Opinion issued August 20, 2019
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-17-00763-CR ——————————— JOSEPH PRESTIANO, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 119th District Court Tom Green County, Texas Trial Court Case No. B-16-0472-SA
Pursuant to the Texas Supreme Court’s docket equalization powers, this appeal was transferred from the Third Court of Appeals to this court on October 9, 2017. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 73.001; Order Regarding Transfer of Cases From Courts of Appeals, Misc. Docket No. 17-9128 (Tex. Sept. 28, 2017). We are unaware of any conflict between the precedent of that court and that of this court on any relevant issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. OPINION ON REHEARING
Joseph Prestiano has moved for rehearing of our March 26, 2019 opinion and
judgment. We deny his motion for rehearing, withdraw our opinion and judgment of
March 26, 2019, and substitute the following opinion and judgment in its place.
Prestiano appeals from three judgments of conviction for aggravated sexual
assault of a child younger than six years old. He contends that:
(1) as to the third count in the indictment only, the evidence is legally insufficient to sustain his conviction, in which the State alleged that he penetrated the child’s mouth with his penis; (2) the trial court erred in overruling his hearsay objections to a picture of sex toys drawn by the child during therapy and her counselor’s testimony that the child drew the toys to explain what Prestiano did to her; and (3) his trial lawyer rendered ineffective assistance by not lodging a hearsay objection to the therapist’s testimony about the child’s use of dolls and drawings to communicate the circumstances of her abuse.
We reject Prestiano’s evidentiary and ineffective-assistance claims. As to the
third count, we agree that the evidence is legally insufficient to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that Prestiano penetrated the child’s mouth with his penis. The
evidence is sufficient, however, to sustain a conviction for the lesser-included
offense of aggravated sexual assault by contact. We thus reform his judgment of
conviction under the third count to reflect a conviction for the lesser-included
offense, affirm his other two judgments of conviction, and remand to the trial court
for a new punishment hearing as to the reformed conviction for the lesser-included
offense. 2 BACKGROUND
Prestiano was indicted for three counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child
younger than six years old. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B), (a)(2)(B). All
counts concerned a girl for whom he babysat. In the first count, the State alleged that
Prestiano contacted the child’s sexual organ with his mouth. See id.
§ 22.021(a)(1)(B)(iii). In the second count, the State alleged that he contacted the
child’s sexual organ with his penis. See id. In the third count, the State alleged that
Prestiano penetrated the child’s mouth with his penis. See id. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(v).
Prestiano pleaded not guilty, and the case was tried to the bench.
The child was seven years old when she took the stand. She testified that
Prestiano sexually abused her. Specifically, the child stated that he would touch her
“private part and stuff.” She clarified that by “private part” she meant her “pee-pee.”
Prestiano would touch her there with “weird toys and his hands” and sometimes his
mouth. She said that he put the toys inside of her—that is, that Prestiano would put
them in her “private part.” She initially could not recall what the toys looked like but
did remember drawing a picture of them in therapy. Subsequently, however, she
recalled that one of the toys “was green and it vibrated when he pressed a button or
something.” When shown a photo of the green device and another vibrator, she
recognized both. He kissed her on the mouth and on her “private part.” She also said
that he made her touch his “private part” sometimes, including with her finger and
3 mouth. When she referred to his “private part” she meant the body part used to go
“pee-pee.” She stated that he would slide his private part “up and down on my private
part.” She also said that “gray stuff” came out of his “private part.” She said that he
abused her “a lot.”
The child’s mother also testified. Her daughter made her outcry to her mother,
disclosing Prestiano’s abuse, several days after Christmas 2015, when she was five
years old. The mother testified that her daughter was “a little fearful” and was “afraid
she would get in trouble.” The child indicated to her mother that Prestiano touched
her genitals with his tongue. When the mother asked her daughter if “she wanted to
see a policeman” about the abuse, the child “started crying and said that she didn’t
want to be arrested.” Her mother contacted Child Protective Services so that a
uniformed officer would not be directly involved. Her daughter was interviewed by
a child advocate, while a police officer listened in from another room.
