FILED April 21, 2016 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
JOSEPH LETTRICK, an individual, ) No. 33058-3-111 ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) KRISTINA JOHNSON, Defendant, and ) the marital property thereof, if any, ) ) Respondent. ) )
PENNELL, J. -Joseph Lettrick appeals a jury verdict finding Kristina Johnson not
liable for injuries and damages claimed by Mr. Lettrick as a result of a motor vehicle
l ~ accident. We affirm the verdict but reverse and remand the trial court's award of costs, as
I the amount allowed for expenses in obtaining medical records was not limited to the
l records actually admitted into evidence at trial.
j FACTS
j This action arises out of a motor vehicle accident that occurred on March 30, 2011,
l in the Costco parking lot in Kennewick, Washington. Joseph Lettrick and Kristina
I Johnson were parked on opposite sides of an aisle in the lot and at some point their
vehicles contacted back to back. A jury trial was held October 6-10, 2014. At trial,
1i witnesses gave varying accounts of the accident. In dispute was whether both parties
were backing out of their parking spots at approximately the same time, whether one or I t l No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
both vehicles were moving backward at the time of the collision, whether Ms. Johnson's
actions in backing up were proper, and also where the point of impact occurred.
During the trial, Mr. Lettrick moved to admit Dr. Brian O'Grady's deposition
testimony into evidence. The trial court denied the motion. At the conclusion of trial, the
jury returned a verdict in favor of Ms. Johnson, finding she was not negligent. The court
awarded Ms. Johnson costs totaling $2,111.36, which included $1,288.01 for expenses in
obtaining medical records, and entered its judgment on November 14, 2014. Mr. Lettrick
subsequently filed a motion for judgment as a matter of law and for a new trial. The court
denied the motion. Mr. Lettrick appeals.
ANALYSIS
A. Challenges to the Jury Verdict
1. The motion for judgment as a matter of law
Mr. Lettrick assigns error to the trial court's denial of his motion for judgment as a
matter of law under CR 50. However, because Mr. Lettrick did not file his motion prior
to submission of the case to the jury, this claim has been waived. Millies v. LandAmerica
Transnation, No. 91301-3, 2016 WL 1255338, at *6 (Wash. Mar. 31, 2016).
l 2. The motion/or new trial
I As an alternative to his motion for judgment as a matter of law, Mr. Lettrick
1 2 No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
maintains he is entitled to a new trial under CR 59. We review a trial court's decision
denying a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. State v. Fry, 153 Wn. App. 235,
238, 220 P.3d 1245 (2009). A trial court abuses its discretion in denying a motion for a
new trial if the verdict is contrary to the evidence. Palmer v. Jensen, 132 Wn.2d 193,
198, 93 7 P .2d 597 ( 1997). "Where the proponent of a new trial argues the verdict was not
based upon the evidence, appellate courts will look to the record to determine whether
there was sufficient evidence to support the verdict." Id. at 197.
The thrust of Mr. Lettrick's argument is that Ms. Johnson was negligent as a
matter of law because she admitted she was not continuously looking backward while
reversing her vehicle. On direct examination, the pertinent testimony elicited from Ms.
Johnson was as follows:
Q. Were you looking back to the back of your vehicle when this accident happened? A. No. Q. So, had you shifted back to tum around so that you could engage the car to go, because you talked about the fact you put your arm behind the arm rest and was turning back to look back? A. Right. Q. Okay, so explain that. A. So, I was still backing out but had-I guess, yeah. I was getting ready to finish backing out, put it in drive and go forward.
2 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Oct. 9, 2014) at 327. On cross-examination,
Ms. Johnson provided a further description, stating:
3 No. 33058-3-111 Lettrick v. Johnson
Q. Okay. You just said that by the time-by the time of impact you were already starting to face forward. A. I had turned my body forward. Q. Okay. A. Yes. Q. You were no longer looking backward? A. Correct. Q. Do you rely on your back up sensor when you're getting close to the end of your back up? A. No. I still have my mirrors that I can see. Q. You were still moving at the time of this impact though? A. Yes. Q. At around five miles an hour? A. Or less.
2 VRP at 337-38.
We will not lightly overturn a jury verdict. Instead, we are required to evaluate the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. Herriman v. May, 142 Wn.
App. 226, 232, 174 P.3d 156 (2007). When viewed from this perspective, Ms. Johnson's
testimony indicated that, while reversing her vehicle, she either turned her head or used
her mirrors to make sure the path behind her was clear. Thus, there was no unequivocal
evidence presented to the jury that Ms. Johnson violated the applicable standard of care.
Cleveland v. Grays Harbor Dairy Prods., Inc., 193 Wash. 122, 126, 74 P.2d 909 (1938)
(a driver backing up a vehicle must exercise ordinary care and adopt sufficient means to
ascertain whether others are in the vicinity who may be injured); Wooldridge v. Pac.
