By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
Yarious grounds of demurrer were taken to the cross-bill filed in this case; all of which were overruled by the Circuit Court.
[1.] The two first, I propose to consider together. It is insisted that the cross-bill was not filed in time — four years having intervened after the pleadings were made up under the [481]*481original bill, and no sufficient excuse having been rendered for the delay.
In England, the practice is to require the cross-bill to be filed before publication has passed in the original cause.
[2.] In this State, it must be done before the pleadings are made up, unless sufficient cause is shown to the contrary. Why the original bill in this case was permitted to sleep for four years after the answers were in, and the replication was filed, does not appear.
[3.] Nothing was done under the original bill, from 1848 to 1852, when the cross-bill was filed ; and it alleges as a reason, that until within throe days previously, the complainants had confidently relied on making out their defence to the original bill by aliunde proof ; and that it was the discovery of the fact that they should utterly fail to sustain their defence against the original bill, without resorting for testimony to the consciences of the opposite party, which prompted them to bring their cross-bill. The truth of this allegation is admitted by the demurrer. And we deem the reason satisfactory for the lapse of time which transpired.
The cross-bill is a mode of defence against the original bill; and it may be filed for discovery or relief, or both. It may be just as necessary for the defendant to the original bill to resort to the conscience of the complainant for proof to support his defence, as it is for the complainant to appeal to the conscience of the defendant to sustain his bill.
[4.] But it is objected, that the averments in the cross-bill are too vague to entitle the complainants to the discovery which they seek. They charge that they can only obtain evidence of many of the facts stated in their bill, by addressing themselves to the consciences of their adversaries. As a matter of practice, it would be better to specify distinctly the facts respecting which, the complainant seeks to purge the conscience of the defendant. If the allegation be true, however, as to any one of the material charges upon which the equity of the bill is predicated, the party is entitled to the answer of the opposite side. A fortiori, may they ask it [482]*482when many of the facts cannot be established in any other way.
[5.] As to the ground that the cross-bill does not relate to the same subject-matter as the original bill, we hold that it is not well taken. A cross-bill, we admit, must be confined to the subject-matter of the original bill. An entire departure from it, is not allowable. If a bill is filed for a certain purpose, the defendant cannot, by a cross-bill, bring into litigation in that suit, all causes of action which he may have against the complainant, unless there exist some special circumstances, such as insolvency,, non-residence, &c. which would render it necessary, in order to avoid irreparable injury. Thus, if a bill be filed for a specific execution of a contract for land, the defendant cannot, by a cross-bill, bring into litigation a fraud practised on him by the complainant, in swapping horses, or a debt due by the complainant, unconnected with the contract concerning the land, sought to be enforced. What is the subject-matter of the original bill here ? It proposes to charge the defendants with the estate of Henry Audulf, deceased ; and for their mal-appropriation of the same, to withdraw what is left of the assets from their hands, and to inculpate the defendants as executors in their own wrong, for intermeddling therewith.
Now, the cross-bill not only meets fully the ease thus made, but sets up new matter by way of defence, and which it was not competent for them to do by way of answer, namely, that they have acted in the premises, not as volunteers, but by virtue of an express agreement made between the heirs and distributees, there being no creditors whose debts are unpaid, to interfere, or to make a regular administration necessary. And if this be true, are the parties not entitled to the benefit of this defence to save them from being held tort feasors in this business ? Such was the view taken by this Court in the analogous case of Turk vs. Turk and others, 3 Kelly, 422. William Turk, Senior, died intestate, leaving a small estate, and his widow and four children, his only heirs and next of [483]*483kin. The widow remained in possession of the property with her children, until her son William became of age, who took the control and management, for the ■ benefit of the family; sold a portion of the negroes; advanced to his brothers and sisters money and property for their support and maintainance, and by way of settlement, as they married or became of age. On the heirs becoming of full age, they agreed to submit to arbitrators the settlement of the estate, who made an award, which was acquiesced in and executed. Subsequently, Theodore Turk, a grand-son, being dissatisfied, took out administration, and filed his bill for, the recovery of the whole of the assets which had come to the hands of his uncle, taking no notice whatever of the reference which had taken place, and the settlement under it.