The child subsequently began seeing a therapist, Vickie Purdy, who likewise
testified. Purdy is a licensed professional counselor. She treated the child weekly
from February through April 2016. Purdy stated that the child “had a lot of anxiety
and fear, some feelings of guilt that she hadn’t said anything for so long.” The child
“had nightmares and drew pictures.” Because the child was so young, Purdy
primarily used “non-directive, child-centered play therapy.” Over defense counsel’s
objection, Purdy testified that the child demonstrated with dolls what had happened
4 to her. Purdy also testified over objection about a drawing the child made of “some
toys that had been used with her.”
Law enforcement officers seized two vibrators—one lime green and the other
black with multihued rhinestones—from Prestiano’s home during a search. A
forensic analyst with the Texas Department of Public Safety analyzed the sex toys
for DNA. Two samples taken from the green vibrator showed that DNA from two
people were present, and the child could not be excluded as a “possible contributor”
to this mixture of DNA. Two samples from the other vibrator showed mixtures of
DNA from two and three people respectively. The child could not be excluded from
these samples, either.
Prestiano took the stand in his own defense. He testified that he babysat the
child “quite a bit” at her parents’ home. He denied touching her inappropriately,
kissing her “anywhere that would have seemed inappropriate,” or using a vibrator
on her. He acknowledged that the green and black vibrators were his. As an
explanation for the DNA evidence, Prestiano stated that the child discovered the
green vibrator after going through his backpack, which he usually carried with him.
He was not certain if she also had come across the black vibrator, or how she did so
if she did, but indicated that it also was in his backpack. He testified that he had not
realized that the vibrators were in the backpack, explaining that he thought that he
“had thrown those out more than once” but that they kept turning up. He said that
5 the vibrators “may have been in there for years” and that he had “thought they were
long gone.” When the child found the green vibrator and showed it to him, Prestiano
told her that it was a “toy lipstick” but she nonetheless asked: “‘Is it for,’ and
motioned down.” Prestiano explained that that he had seen the child use her own
toys “on her genitals.” According to him, the child asked him questions of an adult
or sexual nature that made him uncomfortable “quite frequently.” He further testified
that the child was generally naked at home, saying that it “was rare that she ever had
clothes on.”
The trial court found Prestiano guilty of the three counts, and it entered
separate judgments of conviction for each one. It assessed his punishment at 50 years
of confinement on each count and ordered that the sentences run concurrently.
DISCUSSION
I. Legal Sufficiency
Prestiano contends that there is insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction
for the third count of aggravated sexual assault of a child, in which the State alleged
that he penetrated the child’s mouth with his penis. The State disagrees but further
responds that if the court agrees with Prestiano, it should reform his conviction to
one for aggravated sexual assault of a child by contact. Prestiano contends that the
court cannot do so because aggravated sexual assault of a child by contact is not a
lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child by penetration.
6 A. Standard of review and applicable law
In a legal-sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable
to the judgment to determine whether a rational factfinder could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Gear v. State, 340
S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (relying on Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307 (1979)). In a bench trial, when the trial court sits as the sole factfinder, it alone
assesses the credibility of the witnesses and decides how much weight to give each
witness’s testimony, which it may choose to believe or disbelieve in whole or part.
Joseph v. State, 897 S.W.2d 374, 376 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Hernandez v. State,
538 S.W.2d 127, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). We defer to the trial court’s resolution
of conflicts in the evidence. Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010).
The statute criminalizing aggravated sexual assault of a child sets forth several
distinct offenses. Vick v. State, 991 S.W.2d 830, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). A
person may commit an aggravated sexual assault of a child in several ways,
including by intentionally or knowingly causing:
● the child’s mouth to contact his penis, or ● the penetration of the child’s mouth by his penis,
if the child is younger than 14 years of age, regardless of whether the person knew
the child’s age. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B), (a)(2)(B); Smith v. State,
7 340 S.W.3d 41, 48 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). The
uncorroborated testimony of the child is sufficient, standing alone, to support a
conviction. Gonzalez v. State, 522 S.W.3d 48, 57 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2017, no pet.). The child need not directly and explicitly testify as to contact or
penetration with the same clarity and ability of an adult witness to prove these facts
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130, 133–35 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1990).
