RENDERED: JUNE 25, 2021; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-1585-ME
JOSEPH GREER APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM HARDIN CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE PAMELA K. ADDINGTON, JUDGE ACTION NO. 20-D-00569-001
ASHLEY M. CLARK APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; ACREE AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE: Joseph Greer appeals from the domestic violence
order (“DVO”) entered against him on December 7, 2020 by the Hardin Circuit
Court at the request of Ashley Clark. Greer argues that insufficient evidence
existed in the record to support a finding that domestic violence occurred and may occur again. Because we hold that sufficient evidence existed in the record to
support a finding of domestic violence, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Clark and Greer have never been married but share two sons. This
case stems from an argument between the two parties soon after Clark arrived at
Greer’s home to pick up their shared children following a scheduled visitation on
November 9, 2020. Both parties admit to aiming vulgar language toward the other
during a verbal argument, but much of their testimony about what transpired that
night is conflicting.
Clark testified that Greer pushed her once inside his home by putting
his chest against her, then pushed her again after telling her to get out of his house.
Once outside with her sons, Clark testified that Greer slammed open the door of
their shared car, took out a knife, and “tried to slash the tires.” Clark testified that
she attempted to get Greer away from the tires, and he “pushed her so hard that it
felt like a punch to her chest.” Clark alleged that her sons got out of the car to help
her while Greer was attempting to take the caps off of the car’s tire stems to deflate
the tires. According to Clark’s testimony, the three of them got back into the car,
Clark locked the doors, put the car in reverse, and fled the scene while Greer was
pounding on the driver’s side window. Clark testified that she feared for her
safety.
-2- Conversely, Greer testified that there was never any physical contact
between the two parties during their argument and that he did not attempt to
damage their shared car.
A non-party witness, Tina Caddell, who was not present for the
altercation, testified that soon after the argument Clark told her what had happened
and recalled Clark saying Greer “bumped” then pushed her. Caddell also testified
she remembered Clark saying Greer attempted to do something with the tire stems
of their car.
All parties agree that Clark never called the police, took pictures of
any injuries, nor sought medical treatment at a hospital as a result of any injuries.
Following the parties’ November 9, 2020 altercation, Clark petitioned
for an Emergency Protective Order (“EPO”) against Greer the same night. The
Hardin Circuit Court granted the EPO within hours. The trial court entered the
DVO at issue in this appeal on December 7, 2020, and this appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Greer argues that domestic violence did not occur during
his confrontation with Clark, nor will domestic violence between the two parties
occur in the future. Before entering a DVO, a circuit court must find “by a
preponderance of the evidence that domestic violence and abuse has occurred and
may again occur[.]” Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 403.740(1). Therefore,
-3- pursuant to the statutory language, a trial court must make two separate findings –
that domestic violence and abuse has occurred as well as the likelihood of future
domestic violence. Guenther v. Guenther, 379 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Ky. App. 2012).
The first standard is met when sufficient evidence establishes the
alleged victim “was more likely than not to have been a victim of domestic
violence.” Hall v. Smith, 599 S.W.3d 451, 454 (Ky. App. 2020) (citation omitted).
“Domestic violence and abuse” are defined in KRS 403.720(1) to mean: “physical
injury, serious physical injury, stalking, sexual abuse, strangulation, assault, or the
infliction of fear of imminent physical injury, serious physical injury, sexual abuse,
strangulation, or assault between family members or members of an unmarried
couple[.]”
Regarding evidence that domestic violence may again occur as
required by KRS 403.740(1), the Kentucky Supreme Court has observed that “[t]he
predictive nature of the standard requires the family court to consider the totality of
the circumstances and weigh the risk of future violence against issuing a protective
order.” Pettingill v. Pettingill, 480 S.W.3d 920, 925 (Ky. 2015). In Boone v.
Boone, 501 S.W.3d 434, 440 (Ky. App. 2016), this Court explained:
Kentucky courts have liberally construed our statutory scheme in order to afford relief. KRS 403.715(1) mandates that the domestic violence statutes be interpreted to “[a]llow victims to obtain effective, short- term protection against further wrongful conduct in order
-4- that their lives may be as secure and as uninterrupted as possible[.]”
In evaluating the circuit court’s factual determinations, our standard of
review is whether the court’s findings were “clearly erroneous.” Caudill v.
Caudill, 318 S.W.3d 112, 114 (Ky. App. 2010) (citing CR 52.01 and Reichle v.
