffith [13] Griffith contends the trial court committed reversible error when it allowed the
State to ask him about the unsubstantiated allegation that he forced M.L. to
perform oral sex on him. We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse
of discretion. Smith v. State, 190 N.E.3d 462, 465 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022), reh’g
denied, trans. denied. “An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 11 of 25 misinterpreted the law or if its decision was clearly against the logic and effect
of the facts and circumstances before it.” Id.
[14] Griffith asserts that “[w]ithout any evidence that Griffith actually molested his
stepdaughter [M.L.], the accusation he did so [was] irrelevant, highly
inflammatory, unfairly prejudicial and inadmissible[.]” (Appellant’s Br. at 19-
20.) He contends the questioning was barred by Rules of Evidence 401, 403,
and 404(b). Indiana Rule of Evidence 401 provides that evidence is relevant if
“it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be
without the evidence” and “the fact is of consequence in determining the
action.” Rule of Evidence 403 allows the trial court to “exclude relevant
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or
more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the
jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Rule 404(b)
states: “Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a
person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person
acted in accordance with the character.” However, such “evidence may be
admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.”
Id.
[15] “Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b) serves to safeguard the presumption of
innocence in favor of criminal defendants. . . . This restriction prevents the jury
from indulging in the ‘forbidden inference’ that a criminal defendant’s ‘prior
wrongful conduct suggests present guilt.’” Fairbanks v. State, 119 N.E.3d 564,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 12 of 25 568 (Ind. 2019) (quoting Byers v. State, 709 N.E.2d 1024, 1026-27 (Ind. 1999)),
cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 198 (2019). Before admitting evidence under Rule 404(b),
the trial court must first: “(1) determine whether the evidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s
propensity to commit the charged act; and (2) balance the probative value of the
evidence against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Evidence Rule 403.” Mise v.
State, 142 N.E.3d 1079, 1086 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020), trans. denied.
[16] With respect to the accusation’s relevance, we agree with Griffith that “[t]he
fact that someone somewhere at some time accused Griffith of forcing [M.L.] to
perform oral sex is not evidence that he did, in fact, do so.” (Appellant’s Br. at
20.) The State may not “‘parade past the jury a litany of potentially prejudicial
[prior bad acts] that have been established or connected to the defendant only
by unsubstantiated innuendo.’” Hicks v. State, 690 N.E.2d 215, 221 (Ind. 1997)
(quoting Huddleston v. U.S., 108 S. Ct. 1496, 1501 (1988)) (brackets in Hicks).
[17] Griffith relies on Perry v. State, 956 N.E.2d 41 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), reh’g denied,
to support his argument. In Perry, we reversed Perry’s conviction because the
trial court erred when it allowed the State to elicit during its cross-examination
of Perry that he had been arrested or charged on five prior occasions following
domestic disturbances involving the alleged victim. Id. at 60. We explained:
[B]efore a defendant’s alleged prior misconduct evidence can be admitted for a permissible purpose under Rule 404(b), there must be sufficient proof from which a jury could find that the defendant committed the prior acts in question. D.R.C. v. State, 908 N.E.2d 215, 223-24 (Ind. 2009), reh’g denied. Otherwise
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 13 of 25 stated, “similar act evidence is relevant only if the jury can reasonably conclude that the act occurred and that the defendant was the actor.” Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 689, 108 S. Ct. 1496, 99 L. Ed. 2d 771 (1988). This assessment is governed by Evidence Rule 104(b), which provides, “When the relevancy of evidence depends upon the fulfillment of a condition of fact, the Court shall admit it upon, or subject to, the introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the condition.” D.R.C., 908 N.E.2d at 223-24.
Id. at 59. We held “that, where evidence of prior misconduct consists only of
an arrest or charge, the fact of the arrest or charge alone will not suffice to
sustain admission under Rules 404(b) and 104(b).” Id. at 60.