B. Analysis
In the third count of the indictment, the State alleged that Prestiano
intentionally penetrated the child’s mouth with his penis. The child’s testimony was
the supporting evidence on this subject. In response to questions posed by the State,
the child testified as follows:
Q. Did any part of you ever touch his private part? A. I think my finger and my mouth, but he forced me to do it. Q. You’re not in trouble, babe. A. I know. Q. Okay. So, did his private part touch your mouth? Did it ever go inside of your mouth? A. I think it just touched it a little bit. *** Q. His private part touched your mouth? A. Yes, I think.
8 “Penetration” is not defined by statute. The Court of Criminal Appeals has
therefore afforded this term its ordinary meaning in the context of aggravated sexual
assault, noting that it means “to enter into” or “to pass through.” Green v. State, 476
S.W.3d 440, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting Vernon v. State, 841 S.W.2d 407,
409 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)). This definition distinguishes penetration from “mere
contact with the outside of an object.” Vernon, 841 S.W.2d at 409; accord Villa v.
State, 417 S.W.3d 455, 461–62 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Penetration of the mouth
thus occurs whenever an object parts the lips and passes into or through them. See,
e.g., Dixon v. State, 886 S.W.2d 852, 856 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1994, pet. ref’d)
(female defendant who forced child to perform oral sex on her penetrated child’s
mouth with her sexual organ as her labia was in child’s mouth); see also Vernon,
841 S.W.2d at 408–10 (evidence that defendant inserted finger into child’s outer
labia but not into vagina sufficed to prove penetration); Sherbert v. State, 531
S.W.2d 636, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976) (insertion of penis between labia suffices
to show penetration even if vagina not entered).
The child testified that Prestiano touched her mouth with his penis. Touching
ordinarily connotes contact. See IslasMartinez v. State, 452 S.W.3d 874, 877–79
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. ref’d) (undefined term “contact” synonymous with
“touching” in context of aggravated sexual assault). Because the word “mouth”
encompasses not only the lips but also the tongue, gums, teeth, and cavity containing
9 these parts, the child’s testimony that Prestiano touched her mouth with his penis
conceivably could mean either contact or penetration. See Johnson v. State, 882
S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d) (affording
statutorily undefined term “mouth” its ordinary meaning in context of aggravated
sexual assault). When asked whether Prestiano touched her mouth with his penis or
placed it inside her mouth, however, the child responded that his penis “just touched
it a little bit.” Viewed in the context of these questions distinguishing between
touching the mouth and placement inside of the mouth, the child’s testimony—even
allowing for her young age and limited ability to articulate the nature of Prestiano’s
sexual abuse—cannot support a finding of penetration. On this record, a factfinder
could do no more than speculate as to whether penetration or mere contact occurred,
and the factfinder “is not permitted to draw conclusions based on speculation
because doing so is not sufficiently based on facts or evidence to support a finding
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013); see also Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)
(“Speculation is mere theorizing or guessing about the possible meaning of facts and
evidence presented.”).
We thus hold that legally insufficient proof supports Prestiano’s conviction
under count three of the indictment for aggravated sexual assault by penetration.
10 C. Reformation
Prestiano contends that the legal insufficiency of the evidence as to the third
count requires us to reverse that conviction and render a judgment of acquittal.
Rather than acquit Prestiano, the State contends that we must reform his conviction
to the offense of aggravated sexual assault by contact, which the State argues is a
lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault by penetration. Prestiano replies
that aggravated sexual assault by contact is not a lesser-included offense.
When an appellate court finds the evidence legally insufficient to prove an
element of the charged offense, but the factfinder necessarily found the defendant
guilty of a lesser-included offense for which the evidence is sufficient, the appellate
court must reform the judgment to reflect conviction for the lesser-included offense.
Lee v. State, 537 S.W.3d 924, 927 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). An offense is a lesser-
included offense of another if, among other things, “it is established by proof of the
same or less than all of the facts required to establish the commission of the offense
charged.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 37.09(1). To decide whether Prestiano’s
conviction for aggravated sexual assault by penetration should be reformed to a one
for aggravated sexual assault by contact, we therefore must answer two questions:
(1) in convicting Prestiano of aggravated sexual assault by penetration, must the trial court sitting as factfinder have necessarily found every element required to convict him of aggravated sexual assault by contact; and (2) is there legally sufficient evidence to support a conviction for aggravated sexual assault by contact?
