NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 21 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSE LUIS NAVA-CRUSILLO, AKA Jose No. 19-72122 Adame-Nava, AKA Jose Estrada-Pena, Agency No. A200-090-134 Petitioner,
v. MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted November 18, 2020** Seattle, Washington
Before: GOULD and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and CHEN,*** District Judge.
This appeal arises from a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision
dismissing Petitioner Jose Luis Nava-Crusillo’s (“Nava”) appeal of an immigration
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Edward M. Chen, United States District Judge for the Northern District of California, sitting by designation. judge’s (“IJ”) denial of cancellation of removal. Nava, a citizen of Mexico, was
served by the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) with a Notice to Appear
(“NTA”), charging Nava with removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Nava
applied for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b). In August 2017,
DHS filed a motion to pretermit Nava’s application for cancellation of removal due
to criminal ineligibility and lack of ten years’ continuous physical presence. In
October 2017, the IJ issued a written decision granting DHS’s motion to pretermit
Nava’s application for cancellation of removal due to criminal ineligibility.
Applying the modified categorical approach, the IJ found that Nava’s conviction was
an offense relating to a controlled substance under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II),
rendering Nava ineligible for cancellation of removal.
Nava appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. The BIA dismissed Nava’s
appeal. The BIA applied the modified categorical approach, and found that Nava
was convicted of possessing marijuana, a federally controlled substance. Therefore,
his conviction constituted an offense relating to a controlled substance under 8
U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II), which made him ineligible for cancellation of
removal. The present petition for review followed.
When the BIA affirms the decision of the IJ and adds its own analysis, we
review both decisions. Paramasamy v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 1047, 1050 (9th Cir.
2 2002). We review questions of law de novo. See Sandoval-Luna v. Mukasey, 526
F.3d 1243, 1246 (9th Cir. 2008) (per curiam).
An inadmissible, removable alien is ineligible for cancellation of removal if
he or she has been convicted of, among other things, a controlled substance offense
under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(C). An offense under
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) includes “a violation of . . . any law or regulation of
a State . . . relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21) .
. . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). To be a controlled substance under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) requires that the substance be federally controlled. Madrigal-
Barcenas v. Lynch, 797 F.3d 643, 644 (9th Cir. 2015).
To determine whether Nava’s Idaho state conviction constitutes a
disqualifying offense, we apply a three-step process. Medina-Lara v. Holder, 771
F.3d 1106, 1111-12 (9th Cir. 2014). First, we must determine whether the Idaho law
is a categorical match with a federal controlled substance offense. United States v.
Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d 1034, 1038 (9th Cir. 2017). Under the categorical
approach, we look to the statute of conviction and do not look to the record of
conviction or elsewhere to determine the nature of the offense. Mathis v. United
States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2248 (2016). The defendant’s “actual conduct is irrelevant
to the inquiry, as the adjudicator must ‘presume that the conviction rested upon
nothing more than the least of the acts criminalized’ under the state statute.”
3 Mellouli v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct. 1980, 1986 (2015) (quoting Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569
U.S. 184, 191 (2013)). If the Idaho law “proscribes the same amount of or less
conduct than” that which qualifies as a federal controlled substance offense, then the
two offenses are a categorical match and the analysis stops. Martinez-Lopez, 864
F.3d at 1038 (quoting United States v. Hernandez, 769 F.3d 1059, 1062 (9th Cir.
2014)); see also Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 257 (2013). On the other
hand, if the Idaho statute criminalizes a broader range of conduct than the federal
offense does, then it is not a categorical match, and the analysis proceeds to step two.
Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d at 1037-38. The Government correctly concedes that, at
the time of Nava’s conviction, Idaho Code Ann. § 37-2732(c)(3) criminalized the
possession of more substances than appeared on the federal schedule for that year,
thereby failing to satisfy the requirements for a categorical match.
We determine at the second step if the state statute is divisible. A state statute
is divisible if it has “multiple, alternative elements, and so effectively creates
‘several different crimes.’” Almanza-Arenas v. Lynch, 815 F.3d 469, 476 (9th Cir.
2016) (quoting Descamps, 570 U.S. at 264). If the offense in question has a single
set of elements, with varying means of committing one crime, then the statute in
question is indivisible. Id. at 476-77. But if the statute is divisible and it is
overbroad, then we apply the third step of the analysis, known as the modified
categorical approach. Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d at 1039. Under the modified
4 categorical approach, we consider the record of conviction to decide which statutory
phrase was the basis for the conviction. Id.
The BIA properly found that Idaho Code Ann. § 37-2732(c)(3) is divisible as
to drug type.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 21 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSE LUIS NAVA-CRUSILLO, AKA Jose No. 19-72122 Adame-Nava, AKA Jose Estrada-Pena, Agency No. A200-090-134 Petitioner,
v. MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted November 18, 2020** Seattle, Washington
Before: GOULD and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and CHEN,*** District Judge.
This appeal arises from a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision
dismissing Petitioner Jose Luis Nava-Crusillo’s (“Nava”) appeal of an immigration
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Edward M. Chen, United States District Judge for the Northern District of California, sitting by designation. judge’s (“IJ”) denial of cancellation of removal. Nava, a citizen of Mexico, was
served by the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) with a Notice to Appear
(“NTA”), charging Nava with removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Nava
applied for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b). In August 2017,
DHS filed a motion to pretermit Nava’s application for cancellation of removal due
to criminal ineligibility and lack of ten years’ continuous physical presence. In
October 2017, the IJ issued a written decision granting DHS’s motion to pretermit
Nava’s application for cancellation of removal due to criminal ineligibility.