Coast Coal Co., 22 Wn.2d 314, 316-17, 155 P.2d 1001 (1945) (driver who alternates
4 No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
between looking backward and relying on safety mirrors could be found not liable).
The jury was accurately instructed that, as a driver, Ms. Johnson had a duty to
exercise ordinary care in the operation of her vehicle. Clerk's Papers at 1391-93, 1399.
Mr. Lettrick did not seek any further instructions addressing the standard of care for a
driver operating his or her vehicle in reverse. As given, the trial court's instructions
enabled counsel to argue that the jury should find Ms. Johnson negligent because her
testimony suggested she was not looking backward and did not take sufficient precautions
while reversing her vehicle. Transcript (Oct. 10, 2014) at 35, 72. However, the jury was
not required to accept counsel's characterization of the evidence. Because there was
substantial evidence to support the jury's verdict and because there was no substantial
injustice under the law, the trial court acted within its discretion to deny Mr. Lettrick's
motion for a new trial.
3. Dr. Brian O 'Grady's deposition testimony
Mr. Lettrick argues the trial court erred by not allowing the trial testimony of Dr.
Brian O'Grady to be presented to the jury through the reading of Dr. O'Grady's
deposition transcript. However, because Dr. O'Grady's proposed testimony went to the
issue of damages, not liability, any error in exclusion was harmless.
iI I Il 5
l l ! 1 No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
B.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED April 21, 2016 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
JOSEPH LETTRICK, an individual, ) No. 33058-3-111 ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) KRISTINA JOHNSON, Defendant, and ) the marital property thereof, if any, ) ) Respondent. ) )
PENNELL, J. -Joseph Lettrick appeals a jury verdict finding Kristina Johnson not
liable for injuries and damages claimed by Mr. Lettrick as a result of a motor vehicle
l ~ accident. We affirm the verdict but reverse and remand the trial court's award of costs, as
I the amount allowed for expenses in obtaining medical records was not limited to the
l records actually admitted into evidence at trial.
j FACTS
j This action arises out of a motor vehicle accident that occurred on March 30, 2011,
l in the Costco parking lot in Kennewick, Washington. Joseph Lettrick and Kristina
I Johnson were parked on opposite sides of an aisle in the lot and at some point their
vehicles contacted back to back. A jury trial was held October 6-10, 2014. At trial,
1i witnesses gave varying accounts of the accident. In dispute was whether both parties
were backing out of their parking spots at approximately the same time, whether one or I t l No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
both vehicles were moving backward at the time of the collision, whether Ms. Johnson's
actions in backing up were proper, and also where the point of impact occurred.
During the trial, Mr. Lettrick moved to admit Dr. Brian O'Grady's deposition
testimony into evidence. The trial court denied the motion. At the conclusion of trial, the
jury returned a verdict in favor of Ms. Johnson, finding she was not negligent. The court
awarded Ms. Johnson costs totaling $2,111.36, which included $1,288.01 for expenses in
obtaining medical records, and entered its judgment on November 14, 2014. Mr. Lettrick
subsequently filed a motion for judgment as a matter of law and for a new trial. The court
denied the motion. Mr. Lettrick appeals.
ANALYSIS
A. Challenges to the Jury Verdict
1. The motion for judgment as a matter of law
Mr. Lettrick assigns error to the trial court's denial of his motion for judgment as a
matter of law under CR 50. However, because Mr. Lettrick did not file his motion prior
to submission of the case to the jury, this claim has been waived. Millies v. LandAmerica
Transnation, No. 91301-3, 2016 WL 1255338, at *6 (Wash. Mar. 31, 2016).
l 2. The motion/or new trial
I As an alternative to his motion for judgment as a matter of law, Mr. Lettrick
1 2 No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
maintains he is entitled to a new trial under CR 59. We review a trial court's decision
denying a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. State v. Fry, 153 Wn. App. 235,
238, 220 P.3d 1245 (2009). A trial court abuses its discretion in denying a motion for a
new trial if the verdict is contrary to the evidence. Palmer v. Jensen, 132 Wn.2d 193,
198, 93 7 P .2d 597 ( 1997). "Where the proponent of a new trial argues the verdict was not
based upon the evidence, appellate courts will look to the record to determine whether
there was sufficient evidence to support the verdict." Id. at 197.
The thrust of Mr. Lettrick's argument is that Ms. Johnson was negligent as a
matter of law because she admitted she was not continuously looking backward while
reversing her vehicle. On direct examination, the pertinent testimony elicited from Ms.
Johnson was as follows:
Q. Were you looking back to the back of your vehicle when this accident happened? A. No. Q. So, had you shifted back to tum around so that you could engage the car to go, because you talked about the fact you put your arm behind the arm rest and was turning back to look back? A. Right. Q. Okay, so explain that. A. So, I was still backing out but had-I guess, yeah. I was getting ready to finish backing out, put it in drive and go forward.
