RENDERED: APRIL 26, 2024; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2023-CA-0562-MR
JOSEPH E. WHITE APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE ANNIE O’CONNELL, JUDGE ACTION NO. 21-CI-001215
FACILITIES MANAGEMENT SERVICES, P.B.C. APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: COMBS, GOODWINE, AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
GOODWINE, JUDGE: Joseph E. White (“White”) appeals from an order of the
Jefferson Circuit Court granting summary judgment on his discrimination claims in
favor of his former employer, Facilities Management Services, P.B.C. (“FMS”).
After careful review, finding no error, we affirm. FMS hired White, an African-American male, in February 2017 as a
member of the commercial cleaning team. He later received a promotion to the
post-construction janitorial team, which included a slight raise. When business
slowed in post-construction, he was assigned to the janitorial team.
In February 2020, White worked on a janitorial team that was
assigned to Martha Layne Collins High School in Shelbyville. Ron Johnson
(“Ron”), an African-American male, was his team lead and supervisor. Paula
Johnson, a white female and Ron’s wife, was his other supervisor, and she was also
responsible for payroll and making sure the contracts remained within her budget.
A regular shift for White’s team was seven to eight hours long and
started at the “home” office in Lexington. The employees clocked in at the home
office before departing with Ron to the job site in Shelbyville. At the end of their
shift, Ron dropped each team member off at their residence, and they were
instructed to clock out when they arrived at their respective residences.
On February 26, 2020, FMS terminated White for allegedly
repeatedly stealing time by clocking out long after he arrived or should have
arrived at his home. FMS alleged that he was previously given a final written
warning for leaving the job site while on the clock and using abusive language
with coworkers.
-2- On February 25, 2021, White filed his complaint against FMS
alleging his employment was terminated due to race and/or gender discrimination.
The parties engaged in written discovery and took depositions.
FMS then moved for summary judgment. FMS argued White was
terminated “because he repeatedly clocked out extremely late, which increased his
paycheck.” Record (R.) at 134. White’s “termination had nothing to do with his
race. In contrast, most of FMS’s employees are minorities, including the
supervisor who terminated his employment and the other supervisor who caught
him clocking out late.” Id. White responded opposing the motion.
On January 3, 2023, the circuit court entered an opinion and order
granting summary judgment in favor of FMS. The circuit court made the
following findings of fact:
FMS contends that:
On 2/20/20, Mr. White punched out at 12:14 am, whereas Ron Johnson punched out at 11:39 pm, which demonstrates Mr. White wrongfully charged approximately 65 minutes of time.
On 2/21/20, Mr. White punched out at 12:16 am, whereas Ron Johnson punched out at 11:42 pm, which demonstrates Mr. White wrongfully charged approximately 64 minutes of time.
On 2/24/20. Mr. White punched out at 12:17 am, whereas Ron Johnson punched out at 12:03 am, which demonstrates Mr. White wrongfully charged approximately 44 minutes of time.
-3- On 2/25/20, Mr. White clocked out at 11:29 pm, over 3 hours after his shift had ended. Plaintiff’s wife had already picked him up at the job site at approximately 8:00 pm, prior to him completing the cleaning of the building. Mr. Johnson and coworkers had to finish cleaning the rooms.
On February 26, 2020, Plaintiff’s employment was terminated for repeatedly “stealing time.” Also, Plaintiff had previously been given a final written warning for not being on the jobsite while on the clock and using abusive language to coworkers.
R. at 244-45.
The circuit court found:
FMS asserts that Mr. White cannot prove that he was replaced by a person outside the protected class. Specifically it argues that Mr. White, an African- American male was replaced by another African- American male.
Mr. White asserts in his response that he was treated differently than a female who was also on staff. He makes these assertions without providing any evidence that race and/or sex was at the basis of his firing. A bald assertion that a female employee was treated differently than he was is not enough to meet the threshold of “direct evidence” or “circumstantial evidence” is necessary under McDonnell Douglas. A For these reasons, the Court will grant FMS’s Motion and dismiss the action against it.
R. at 247.
This appeal followed.
-4- We apply the following standard in reviewing the circuit court’s grant
of summary judgment:
The proper standard of review on appeal when a trial judge has granted a motion for summary judgment is whether the record, when examined in its entirety, shows there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. The trial judge must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, resolving all doubts in its favor. Because summary judgment does not require findings of fact but only an examination of the record to determine whether material issues of fact exist, we generally review the grant of summary judgment without deference to either the trial court’s assessment of the record or its legal conclusions.