[18] Here, Griffith was never arrested or charged with molesting M.L. The
accusation that Griffith forced M.L. to perform oral sex on him was reported to
DCS by Emily’s ex-husband based on something M.L.’s half-brother said he
heard M.L. say. When DCS interviewed M.L., she denied that Griffith had
abused her, and DCS concluded the report was unsubstantiated. Like the
dismissed charges in Perry, there was not sufficient proof from which a jury
could find Griffith had committed an act involving M.L. Moreover, evidence
of child molestation is “highly inflammatory,” and a trial court must carefully
consider whether the probative value of such evidence outweighs its prejudicial
effect. D.R.C. v. State, 812 N.E.2d 1127, 1140 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.
denied. The danger of the jury drawing the forbidden inference in this case was
also high given the similarity in the allegations involving M.L. and O.S. Thus,
the evidence was not admissible pursuant to Rule 404(b), Rule 401, and Rule
403. See, e.g., Craun v. State, 762 N.E.2d 230, 238 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (holding Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 14 of 25 trial court erred by admitting evidence of alleged other crimes when the
evidence was not relevant for any purpose other than to show defendant’s
propensity to commit crime), trans. denied.
[19] The State contends Griffith “opened the door to the admission of this evidence
through his testimony, in which he repeatedly asserted that he had never
harmed any child and never had any desire to engage in sexual conduct with
any child.” (Appellee’s Br. at 12.) “Otherwise inadmissible evidence may be
admitted where the defendant opens the door to questioning on that evidence.
The door may be opened when the trier of fact has been left with a false or
misleading impression of the facts.” Clark v. State, 915 N.E.2d 126, 130 (Ind.
2009) (internal citation omitted), reh’g denied. “When that happens, the State
may introduce otherwise inadmissible evidence if it is a fair response to
evidence elicited by the defendant.” Wilder v. State, 91 N.E.3d 1016, 1023 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). This includes evidence
otherwise constitutionally prohibited or barred by the Rules of Evidence. See,
e.g., Cameron v. State, 22 N.E.3d 588, 592-93 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (holding
defendant opened the door to questions implicating his right against self-
incrimination); F.W.C. v. State, 821 N.E.2d 907, 911-12 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)
(holding defendant opened the door to questions about a prior incident in
which he pushed the victim out of a moving car after he omitted the incident
when describing prior domestic disputes).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 15 of 25 [20] Griffith testified he never inserted his penis into the mouth of O.S. “or any
other child that I’ve ever known.” (Tr. Vol. 3 at 135.) Griffith reiterated that
assertion several times during his testimony. 3 For example:
[Griffith’s Attorney:] So, you better look at them and tell them whether or not, again, you would put your penis in the tiny mouth of a little girl who is two years old, or one and a half. Look at them and tell them.
[Griffith:] I would not. I would not hurt a child.
(Id. at 136.) Griffith also testified: “I’ve never wanted to touch or hurt a child in
any way, particularly in a sexual manner.” (Id. at 145.)
[21] The State argues Griffith’s comments denying ever sexually abusing any child
or desiring to abuse any child “left the jury with the impression . . . that his past
was completely clean when it came to sexual activity with children, with
nothing in it to suggest otherwise.” (Appellee’s Br. at 20.) The State asserts this
was “a false and misleading impression because in 2019, when she was five
years old, Defendant’s stepdaughter told her stepbrother that Defendant had
made her perform oral sex on him.” (Id.) However, an accusation that a
person did something is not proof the person did it. As Griffith notes, he
“never said anything about his reputation, record, past or whether anyone had
3 If the State believed Griffith’s repeated assertions were unfair, the State could have objected, but the State did not do so. See Ind. Evid. R. 403 (providing that relevant evidence may be excluded if it is needlessly cumulative).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 16 of 25 accused him. He simply denied ever sexually harming or wanting to sexually
harm a child.” (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 9 n.1.) Moreover, an allegation
premised on double hearsay and later determined to be unsubstantiated by DCS
is a far cry from a conviction, which requires an actual adjudication
encompassing due process and the testing of allegations to determine if they are
true. See Perry, 956 N.E.2d at 59 (noting that neither an arrest nor the filing of
charges “‘has been traditionally viewed as sufficiently probative of the basic
question of whether the underlying act occurred’”) (quoting U.S. v. Robinson,
978 F.2d 1554, 1559-60 (10th Cir. 1992)). We cannot say that Griffith’s denials
opened the door to the State questioning him about an unsubstantiated
allegation involving M.L., and therefore, we hold the trial court erred by
allowing the State to use the allegation to impeach Griffith. 4 See, e.g., Newman
v. State, 719 N.E.2d 832, 836 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (holding witness’s testimony
that he did not know he was traveling in a stolen car did not open the door for
the State to introduce evidence of the witness’s prior juvenile adjudications),
trans. denied.