Reichle, 719 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Ky. 1986)). Findings of fact “are not clearly
erroneous if they are supported by substantial evidence.” Id. at 114-15 (citing
Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 354 (Ky. 2003)). “[I]n reviewing the decision
of a trial court the test is not whether we would have decided it differently, but
whether the findings of the trial [court] were clearly erroneous or that [the court]
abused [its] discretion.” Cherry v. Cherry, 634 S.W.2d 423, 425 (Ky. 1982)
(citation omitted). The circuit court abuses its discretion if its decision is
“unreasonable, unfair, arbitrary or capricious.” Kuprion v. Fitzgerald, 888 S.W.2d
679, 684 (Ky. 1994) (citations omitted).
Greer asserts that insufficient evidence existed in the record to support
the circuit court’s finding that domestic violence occurred during the couple’s
altercation. While we acknowledge the circuit court relied almost exclusively on
Clark’s uncorroborated testimony to make its decision, we are not persuaded that
the court was not entitled to do so. Much deference is to be given to the decision
of the circuit court, and “[a] family court operating as finder of fact has extremely
broad discretion with respect to testimony presented, and may choose to believe or
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RENDERED: JUNE 25, 2021; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-1585-ME
JOSEPH GREER APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM HARDIN CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE PAMELA K. ADDINGTON, JUDGE ACTION NO. 20-D-00569-001
ASHLEY M. CLARK APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; ACREE AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE: Joseph Greer appeals from the domestic violence
order (“DVO”) entered against him on December 7, 2020 by the Hardin Circuit
Court at the request of Ashley Clark. Greer argues that insufficient evidence
existed in the record to support a finding that domestic violence occurred and may occur again. Because we hold that sufficient evidence existed in the record to
support a finding of domestic violence, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Clark and Greer have never been married but share two sons. This
case stems from an argument between the two parties soon after Clark arrived at
Greer’s home to pick up their shared children following a scheduled visitation on
November 9, 2020. Both parties admit to aiming vulgar language toward the other
during a verbal argument, but much of their testimony about what transpired that
night is conflicting.
Clark testified that Greer pushed her once inside his home by putting
his chest against her, then pushed her again after telling her to get out of his house.
Once outside with her sons, Clark testified that Greer slammed open the door of
their shared car, took out a knife, and “tried to slash the tires.” Clark testified that
she attempted to get Greer away from the tires, and he “pushed her so hard that it
felt like a punch to her chest.” Clark alleged that her sons got out of the car to help
her while Greer was attempting to take the caps off of the car’s tire stems to deflate
the tires. According to Clark’s testimony, the three of them got back into the car,
Clark locked the doors, put the car in reverse, and fled the scene while Greer was
pounding on the driver’s side window. Clark testified that she feared for her
safety.
-2- Conversely, Greer testified that there was never any physical contact
between the two parties during their argument and that he did not attempt to
damage their shared car.
A non-party witness, Tina Caddell, who was not present for the
altercation, testified that soon after the argument Clark told her what had happened
and recalled Clark saying Greer “bumped” then pushed her. Caddell also testified
she remembered Clark saying Greer attempted to do something with the tire stems
of their car.
All parties agree that Clark never called the police, took pictures of
any injuries, nor sought medical treatment at a hospital as a result of any injuries.
Following the parties’ November 9, 2020 altercation, Clark petitioned
for an Emergency Protective Order (“EPO”) against Greer the same night. The
Hardin Circuit Court granted the EPO within hours. The trial court entered the
DVO at issue in this appeal on December 7, 2020, and this appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Greer argues that domestic violence did not occur during
his confrontation with Clark, nor will domestic violence between the two parties
occur in the future. Before entering a DVO, a circuit court must find “by a
preponderance of the evidence that domestic violence and abuse has occurred and
may again occur[.]” Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 403.740(1). Therefore,
-3- pursuant to the statutory language, a trial court must make two separate findings –
that domestic violence and abuse has occurred as well as the likelihood of future
domestic violence. Guenther v. Guenther, 379 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Ky. App. 2012).
The first standard is met when sufficient evidence establishes the
alleged victim “was more likely than not to have been a victim of domestic
violence.” Hall v. Smith, 599 S.W.3d 451, 454 (Ky. App. 2020) (citation omitted).
“Domestic violence and abuse” are defined in KRS 403.720(1) to mean: “physical
injury, serious physical injury, stalking, sexual abuse, strangulation, assault, or the
infliction of fear of imminent physical injury, serious physical injury, sexual abuse,
strangulation, or assault between family members or members of an unmarried
couple[.]”