Bruner v. Cooper, 677 S.W.3d 252, 269 (Ky. 2023) (quoting Hammons v.
Hammons, 327 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Ky. 2010)).
On appeal, White argues he established a prima facie case for racial
and gender discrimination and successfully rebutted FMS’s pre-textual reason for
termination. We disagree. Under Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”)
344.040(1)(a), “[i]t is an unlawful practice for an employer: . . . to discharge any
individual . . . because of the individual’s race, color, . . . [or] sex.” “There are two
paths for a plaintiff seeking to establish . . . [a] discrimination case. One path
consists of direct evidence of discriminatory animus. Absent direct evidence of
discrimination, Plaintiff must satisfy the burden-shifting test of McDonnell
-5- Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973).”
Williams v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 184 S.W.3d 492, 495 (Ky. 2005).
The McDonnell Douglas framework requires a plaintiff to prove the
following four elements to establish a prima facie case of discrimination: “(1) was
a member of a protected class, (2) was discharged, (3) was qualified for the
position from which he was discharged, and (4) was replaced by a person outside
the protected class.” Charalambakis v. Asbury University, 488 S.W.3d 568, 577
(Ky. 2016) (quoting Williams, 184 S.W.3d at 496).
FMS concedes that White proved the first three elements of his case.
However, FMS asserts, and White does not dispute, that White was replaced by an
African-American male. R. at 132. Thus, White failed to prove the fourth element
of his claim.
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RENDERED: APRIL 26, 2024; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2023-CA-0562-MR
JOSEPH E. WHITE APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE ANNIE O’CONNELL, JUDGE ACTION NO. 21-CI-001215
FACILITIES MANAGEMENT SERVICES, P.B.C. APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: COMBS, GOODWINE, AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
GOODWINE, JUDGE: Joseph E. White (“White”) appeals from an order of the
Jefferson Circuit Court granting summary judgment on his discrimination claims in
favor of his former employer, Facilities Management Services, P.B.C. (“FMS”).
After careful review, finding no error, we affirm. FMS hired White, an African-American male, in February 2017 as a
member of the commercial cleaning team. He later received a promotion to the
post-construction janitorial team, which included a slight raise. When business
slowed in post-construction, he was assigned to the janitorial team.
In February 2020, White worked on a janitorial team that was
assigned to Martha Layne Collins High School in Shelbyville. Ron Johnson
(“Ron”), an African-American male, was his team lead and supervisor. Paula
Johnson, a white female and Ron’s wife, was his other supervisor, and she was also
responsible for payroll and making sure the contracts remained within her budget.
A regular shift for White’s team was seven to eight hours long and
started at the “home” office in Lexington. The employees clocked in at the home
office before departing with Ron to the job site in Shelbyville. At the end of their
shift, Ron dropped each team member off at their residence, and they were
instructed to clock out when they arrived at their respective residences.
On February 26, 2020, FMS terminated White for allegedly
repeatedly stealing time by clocking out long after he arrived or should have
arrived at his home. FMS alleged that he was previously given a final written
warning for leaving the job site while on the clock and using abusive language
with coworkers.
-2- On February 25, 2021, White filed his complaint against FMS
alleging his employment was terminated due to race and/or gender discrimination.
The parties engaged in written discovery and took depositions.
FMS then moved for summary judgment. FMS argued White was
terminated “because he repeatedly clocked out extremely late, which increased his
paycheck.” Record (R.) at 134. White’s “termination had nothing to do with his
race. In contrast, most of FMS’s employees are minorities, including the
supervisor who terminated his employment and the other supervisor who caught
him clocking out late.” Id. White responded opposing the motion.
On January 3, 2023, the circuit court entered an opinion and order
granting summary judgment in favor of FMS. The circuit court made the
following findings of fact:
FMS contends that:
On 2/20/20, Mr. White punched out at 12:14 am, whereas Ron Johnson punched out at 11:39 pm, which demonstrates Mr. White wrongfully charged approximately 65 minutes of time.
On 2/21/20, Mr. White punched out at 12:16 am, whereas Ron Johnson punched out at 11:42 pm, which demonstrates Mr. White wrongfully charged approximately 64 minutes of time.
On 2/24/20. Mr. White punched out at 12:17 am, whereas Ron Johnson punched out at 12:03 am, which demonstrates Mr. White wrongfully charged approximately 44 minutes of time.