4 Rule 405 allows testimony about a person’s character or character trait in the form of an opinion or in testimony about the person’s reputation, and the Rule provides that “[o]n cross-examination of the character witness, the court may allow an inquiry into relevant specific instances of the person’s conduct.” However, as Griffith notes, that he “had been accused of molesting [M.L.] does not explain, contradict, or disprove Griffith’s testimony that he would never sexually hurt a child or make a child perform oral sex. A person can be accused of doing something without having done it.” (Appellant’s Br. at 23.) Consequently, the State’s questioning was also not permissible rebuttal evidence pursuant to Rule 405. See, e.g., Johnson v. State, 671 N.E.2d 1203, 1207 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (holding State could not present evidence of specific instances of defendant’s aggressive behavior when the defendant did not introduce evidence of his character for peacefulness), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 17 of 25 [22] Having determined the trial court erred in allowing the State to question
Griffith about the allegation involving M.L., we next look at whether the error
was harmless. For non-constitutional errors, Indiana Appellate Rule 66(A)
outlines the standard we use to determine whether an error is harmless. Hayko
v. State, 211 N.E.3d 483, 491 (Ind. 2023), reh’g denied, cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 570
(2024). It provides:
No error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or omitted by the trial court or by any of the parties is ground for granting relief or reversal on appeal where its probable impact, in light of all the evidence in the case, is sufficiently minor so as not to affect the substantial rights of the parties.
App. R. 66(A). “Under this test, the party seeking relief bears the burden of
demonstrating how, in light of all the evidence in the case, the error’s probable
impact undermines confidence in the outcome of the proceeding below.”
Hayko, 211 N.E.3d at 492. This entails “a review of what was presented to the
trier of fact compared to what should have been presented.” Id. When
performing this review, we look at “the likely impact of the improperly
admitted or excluded evidence on a reasonable, average jury in light of all the
evidence in the case.” Id.
[23] Griffith contends the erroneously admitted evidence likely had a prejudicial
impact on the jury. He asserts “the accusation was extremely inflammatory”
and “created the unfair risk that the jury would convict Griffith because he had
twice been accused of the same thing.” (Appellant’s Br. at 28.) We agree. The
jurors asked several questions related to the accusation involving M.L., and the Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 18 of 25 State twice referenced the allegation during closing argument. (See Tr. Vol. 3 at
181 (“Pay attention to the question that the State asked him, were you
previously accused of making [M.L.] perform oral sex on you”) & 193 (“I am
asking you to convict that man because I have proven my case beyond a
reasonable doubt . . . I’m not asking you to look at the fact that he’s been
previously accused of this before by someone else living in that house”).) Thus,
the introduction of the allegation was likely to have had an improper prejudicial
effect on the jury. See Giles v. State, 699 N.E.2d 294, 299 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)
(erroneous admission of stale conviction was not harmless when State
referenced conviction during closing argument and invited “the jury to base
their decision, at least in part, not on the evidence presented at trial, but on
Giles’ past behavior”). In addition, the evidence against Griffith was far from
overwhelming. Griffith denied abusing O.S. O.S. could not identify Griffith at
trial, and she testified at trial that she did not remember being abused by him.