2 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Oct. 9, 2014) at 327. On cross-examination,
Ms. Johnson provided a further description, stating:
3 No. 33058-3-111 Lettrick v. Johnson
Q. Okay. You just said that by the time-by the time of impact you were already starting to face forward. A. I had turned my body forward. Q. Okay. A. Yes. Q. You were no longer looking backward? A. Correct. Q. Do you rely on your back up sensor when you're getting close to the end of your back up? A. No. I still have my mirrors that I can see. Q. You were still moving at the time of this impact though? A. Yes. Q. At around five miles an hour? A. Or less.
2 VRP at 337-38.
We will not lightly overturn a jury verdict. Instead, we are required to evaluate the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. Herriman v. May, 142 Wn.
App. 226, 232, 174 P.3d 156 (2007). When viewed from this perspective, Ms. Johnson's
testimony indicated that, while reversing her vehicle, she either turned her head or used
her mirrors to make sure the path behind her was clear. Thus, there was no unequivocal
evidence presented to the jury that Ms. Johnson violated the applicable standard of care.
Cleveland v. Grays Harbor Dairy Prods., Inc., 193 Wash. 122, 126, 74 P.2d 909 (1938)
(a driver backing up a vehicle must exercise ordinary care and adopt sufficient means to
ascertain whether others are in the vicinity who may be injured); Wooldridge v. Pac.
Coast Coal Co., 22 Wn.2d 314, 316-17, 155 P.2d 1001 (1945) (driver who alternates
4 No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
between looking backward and relying on safety mirrors could be found not liable).
The jury was accurately instructed that, as a driver, Ms. Johnson had a duty to
exercise ordinary care in the operation of her vehicle. Clerk's Papers at 1391-93, 1399.
Mr. Lettrick did not seek any further instructions addressing the standard of care for a
driver operating his or her vehicle in reverse. As given, the trial court's instructions
enabled counsel to argue that the jury should find Ms. Johnson negligent because her
testimony suggested she was not looking backward and did not take sufficient precautions
while reversing her vehicle. Transcript (Oct. 10, 2014) at 35, 72. However, the jury was
not required to accept counsel's characterization of the evidence. Because there was
substantial evidence to support the jury's verdict and because there was no substantial
injustice under the law, the trial court acted within its discretion to deny Mr. Lettrick's
motion for a new trial.
3. Dr. Brian O 'Grady's deposition testimony
Mr. Lettrick argues the trial court erred by not allowing the trial testimony of Dr.
Brian O'Grady to be presented to the jury through the reading of Dr. O'Grady's
deposition transcript. However, because Dr. O'Grady's proposed testimony went to the
issue of damages, not liability, any error in exclusion was harmless.
iI I Il 5
l l ! 1 No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
B. The Award of Costs
Mr. Lettrick argues the trial court erred by awarding Ms. Johnson costs for medical
records she already had copies of, or alternatively, she was only entitled to costs for
records actually admitted into evidence at trial. "The standard of review for an award of
costs involves a two-step process." Hickok-Knight v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 170 Wn.
I ' App. 279, 325, 284 P.3d 749 (2012). First, this court "review[s] de novo whether a
statute, contract, or equitable theory authorizes the award." Id. "Second, if such authority
exists, [this court] review[s] for abuse of discretion the amount of the award." Id.
RCW 4.84.010(5) allows reimbursement to a prevailing party of "[r]easonable
expenses ... incurred in obtaining reports and records, which are admitted into evidence
at trial ... including but not limited to medical records .... " (Emphasis added.) "The
clause 'which are admitted into evidence at trial' is a restrictive clause that limits the
reports and records for which the prevailing party may be reimbursed," i.e. "those reports
and records ultimately used and actually admitted at trial." Hickok-Knight, 170 Wn. App.
at 326.
The trial court's cost award only complied with the foregoing legal standards in
part. All of the medical records and billings Ms. Johnson obtained from Physicians
Immediate Care were admitted into evidence at trial. Thus, Ms. Johnson was entitled to
6 l No. 33058-3-III Lettrick v. Johnson
full reimbursement in the amount of $626.39. In contrast, only one record from Kadlec
Regional Medical Center was admitted at trial. Yet the court awarded Ms. Johnson
reimbursement of $661.62 for all the records obtained from Kadlec, including numerous
documents not admitted into evidence. This blanket award violated the plain terms of
RCW 4.84.010(5). Because not all the records from Kadlec Regional Medical Center
were admitted into evidence, the cost award should have been tailored to the lone record
meeting the terms of the statute. RCW 4.84.010(5).
Based on the foregoing, the jury's verdict is affirmed, but the award of costs in the
judgment is reversed in part. This matter is remanded to the trial court for a revised
assessment of costs consistent with this opinion.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
I 2.06.040.
Pennell, J. WE CONCUR:
K?orsmo, J. ( /
l 7