-3- On 2/25/20, Mr. White clocked out at 11:29 pm, over 3 hours after his shift had ended. Plaintiff’s wife had already picked him up at the job site at approximately 8:00 pm, prior to him completing the cleaning of the building. Mr. Johnson and coworkers had to finish cleaning the rooms.
On February 26, 2020, Plaintiff’s employment was terminated for repeatedly “stealing time.” Also, Plaintiff had previously been given a final written warning for not being on the jobsite while on the clock and using abusive language to coworkers.
R. at 244-45.
The circuit court found:
FMS asserts that Mr. White cannot prove that he was replaced by a person outside the protected class. Specifically it argues that Mr. White, an African- American male was replaced by another African- American male.
Mr. White asserts in his response that he was treated differently than a female who was also on staff. He makes these assertions without providing any evidence that race and/or sex was at the basis of his firing. A bald assertion that a female employee was treated differently than he was is not enough to meet the threshold of “direct evidence” or “circumstantial evidence” is necessary under McDonnell Douglas. A For these reasons, the Court will grant FMS’s Motion and dismiss the action against it.
R. at 247.
This appeal followed.
-4- We apply the following standard in reviewing the circuit court’s grant
of summary judgment:
The proper standard of review on appeal when a trial judge has granted a motion for summary judgment is whether the record, when examined in its entirety, shows there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. The trial judge must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, resolving all doubts in its favor. Because summary judgment does not require findings of fact but only an examination of the record to determine whether material issues of fact exist, we generally review the grant of summary judgment without deference to either the trial court’s assessment of the record or its legal conclusions.
Bruner v. Cooper, 677 S.W.3d 252, 269 (Ky. 2023) (quoting Hammons v.
Hammons, 327 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Ky. 2010)).
On appeal, White argues he established a prima facie case for racial
and gender discrimination and successfully rebutted FMS’s pre-textual reason for
termination. We disagree. Under Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”)
344.040(1)(a), “[i]t is an unlawful practice for an employer: . . . to discharge any
individual . . . because of the individual’s race, color, . . . [or] sex.” “There are two
paths for a plaintiff seeking to establish . . . [a] discrimination case. One path
consists of direct evidence of discriminatory animus. Absent direct evidence of
discrimination, Plaintiff must satisfy the burden-shifting test of McDonnell
-5- Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973).”
Williams v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 184 S.W.3d 492, 495 (Ky. 2005).
The McDonnell Douglas framework requires a plaintiff to prove the
following four elements to establish a prima facie case of discrimination: “(1) was
a member of a protected class, (2) was discharged, (3) was qualified for the
position from which he was discharged, and (4) was replaced by a person outside
the protected class.” Charalambakis v. Asbury University, 488 S.W.3d 568, 577
(Ky. 2016) (quoting Williams, 184 S.W.3d at 496).
FMS concedes that White proved the first three elements of his case.
However, FMS asserts, and White does not dispute, that White was replaced by an
African-American male. R. at 132. Thus, White failed to prove the fourth element
of his claim.
Although FMS and the circuit court cite Charalambakis for the four-
element test, White urges us to apply the factors in Murray v. Eastern Kentucky
University, 328 S.W.3d 679, 682 (Ky. App. 2009): “(1) she was a member of a
protected group; (2) she was subjected to an adverse employment action; (3) she
was qualified for the position; and (4) ‘similarly situated’ non-protected employees
were treated more favorably.” We believe the Charalambakis factors are more
applicable in this instance because White was discharged from his position and not
subjected to some other adverse employment action, and Charalambakis is a more
-6- recent case on national origin discrimination. However, we will apply the fourth
element of the factors in Murray to be thorough.
White’s claim also fails under the fourth element in Murray. He
failed to prove that a “similarly situated” non-protected employee was treated more
favorably. White argues a female employee, Taylor Clemons, who is either mixed
race or African-American, was treated more favorably because she, nor any other
employee, was penalized for clocking out using their phone. Though White and
Clemons are opposite genders, they are both part of a protected racial class.
Additionally, we agree with the circuit court that White’s “bald assertion that a
female employee was treated differently than he was is not enough to meet the
threshold . . . necessary under McDonnell Douglas.” R. at 247. As White failed to
establish a prima facie case, we do not reach the burden-shifting analysis of
whether the employer “articulate[d] a ‘legitimate nondiscriminatory reason’ for the
termination decision.” Williams, 184 S.W.3d at 497.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Jefferson
Circuit Court.
ALL CONCUR.
-7- BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Megan E. Ziegman Joshua T. Rose Kendra L. Rimbert Louisville, Kentucky Louisville, Kentucky
-8-