The State’s strongest evidence against Griffith was the forensic interview O.S.
gave when she was four years old, and that interview occurred approximately
one year after she was allegedly abused by Griffith. Thus, we cannot say the
trial court’s erroneous admission of evidence related to the allegation involving
M.L. was harmless, and we reverse Griffith’s conviction. See, e.g., Perry, 956
N.E.2d at 60 (holding erroneous admission of evidence of defendant’s prior
arrests was not harmless).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 19 of 25 2. Retrial [24] While we reverse Griffith’s conviction based on the trial court’s erroneous
admission of evidence, we must nonetheless still address his argument that the
State presented insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction because our
resolution of that issue impacts whether the State may retry him. See Yeary v.
State, 186 N.E.3d 662, 681 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022) (“Because we reverse Yeary’s
conviction for procedural error, we must determine whether the State presented
sufficient evidence to sustain Yeary’s conviction, as that issue impacts whether
the State may retry Yeary.”). “The general rule is that retrial of a defendant is
permissible when the conviction is reversed on grounds other than sufficiency
of the evidence.” Calvert v. State, 14 N.E.3d 818, 823 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). “In
deciding whether retrial is permissible, we consider all of the evidence admitted
by the trial court, including the erroneously admitted evidence. If that evidence
as a whole would have been sufficient to sustain the judgment, double jeopardy
does not attach.” Berry v. State, 725 N.E.2d 939, 944 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)
(internal citations omitted). When assessing the sufficiency of the evidence to
support a conviction, “we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge witness
credibility. Rather, we consider only the evidence supporting the judgment and
any reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence.” Powell v. State, 151
N.E.3d 256, 262 (Ind. 2020) (internal citation omitted).
[25] Indiana Code section 35-42-4-3 provides:
(a) A person who, with a child under fourteen (14) years of age, knowingly or intentionally performs or submits to sexual
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 20 of 25 intercourse or other sexual conduct (as defined in IC 35-31.5-2- 221.5) commits child molesting, a Level 3 felony. However, the offense is a Level 1 felony if:
(1) it is committed by a person at least twenty-one (21) years of age[.]
“‘Other sexual conduct’ means an act involving . . . a sex organ of one (1)
person and the mouth or anus of another person[.]” Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-
221.5.
[26] Griffith contends the State failed to present sufficient evidence that sexual
conduct occurred between Griffith and O.S. However, “[t]he testimony of a
sole child witness is sufficient to sustain a conviction for molestation.” Hoglund
v. State, 962 N.E.2d 1230, 1238 (Ind. 2012), reh’g denied. O.S. stated in the
forensic interview that the person who molested her was named Josh, lived
with Emily, and was G.G.’s father. She explained he made her put her mouth
on his penis and his penis went all the way into her mouth. Thus, a reasonable
trier of fact could conclude from O.S.’s comments in the forensic interview that
Griffith had molested her, and therefore, the State is not barred from retrying
Griffith. See, e.g., Albee v. State, 71 N.E.3d 856, 864 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017)
(holding double jeopardy did not prohibit the defendant’s retrial when the State
presented sufficient evidence to sustain the defendant’s conviction).
3. Forensic Interview [27] While we reverse Griffith’s conviction on other grounds, we nonetheless choose
to also address one other issue raised by Griffith because it is likely to present Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 21 of 25 itself on retrial. See, e.g., D.R.C., 812 N.E.2d at 1138-1142 (addressing issues
likely to present themselves on retrial after reversing conviction on other
grounds). Griffith contends the trial court erroneously admitted hearsay when
it allowed the State to read the transcript of O.S.’s forensic interview into
evidence after O.S. testified she could not remember the molestation well
enough at the time of trial to testify fully and accurately about it.
[28] Rule of Evidence 801 states that “hearsay” is a statement “not made by the
declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing” that “is offered in evidence to
prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Rule of Evidence 802 generally
prohibits the introduction of hearsay evidence, but that Rule is subject to several
exceptions. Rule 803(5) defines the exception to the rule against hearsay for
recorded recollections, and it allows the admission of a record if it:
(A) is on a matter the witness once knew about but now cannot recall well enough to testify fully and accurately;
(B) was made or adopted by the witness when the matter was fresh in the witness’s memory; and
(C) accurately reflects the witness’s knowledge.