11 See Thornton v. State, 425 S.W.3d 289, 300 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). If we answer
these questions in the affirmative, then we must reform Prestiano’s conviction as the
State advocates. Id. Otherwise, we must render a judgment of acquittal as to the third
count as Prestiano advocates. See id.
The State maintains that we must answer the first question in the affirmative
because the offenses of aggravated sexual assault by contact and aggravated sexual
assault by penetration differ only in the degree of physical invasion involved, with
the latter always factually subsuming the former. See TEX. PENAL CODE §
22.021(a)(1)(B)(ii), (v) (penile penetration of the mouth versus penile contact with
the mouth); Maldonado v. State, 461 S.W.3d 144, 149 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)
(noting that “penetration cannot physically occur in the absence of contact”). We
agree with the State.
Though criminalized by the same statute and subject to the same range of
punishment, aggravated sexual assault by contact is a lesser-included offense of
aggravated sexual assault by penetration because the only thing separating the two
offenses is the degree of physical invasion. See TEX. PENAL CODE
§ 22.021(a)(1)(B)(ii), (v); Maldonado, 461 S.W.3d at 149; see also Hicks v. State,
372 S.W.3d 649, 657–58 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (holding that “the range of
punishment is irrelevant in deciding whether an offense is a lesser-included offense”
and concluding that reckless aggravated assault was lesser-included offense of
12 intentional or knowing aggravated assault even though offenses are criminalized by
same statute and impose same range of punishment); Ex parte Pruitt, 233 S.W.3d
338, 348 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (acts of genital-to-genital contact incidental to or
subsumed by acts of penetration “are lesser-included offenses of these incidents of
penetration”). The trial court necessarily found every element required to convict
Prestiano of aggravated sexual assault by contact because its elements and the
elements of aggravated sexual assault by penetration are identical but for the
distinction between contact and penetration and “penetration cannot physically
occur in the absence of contact.” Maldonado, 461 S.W.3d at 149; see also Jourdan
v. State, 428 S.W.3d 86, 97 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (defendant could not have
penetrated child’s sexual organ without first contacting it and therefore jury that
found penetration necessarily would have found contact as well).
As to the second question, the child testified that Prestiano touched her mouth
with his penis. Her testimony is legally sufficient evidence to support a conviction
for aggravated sexual assault by contact. See Gonzalez, 522 S.W.3d at 57. Having
answered both questions in the affirmative, we must reform the judgment to reflect
a conviction for this lesser-included offense rather than rendering a judgment of
acquittal as to count three. See Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 300.
13 II. Hearsay Objections
Prestiano contends that the trial court erred in overruling his hearsay objection
to a picture of two vibrators that the child drew in therapy. He likewise contends that
the trial court erred in admitting Purdy’s testimony that the child drew the vibrators
to show Purdy the sex toys that Prestiano used on the child. The State responds that
the drawing and Purdy’s characterization of it are not hearsay or else are admissible
under the exception for then-existing mental, emotional, or physical condition. The
State further responds that any possible error in admitting the drawing and Purdy’s
testimony about it was harmless.
A. Standard of review and applicable law
We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Gonzalez v. State, 544
S.W.3d 363, 370 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). A trial court abuses its discretion if its
ruling is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. But even if an evidentiary
ruling is erroneous, it is not a ground for reversal unless it affected the defendant’s
substantial rights. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b); Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 280 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010). Substantial rights are affected if the error had a substantial and
injurious influence on the judgment. Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 280.
Hearsay—out-of-court statements offered for their truth—are generally
inadmissible. See TEX. R. EVID. 801–02; Sanchez v. State, 354 S.W.3d 476, 484
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). An exception to this general rule exists for statements
14 expressing the speaker’s then-existing state of mind or emotional, sensory, or
physical condition, but this exception does not encompass statements of “memory
or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed.” TEX. R. EVID. 803(3); see
Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677, 688 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (declarant’s out-of-
court statement that she was afraid of defendant admissible under state-of-mind
exception); Gibbs v. State, 819 S.W.2d 821, 837 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (declarant’s
out-of-court statement not admissible under state-of-mind exception because it was
nothing more than a statement of memory to prove fact remembered).