Applying the modified categorical approach, the IJ found that Nava’s conviction was
an offense relating to a controlled substance under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II),
rendering Nava ineligible for cancellation of removal.
Nava appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. The BIA dismissed Nava’s
appeal. The BIA applied the modified categorical approach, and found that Nava
was convicted of possessing marijuana, a federally controlled substance. Therefore,
his conviction constituted an offense relating to a controlled substance under 8
U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II), which made him ineligible for cancellation of
removal. The present petition for review followed.
When the BIA affirms the decision of the IJ and adds its own analysis, we
review both decisions. Paramasamy v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 1047, 1050 (9th Cir.
2 2002). We review questions of law de novo. See Sandoval-Luna v. Mukasey, 526
F.3d 1243, 1246 (9th Cir. 2008) (per curiam).
An inadmissible, removable alien is ineligible for cancellation of removal if
he or she has been convicted of, among other things, a controlled substance offense
under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(C). An offense under
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) includes “a violation of . . . any law or regulation of
a State . . . relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21) .
. . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). To be a controlled substance under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) requires that the substance be federally controlled. Madrigal-
Barcenas v. Lynch, 797 F.3d 643, 644 (9th Cir. 2015).
To determine whether Nava’s Idaho state conviction constitutes a
disqualifying offense, we apply a three-step process. Medina-Lara v. Holder, 771
F.3d 1106, 1111-12 (9th Cir. 2014). First, we must determine whether the Idaho law
is a categorical match with a federal controlled substance offense. United States v.
Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d 1034, 1038 (9th Cir. 2017). Under the categorical
approach, we look to the statute of conviction and do not look to the record of
conviction or elsewhere to determine the nature of the offense. Mathis v. United
States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2248 (2016). The defendant’s “actual conduct is irrelevant
to the inquiry, as the adjudicator must ‘presume that the conviction rested upon
nothing more than the least of the acts criminalized’ under the state statute.”
3 Mellouli v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct. 1980, 1986 (2015) (quoting Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569
U.S. 184, 191 (2013)). If the Idaho law “proscribes the same amount of or less
conduct than” that which qualifies as a federal controlled substance offense, then the
two offenses are a categorical match and the analysis stops. Martinez-Lopez, 864
F.3d at 1038 (quoting United States v. Hernandez, 769 F.3d 1059, 1062 (9th Cir.
2014)); see also Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 257 (2013). On the other
hand, if the Idaho statute criminalizes a broader range of conduct than the federal
offense does, then it is not a categorical match, and the analysis proceeds to step two.
Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d at 1037-38. The Government correctly concedes that, at
the time of Nava’s conviction, Idaho Code Ann. § 37-2732(c)(3) criminalized the
possession of more substances than appeared on the federal schedule for that year,
thereby failing to satisfy the requirements for a categorical match.
We determine at the second step if the state statute is divisible. A state statute
is divisible if it has “multiple, alternative elements, and so effectively creates
‘several different crimes.’” Almanza-Arenas v. Lynch, 815 F.3d 469, 476 (9th Cir.
2016) (quoting Descamps, 570 U.S. at 264). If the offense in question has a single
set of elements, with varying means of committing one crime, then the statute in
question is indivisible. Id. at 476-77. But if the statute is divisible and it is
overbroad, then we apply the third step of the analysis, known as the modified
categorical approach. Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d at 1039. Under the modified
4 categorical approach, we consider the record of conviction to decide which statutory
phrase was the basis for the conviction. Id.
The BIA properly found that Idaho Code Ann. § 37-2732(c)(3) is divisible as
to drug type. Idaho Code Ann. § 37-2732(c) punishes “possess[ion] of a controlled
substance,” with subsections (c)(1)-(3) prescribing different penalties depending on
where the substance is located on the Idaho drug schedules. Subsection (c)(3)
punishes possession of a “nonnarcotic drug classified in schedule I except lysergic
acid diethylamide, or a controlled substance classified in schedules III, IV, V and
VI.” Idaho Code Ann. § 37-2732(c)(3). Idaho caselaw further supports the BIA’s
determination that drug identity is a divisible element of possession offenses under
§ 37-2732(c). See, e.g., State v. Blake, 985 P.2d 117, 120-21 (Idaho 1999)
(approving of jury instructions that required the State to prove that “the substance
possessed was in fact Cocaine” for one offense and “the substance possessed was in
fact Methamphetamine” for another offense); State v. Tucker, 953 P.2d 614, 617
(Idaho 1998) (holding that jury instructions were proper because they required the
jury to find that the defendant possessed “methamphetamine” and not simply “a
controlled substance”).
Because the statute Nava was convicted under is divisible as to drug identity,
the IJ properly used the modified categorical approach and examined the record to
find that Nava’s conviction rendered him inadmissible, and so ineligible for
5 cancellation of removal. Nava’s conviction involved marijuana, which is a federally
controlled substance. See 21 U.S.C. § 812(c). Thus, he was properly considered
inadmissible as an alien convicted of a controlled substance offense, and also
properly considered ineligible for cancellation of removal.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.