We review a trial court’s decision to allow hearsay evidence pursuant to one of
the exceptions to the rule against hearsay for an abuse of discretion. McMillen v.
State, 169 N.E.3d 437, 441 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021). Griffith contends reading the
forensic interview into evidence was error because the State failed to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 22 of 25 demonstrate the forensic interview satisfied the second and third requirements
of Rule 803(5).
[29] Regarding the second requirement, Griffith asserts O.S.’s statements in the
interview were not made when the matter was fresh in her memory because she
made the statements when she was four years old about an event that occurred
approximately one year earlier. He also argues the statements were not reliable
because “[t]he farther a person is from the occurrence, the more likely the
memory is mixed with newer memories, especially for young children."
(Appellant’s Br. at 34.) However, the forensic interview occurred within one
week of when O.S. disclosed the abuse to Christina. As the State notes, “[t]he
plain language of the rule is not addressed to the timing of the event but rather
to the freshness of the declarant’s recollection of the event.” (Appellee’s Br. at
31.) O.S. spontaneously disclosed the abuse to her mother when discussing
arranging a play date with G.G., and we agree with the State that “[i]f she had
a fresh memory of playing with G.G., there is no reason why she could not also
have a fresh memory of G.G.’s father and of what he did to her during that
same time frame.” (Id. at 33.) Moreover, O.S. included several details in her
description of the molestation during the forensic interview, which indicates it
was fresh in her mind at that time. She identified the person who molested her
as an adult who was the father of G.G., and she stated the molestation occurred
in the bathroom/hallway of the house where he lived with G.G. All of these
details suggest “the matter was fresh” in O.S.’s memory as required to satisfy
Evidence Rule 803(5)(B).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 23 of 25 [30] Regarding the third requirement, Griffith contends the State failed to prove the
interview accurately reflected O.S.’s knowledge. Griffith argues “[s]imply
stating she watched the video and told the truth is not enough, especially when
O.S. did not identify the defendant as the man she was accusing.” (Appellant’s
Br. at 38.) We disagree. Not only did O.S. say she watched the video, but she
identified herself in the video. She testified the interview occurred when O.S.
remembered the events better and she told the truth to the interviewer. A
witness’s statement that she told the truth in a forensic interview is generally
sufficient to satisfy the third requirement of Rule 803(5). See, e.g., Gorby v. State,
152 N.E.3d 649, 653 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (holding victim adequately vouched
for the accuracy of statements she made in forensic interview when she said she
told the forensic interviewer the truth).
[31] Because all three requirements of Evidence Rule 803(5) were met, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion when it allowed the State to read the transcript of
O.S.’s forensic interview into evidence. See, e.g., Horton v. State, 936 N.E.2d
1277, 1283 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (holding trial court did not err in admitting
videotaped interview under recorded recollection exception to the hearsay rule
when witness said she told the truth in the videotaped statement but could not
recall specific information at the time of her testimony), summarily aff’d in
relevant part, 949 N.E.2d 346, 347 n.2 (Ind. 2011) (citing App. R. 58(A)(2)).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 24 of 25 Conclusion [32] The trial court committed a reversible error when it allowed the State to
question Griffith about an unsubstantiated allegation of child abuse, and we
accordingly reverse Griffith’s conviction. Retrial will not violate Griffith’s right
against double jeopardy because the evidence presented at his trial was
sufficient to support a conviction, and – because the issue will likely present
itself on retrial – we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
allowed the State to read a transcript of O.S.’s forensic interview into evidence.
Therefore, although we reverse Griffith’s conviction, we remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[33] Reversed and remanded.
Brown, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT Stacy R. Uliana Bargersville, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Theodore E. Rokita Indiana Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana Ellen H. Meilaender Supervising Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CR-2022 | April 30, 2025 Page 25 of 25