The child testified that Prestiano showed her the sex toys and inserted them
into her vagina. She independently recalled the green one in her testimony. The
actual vibrators were admitted into evidence without objection, as was a photograph
of them. The child recognized both vibrators when she was shown the photograph.
The child’s drawing depicts two vibrators, one of which is green. It also
contains handwritten notes; however, the copy in the record is illegible, there was
no testimony as to the notes’ content, and the parties do not discuss the notes in their
briefs. The child testified that she made the drawing in therapy. But the State did not
introduce the drawing into evidence during her testimony. Her therapist, Purdy,
identified the drawing and explained that the child “wanted to show me some toys
that had been used with her.” At this point, defense counsel objected that Purdy’s
15 testimony was hearsay, and the trial court sustained the objection. After asking Purdy
whether this drawing and several others were indicative of the child’s “then existing
state of mind and emotional condition,” the State again offered the drawing of the
toys into evidence. When the State did so, defense counsel again objected:
Your Honor, I’m objecting to this. This was done over two months after the initial outcry, and I believe that it’s improper bolstering. It’s allowing the child witness to testify again through her counselor, and I would object to it.
The trial court overruled this objection. Purdy then explained once again that the
child said that “she wanted to draw pictures of some toys that were used.” Defense
counsel objected again, stating that both the drawing and Purdy’s testimony had
“nothing to do with [the child’s] state of mind.” The prosecutor rejoined that,
“State’s position is that it has everything to do with her state of mind. That’s why
she was in there in the first place. It’s what she has had to work through from that
moment to now.” The trial court overruled the defense’s objection.
Whether “bolstering” remains a valid objection is in doubt. See Rivas v. State,
275 S.W.3d 880, 886–87 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Even if valid, a “bolstering”
objection might not preserve error as to hearsay. See id. (“bolstering” is an inherently
ambiguous objection with roots in multiple evidentiary rules, including the hearsay
rule); see also Williams v. State, 927 S.W.2d 752, 763 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1996,
pet. ref’d) (“bolstering” objection did not preserve contention that videotape was not
admissible under hearsay exclusion for prior consistent statements offered to rebut 16 charge of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive). But see State v.
Balderas, 915 S.W.2d 913, 919 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d)
(“Bolstering is generally a hearsay objection used when a party improperly offers
evidence to support an unimpeached witness or to add credence or weight to earlier-
introduced evidence.”). Assuming that Prestiano’s “bolstering” objection preserved
his hearsay argument about the drawing for appeal, however, the admission of the
drawing into evidence is not a ground for reversal.
We agree with Prestiano that the drawing is hearsay. The definition of hearsay,
which generally consists of out-of-court statements offered in evidence for the truth
of the matter asserted, encompasses “nonverbal conduct that a person intended as a
substitute for verbal expression.” TEX. R. EVID. 801(a), (d). The child made this
drawing to communicate with her therapist about what had happened to her and thus
her drawing was nonverbal conduct as defined in the hearsay rule. See TEX. R. EVID.
801(a); McMinn v. State, 558 S.W.3d 262, 269 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2018, no pet.) (distinguishing decision that held child’s drawing made in therapy
was hearsay). Accordingly, unless an exception to the hearsay rule applies, the
child’s drawing is inadmissible hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID. 802.
The State contends that the hearsay exception for then-existing mental,
emotional, or physical condition applies to the drawing. See TEX. R. EVID. 803(3).
But this exception contains its own exception. Under Rule 803(3), a statement
17 regarding the witness’s then-existing state of mind or emotional, sensory, or physical
condition remains subject to exclusion under the hearsay rule if it is “a statement of
memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed.” Id.; see Delapaz v.
State, 228 S.W.3d 183, 207 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. ref’d) (statements of
memory or belief offered to prove fact remembered or believed are themselves
excepted from state-of-mind exception to hearsay rule). The relevance of the child’s
drawing at trial was as an expression of her memory to prove the fact remembered,
specifically that Prestiano used sex toys on her. Thus, the drawing is not admissible
under the hearsay exception for then-existing mental, emotional, or physical
condition. See TEX. R. EVID. 803(3); Glover v. State, 102 S.W.3d 754, 762–63 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d) (mother’s testimony as to her underage
daughter’s out-of-court statements about sex with defendant not admissible under
Rule 803(3) as purpose of evidence was to prove that defendant had sex with
daughter); cf. Salazar v. State, 127 S.W.3d 355, 362–63 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d) (sexually abused children’s statements in therapy that they
were sad, angry, and fearful were admissible under hearsay exception for then-
existing state of mind).