The defendant, William Turk, filed a cross-bill against his nephew, setting forth the foregoing facts, and alleging that there were no outstanding debts against the deceased, and praying a perpetual injunction against the complainant.
To the cross-bill, a demurrer was interposed, on two grounds: 1st. Because it contained no equity; and 2d, because the several matters therein charged, might have been set up by way of defence to the original bill. On the last ground, the demurrer was sustained, and the 'cross-bill dismissed. Upon writ of error, this judgment was reversed, this Court holding that a cross-bill was the only mode'by which the defendant could get relief against the administrator and co-heirs. Neither the Circuit Judge nor this Court, doubted but that the cross-bill was replete with equity, and that it related to the same subject-matter. And the principles of that decision clearly cover this case.
[6.] Again, it is urged that the complainants in the cross-bill, being executors de son tort, are not entitled to retain out of the assets in their hands the amounts severally due them by the -intestate in his lifetime.
We apprehend that it is a mistake to consider these parties as wrongful executors, for the purposes of this litigation. Having taken out temporary letters,’ and possessed themselves [484]*484of the estate, they proceeded to wind up the same, as though clothed with authority of law', under a contract to that effect, made with their co-heirs. To the creditors of the estate, had there been any, they would undoubtedly be liable as inter-meddlers ; not so, however, to their co-distributees, who were parties to the agreement. Nor is there anything illegal in entering into such an arrangement. If saves cost and expense, which is a matter of some consequence in a small estate.
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By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
Yarious grounds of demurrer were taken to the cross-bill filed in this case; all of which were overruled by the Circuit Court.
[1.] The two first, I propose to consider together. It is insisted that the cross-bill was not filed in time — four years having intervened after the pleadings were made up under the [481]*481original bill, and no sufficient excuse having been rendered for the delay.
In England, the practice is to require the cross-bill to be filed before publication has passed in the original cause.
[2.] In this State, it must be done before the pleadings are made up, unless sufficient cause is shown to the contrary. Why the original bill in this case was permitted to sleep for four years after the answers were in, and the replication was filed, does not appear.
[3.] Nothing was done under the original bill, from 1848 to 1852, when the cross-bill was filed ; and it alleges as a reason, that until within throe days previously, the complainants had confidently relied on making out their defence to the original bill by aliunde proof ; and that it was the discovery of the fact that they should utterly fail to sustain their defence against the original bill, without resorting for testimony to the consciences of the opposite party, which prompted them to bring their cross-bill. The truth of this allegation is admitted by the demurrer. And we deem the reason satisfactory for the lapse of time which transpired.
The cross-bill is a mode of defence against the original bill; and it may be filed for discovery or relief, or both. It may be just as necessary for the defendant to the original bill to resort to the conscience of the complainant for proof to support his defence, as it is for the complainant to appeal to the conscience of the defendant to sustain his bill.
[4.] But it is objected, that the averments in the cross-bill are too vague to entitle the complainants to the discovery which they seek. They charge that they can only obtain evidence of many of the facts stated in their bill, by addressing themselves to the consciences of their adversaries. As a matter of practice, it would be better to specify distinctly the facts respecting which, the complainant seeks to purge the conscience of the defendant. If the allegation be true, however, as to any one of the material charges upon which the equity of the bill is predicated, the party is entitled to the answer of the opposite side. A fortiori, may they ask it [482]*482when many of the facts cannot be established in any other way.
[5.] As to the ground that the cross-bill does not relate to the same subject-matter as the original bill, we hold that it is not well taken. A cross-bill, we admit, must be confined to the subject-matter of the original bill. An entire departure from it, is not allowable. If a bill is filed for a certain purpose, the defendant cannot, by a cross-bill, bring into litigation in that suit, all causes of action which he may have against the complainant, unless there exist some special circumstances, such as insolvency,, non-residence, &c. which would render it necessary, in order to avoid irreparable injury. Thus, if a bill be filed for a specific execution of a contract for land, the defendant cannot, by a cross-bill, bring into litigation a fraud practised on him by the complainant, in swapping horses, or a debt due by the complainant, unconnected with the contract concerning the land, sought to be enforced. What is the subject-matter of the original bill here ? It proposes to charge the defendants with the estate of Henry Audulf, deceased ; and for their mal-appropriation of the same, to withdraw what is left of the assets from their hands, and to inculpate the defendants as executors in their own wrong, for intermeddling therewith.