Regarding evidence that domestic violence may again occur as
required by KRS 403.740(1), the Kentucky Supreme Court has observed that “[t]he
predictive nature of the standard requires the family court to consider the totality of
the circumstances and weigh the risk of future violence against issuing a protective
order.” Pettingill v. Pettingill, 480 S.W.3d 920, 925 (Ky. 2015). In Boone v.
Boone, 501 S.W.3d 434, 440 (Ky. App. 2016), this Court explained:
Kentucky courts have liberally construed our statutory scheme in order to afford relief. KRS 403.715(1) mandates that the domestic violence statutes be interpreted to “[a]llow victims to obtain effective, short- term protection against further wrongful conduct in order
-4- that their lives may be as secure and as uninterrupted as possible[.]”
In evaluating the circuit court’s factual determinations, our standard of
review is whether the court’s findings were “clearly erroneous.” Caudill v.
Caudill, 318 S.W.3d 112, 114 (Ky. App. 2010) (citing CR 52.01 and Reichle v.
Reichle, 719 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Ky. 1986)). Findings of fact “are not clearly
erroneous if they are supported by substantial evidence.” Id. at 114-15 (citing
Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 354 (Ky. 2003)). “[I]n reviewing the decision
of a trial court the test is not whether we would have decided it differently, but
whether the findings of the trial [court] were clearly erroneous or that [the court]
abused [its] discretion.” Cherry v. Cherry, 634 S.W.2d 423, 425 (Ky. 1982)
(citation omitted). The circuit court abuses its discretion if its decision is
“unreasonable, unfair, arbitrary or capricious.” Kuprion v. Fitzgerald, 888 S.W.2d
679, 684 (Ky. 1994) (citations omitted).
Greer asserts that insufficient evidence existed in the record to support
the circuit court’s finding that domestic violence occurred during the couple’s
altercation. While we acknowledge the circuit court relied almost exclusively on
Clark’s uncorroborated testimony to make its decision, we are not persuaded that
the court was not entitled to do so. Much deference is to be given to the decision
of the circuit court, and “[a] family court operating as finder of fact has extremely
broad discretion with respect to testimony presented, and may choose to believe or
-5- disbelieve any part of it.” Bailey v. Bailey, 231 S.W.3d 793, 796 (Ky. App. 2007).
Indeed, “[d]eciding which witness to believe is within the sound discretion of the
family court as fact-finder; we will not second-guess the family court, which had
the opportunity to observe the parties and assess their credibility.” Hunter v.
Mena, 302 S.W.3d 93, 98 (Ky. App. 2010) (citing CR 52.01).
Greer argues that the lack of evidence corroborating Clark’s testimony
makes this case analogous to Caudill, in which this Court held a husband’s single
“push” of his wife was alone not enough to establish an act of domestic violence,
and that mere “unwanted touching” did not satisfy the definition of domestic
violence. Caudill, 318 S.W.3d at 115. This case is factually distinguishable, in
that Clark’s testimony does not allege that Greer merely pushed her aside to get
through the door of his home. Clark testified Greer pushed her twice while inside
of his home, and once more outside “so hard that it felt like a punch to her chest.”
Clark also testified that Greer repeatedly pounded on the windows of their shared
car while she attempted to flee the scene of the altercation. Taking Clark’s
testimony as true, repeated blows to the driver’s side window inches from her
face, following a series of already-realized shoves, was enough to instill fear of
imminent physical injury on the part of Clark should she not be fortunate enough
to flee the scene.
-6- Further, the trial court’s conclusion that domestic violence may again
occur was not clearly erroneous. Clark further testified that Greer had been
“physical” with her in previous years, and the record reflects that the Bullitt Circuit
Court granted a prior DVO against Greer in 2014 at the request of Clark which was
in effect for over two years. It is abundantly clear that the November 9, 2020
altercation was not the parties’ first experience with domestic violence. Thus,
based on the totality of the evidence, considering the history of domestic violence
between the parties, the fact that the parties had children together, and the ongoing
nature of the conflict between them, the trial court’s conclusion that domestic
violence and abuse may occur again was not clearly erroneous.
The circuit court was within its power to believe Clark’s testimony
over Greer’s. Our test is not whether we would have come to the same conclusion,
but whether the circuit court’s decision was clearly erroneous. The circuit court
appraised Clark’s testimony and found she met her burden of proof warranting the
entrance of a DVO.
CONCLUSION
We find no abuse of discretion by the circuit court, and, therefore,
affirm.
ALL CONCUR.
-7- BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Jeffrey D. Buckles George R. Carter Elizabethtown, Kentucky Louisville, Kentucky
Jeremy Aldridge Elizabethtown, Kentucky
-8-