It is possible that evidence like the child’s drawing could be admitted under
another exception to the hearsay rule. Our concurring colleague contends that the
hearsay exception for statements made for medical diagnosis or treatment applies.
18 See TEX. R. EVID. 803(4). We decline to decide whether this exception applies under
the circumstances of this case, however, for two interrelated reasons. First, the State
did not urge this exception at trial and has neither cited Rule 803(4) nor argued that
it applies on appeal. Second, because the State did not urge Rule 803(4) below, the
record lacks the evidentiary predicate required to assess the drawing’s admissibility
under this exception. See Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 588–91 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008) (statements made by sexually abused children in therapy admissible under
Rule 803(4) on showing that they were aware that their statements were made for
diagnosis or treatment and that proper diagnosis or treatment depended on their
truthfulness as well as showing that particular statements at issue were pertinent to
diagnosis or treatment such that reasonable therapists would rely on these statements
in diagnosing and treating patients); accord Munoz v. State, 288 S.W.3d 55, 58–60
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.). We therefore proceed to consider
whether the admission into evidence of the drawing, which was hearsay for which
the State failed to establish an applicable hearsay exception, was harmful. See
Martinez v. State, 178 S.W.3d 806, 815–16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (remanding to
court of appeals to conduct harm analysis where State failed to carry its burden to
show applicability of exception to hearsay rule).
When the drawing is considered in the context of the entire record, we are
confident that its admission did not affect Prestiano’s substantial rights. The child
19 testified about the vibrators and Prestiano’s use of them independently of the
drawing. Her drawing of the sex toys was introduced only after she had testified
about them. The vibrators themselves, as well as a photograph of them, were
admitted into evidence without objection. Though he denied using the sex toys on
the child, Prestiano conceded that he had them with him on at least one occasion
when babysitting her. On this record, the child’s drawing was cumulative and was
the least damning evidence on this subject. We hold that its admission was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Brooks v. State, 990 S.W.2d 278, 287 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1999) (any error in admitting hearsay was “harmless in light of other properly
admitted evidence proving the same fact”); Lamerand v. State, 540 S.W.3d 252, 257
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d) (any error in admission of medical
report containing statements made by child to doctor was harmless given that child
herself testified without objection about sexual abuse and identified defendant as
perpetrator); Quinonez-Saa v. State, 860 S.W.2d 704, 707 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d) (even if autopsy photos were not rendered admissible under
exceptions to hearsay rule, their admission was harmless because they were
cumulative).
Purdy’s explanation of the drawing—that the child made it because she
wanted to show Purdy “toys that had been used with her”—is inadmissible hearsay
for the same reason that the drawing itself is inadmissible. As with the drawing,
20 however, we are confident that when viewed in light of the entire record, the
admission of this testimony did not affect Prestiano’s substantial rights. The
objectionable testimony consists of a single-sentence answer made in response to
one question. By the time Purdy testified about the drawing’s purpose, the child
already had testified about the vibrators. She testified that Prestiano had sexually
abused her with these sex toys. The vibrators themselves and a photograph of them
had been admitted into evidence. Further, without objection, the child herself had
testified that she drew the sex toys in therapy with her counselor. On this record, we
conclude that Purdy’s testimony did not have a substantial and injurious influence
on the judgment and therefore was harmless. See Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 280.
III. Ineffective Assistance
Prestiano contends that his trial attorney rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to object to Purdy’s testimony about the child’s use of dolls and drawings to
communicate about the sexual abuse during counseling and several of the child’s
drawings that were admitted as exhibits. He argues that this evidence was hearsay
and that no exception to the hearsay rule was applicable. The State responds that
defense counsel’s performance was not deficient because the evidence was
admissible. The State further contends that, even if deficient, defense counsel’s
performance did not adversely affect the outcome of Prestiano’s trial.