Now, the cross-bill not only meets fully the ease thus made, but sets up new matter by way of defence, and which it was not competent for them to do by way of answer, namely, that they have acted in the premises, not as volunteers, but by virtue of an express agreement made between the heirs and distributees, there being no creditors whose debts are unpaid, to interfere, or to make a regular administration necessary. And if this be true, are the parties not entitled to the benefit of this defence to save them from being held tort feasors in this business ? Such was the view taken by this Court in the analogous case of Turk vs. Turk and others, 3 Kelly, 422. William Turk, Senior, died intestate, leaving a small estate, and his widow and four children, his only heirs and next of [483]*483kin. The widow remained in possession of the property with her children, until her son William became of age, who took the control and management, for the ■ benefit of the family; sold a portion of the negroes; advanced to his brothers and sisters money and property for their support and maintainance, and by way of settlement, as they married or became of age. On the heirs becoming of full age, they agreed to submit to arbitrators the settlement of the estate, who made an award, which was acquiesced in and executed. Subsequently, Theodore Turk, a grand-son, being dissatisfied, took out administration, and filed his bill for, the recovery of the whole of the assets which had come to the hands of his uncle, taking no notice whatever of the reference which had taken place, and the settlement under it.
The defendant, William Turk, filed a cross-bill against his nephew, setting forth the foregoing facts, and alleging that there were no outstanding debts against the deceased, and praying a perpetual injunction against the complainant.
To the cross-bill, a demurrer was interposed, on two grounds: 1st. Because it contained no equity; and 2d, because the several matters therein charged, might have been set up by way of defence to the original bill. On the last ground, the demurrer was sustained, and the 'cross-bill dismissed. Upon writ of error, this judgment was reversed, this Court holding that a cross-bill was the only mode'by which the defendant could get relief against the administrator and co-heirs. Neither the Circuit Judge nor this Court, doubted but that the cross-bill was replete with equity, and that it related to the same subject-matter. And the principles of that decision clearly cover this case.
[6.] Again, it is urged that the complainants in the cross-bill, being executors de son tort, are not entitled to retain out of the assets in their hands the amounts severally due them by the -intestate in his lifetime.
We apprehend that it is a mistake to consider these parties as wrongful executors, for the purposes of this litigation. Having taken out temporary letters,’ and possessed themselves [484]*484of the estate, they proceeded to wind up the same, as though clothed with authority of law', under a contract to that effect, made with their co-heirs. To the creditors of the estate, had there been any, they would undoubtedly be liable as inter-meddlers ; not so, however, to their co-distributees, who were parties to the agreement. Nor is there anything illegal in entering into such an arrangement. If saves cost and expense, which is a matter of some consequence in a small estate.
And why not allow them to retain in their hands the sums respectively due them by Henry Audulf in his lifetime ? It is not pretended that the assets are needed to pay creditors of higher dignity, nor indeed of any other grade. Indeed, the cross-bill charges expressly, that there are none. And for the purposes of this investigation, that averment is true. As against the other heirs then, they have a right to retain a sufficiency to discharge the demands due each of them.
But it is further insisted under this head, that a debt due to 'them by the intestate in his lifetime, cannot be set-off by a liability which they have incurred to the estate since his death. And in a conflict between creditors, this doctrine is true, and would be enforced. But such is not this case.
[7.] It appears from the record, that one Edmund C. Beard had intermarried with one of the daughters of Henry Audulf, who died before her father, leaving several minor children, who were entitled of course, to the share of their grand-father’s estate, which would have descended to their mother, had she survived her father. Beard, assuming to act as the guardian of his children, was present at the making of the agreement under which Rogers and John Audulf acted, and gave his consent thereto in behalf of his children. But they cannot be prejudiced by this contract. And so far as their rights are concerned, the Court should see to it in the final decree to be rendered in the premises, that their interests are as fully protected, as though no such understanding had existed. If the other parties, udio were of age, and capable of [485]*485contracting, are estopped by their agreement, as they are, these minors are not.
And with this explanation, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.