21 A. Standard of review and applicable law
We assess claims of ineffective assistance under the test articulated by the
United State Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Under this test,
Prestiano must establish two elements. First, he must prove by a preponderance of
the evidence that his lawyer’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Id. Second, he must show that
his lawyer’s deficient performance prejudiced his defense by demonstrating that
there is a reasonable probability that the result would have differed or a probability
that suffices to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id.
We must presume that Prestiano’s lawyer discharged his duties within
prevailing professional norms and made the choices he did based on sound trial
strategy. Id. at 142–43; Macias v. State, 539 S.W.3d 410, 415–16 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d). Thus, we cannot find that Prestiano’s lawyer
rendered ineffective assistance unless the trial record affirmatively demonstrates that
his performance was deficient when viewed in the context of the totality of the
representation and without the benefit of hindsight. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142–43. If
such evidence of deficiency is lacking, we must assume that his lawyer’s choices
resulted from trial strategy if any reasonably sound strategic motivation is
conceivable. Id. at 143.
22 B. Analysis
Prestiano moved for a new trial but did not assert ineffective assistance of
counsel. The trial record therefore is silent as to his lawyer’s decision not to object
to portions of Purdy’s testimony and the corresponding exhibits.
The Court of Criminal Appeals addressed a similar ineffective-assistance
claim on a similarly silent record in Lopez. A jury convicted Lopez of aggravated
sexual assault of a child and assessed punishment at 50 years’ confinement. 343
S.W.3d at 139. At trial, three witnesses testified as to what the child told them about
the same events. Id. at 140. Thus, the testimony of two of these witnesses was
improper, constituting inadmissible hearsay that merely bolstered the child’s own
testimony. Id.; see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.072. On appeal, Lopez
complained of his trial lawyer’s failure to invoke the provisions of Article 38.072 to
limit the amount of hearsay admitted against him. 343 S.W.3d at 140. The record
was “silent as to trial counsel’s reason for not objecting to the improper testimony.”
Id. The State responded with several possible theories, including the possibility that
Lopez’s trial lawyer may have made a tactical decision to allow all three witnesses
to testify in order to expose inconsistencies in the child’s outcries. Id. at 141. The
Court of Criminal Appeals held that, because the record was silent as to defense
counsel’s reason for allowing the similar testimony without objection, Lopez failed
to show that his lawyer’s performance was deficient. See id. at 143–44; see also
23 Macias, 539 S.W.3d at 417 (despite State’s concession that doctor’s opinion
testimony as to child’s truthfulness was improper, defendant failed to prove his
lawyer rendered ineffective assistance where trial record was silent as to counsel’s
reason for not objecting).
As in Lopez, it is conceivable that Prestiano’s trial lawyer made a strategic
decision to refrain from objecting to Purdy’s hearsay testimony about the child’s
statements, and the corresponding exhibits, to reveal any inconsistencies in the
child’s account of the sexual abuse. On this record, we must assume that Prestiano’s
lawyer’s inaction resulted from a tactical choice to incur the risk posed by the
hearsay in exchange for the opportunity to expose inconsistencies in the child’s
testimony and to challenge her credibility. Prestiano has not controverted the strong
presumption that his lawyer’s performance was within prevailing professional norms
and his ineffective assistance claim therefore fails because he has not proven by a
preponderance of the evidence that his lawyer’s performance was deficient. See
Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 143–44; Macias, 539 S.W.3d at 417.
CONCLUSION
We reform Prestiano’s judgment of conviction under the third count of the
indictment to reflect a conviction for the lesser-included offense of aggravated
sexual assault of a child by contact and affirm his judgments of conviction under the
other two counts of the indictment. We remand to the trial court for a new
24 punishment hearing. See Lee, 537 S.W.3d at 927 (“When an appellate court finds
the evidence insufficient to establish an element of the charged offense, but the jury
necessarily found the defendant guilty of a lesser offense for which the evidence is
sufficient, the appellate court must reform the judgment to reflect the lesser-included
offense and remand for a new punishment hearing.”); Flores v. State, 888 S.W.2d
187, 193 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d) (holding that, while it
was reasonable to expect that trial court would assess same punishment for lesser-
included offense, remand for new punishment hearing was required because court
of appeals could not say so with certainty).
Gordon Goodman Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Lloyd, and Goodman.
Justice Keyes, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).