NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 2 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSE NUMAN CARRANZA, No. 16-70575
Petitioner, Agency No. 089-670-327
v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted January 11, 2022 Submission Withdrawn May 6, 2022 Resubmitted June 16, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: WALLACE, BOGGS,** and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.
Jose Numan Carranza, a native and citizen of El Salvador, petitions this court
for review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his
application for asylum and withholding of removal, and protection under the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 Convention Against Torture (CAT). 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(l)(A), 1231(b)(3)(A); 8
C.F.R. § 1208.16(c).
When the BIA issues its own decision, while relying in part on the reasoning
of the immigration judge (IJ), we review the BIA’s decision and those parts of the
IJ’s decision upon which the BIA relies. See Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d
1025, 1027-28 (9th Cir. 2019). Questions of law are reviewed de novo. Rodriguez v.
Holder, 683 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2012). Factual findings underlying the BIA’s
determination that a petitioner is not eligible for asylum, withholding of removal, or
CAT relief are reviewed for substantial evidence. Fakhry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d
1057, 1062 (9th Cir. 2008). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252 and deny
the petition.
In 2007, Carranza left El Salvador after receiving threats from gangs and
corrupt law-enforcement officials as a result of his work as a narcotics police officer.
He entered the United States on a six-month nonimmigrant visitor’s visa in
December 2007. Carranza’s wife, who was already in the United States and working,
filed two adjustment-of-status applications based on her employment status. 8
U.S.C. § 1255(i), (k). Carranza sought adjustment as a derivative of his wife’s
applications.
In December 2008, while their adjustment applications were pending,
Carranza was convicted of indecent exposure. In January 2009, he was served with
2 Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 a Notice to Appear on grounds that he was unlawfully present for overstaying his
visa and had been convicted of a crime of moral turpitude. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B),
(a)(2)(A)(i). Carranza filed a motion to terminate proceedings based on his pending
adjustment applications. The IJ denied the motion and his removal proceedings
continued.
In 2011, after USCIS had denied all of his adjustment applications, Carranza
moved for de novo review of his wife’s applications by the IJ. However, in
December 2011, Carranza’s counsel discovered an error in Carranza’s wife’s
application and realized that she and Carranza were ineligible for adjustment under
§ 1255(i).1 On January 24, 2012, four years after entering the United States, Carranza
submitted to the immigration court an application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and CAT protection.
In September 2014, the IJ held that Carranza was not eligible for asylum
because his application was not filed within one year of his arrival in the United
States, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), and that he had not demonstrated changed or
extraordinary circumstances that would excuse his late filing, id. § 1158(a)(2)(D); 8
C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(4)(i), (a)(5). In February 2016, the BIA affirmed the IJ, and
1 Carranza’s wife had also applied for Temporary Protected Status, which she was granted in December 2011.
3 Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 Carranza timely filed this appeal.2
1. We hold that Carranza’s pursuit of other avenues of relief with USCIS and
the immigration court are not extraordinary circumstances and do not qualify him
for an exception to the one-year filing deadline for asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B).
He and his wife’s pending adjustment applications did not prevent, preclude, or
excuse him from also seeking asylum. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.4(a)(5). Even if it did, the
BIA held that the application was not filed within a “reasonable” period of time.
Petitioner has failed to show that substantial evidence compels a different finding.
8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(4)(ii), (a)(5). The BIA also did not err by not considering
Carranza’s argument that the country-conditions evidence established changed
circumstances because Carranza did not present that argument to the IJ. See
Honcharov v. Barr, 924 F.3d 1293, 1297 (9th Cir. 2019).3
2. The BIA also held that Carranza was not eligible for withholding of
removal. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). To be eligible for withholding, an applicant must
demonstrate past persecution or a clear probability of future persecution to the extent
that his life or freedom is imperiled because of his race, religion, nationality,
2 After oral argument in January 2022, the case was administratively closed in May 2022. In May 2025, the government filed a motion to reopen, and the case was resubmitted on June 16, 2025. 3 We decline to consider Carranza’s claim that the BIA violated procedural due process by failing to accept his application for asylum, because he did not exhaust that claim before the BIA. See Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550 (9th Cir. 2023); Sola v. Holder, 720 F.3d 1134, 1136 (9th Cir. 2013).
4 Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Id.; 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(b)(1). Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that the harm
Carranza suffered did not rise to the level of past persecution. See Duran-Rodriguez,
918 F.3d at 1028 (“Persecution is ‘an extreme concept that does not include every
sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.’” (quoting Nagoulko v. INS, 333
F.3d 1012, 1016 (9th Cir. 2003))).
The BIA held that Carranza’s claimed fear of future persecution based on his
membership in a disfavored social group of former narcotics officers of El
Salvador’s police force was not objectively reasonable as Carranza failed to present
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 2 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSE NUMAN CARRANZA, No. 16-70575
Petitioner, Agency No. 089-670-327
v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted January 11, 2022 Submission Withdrawn May 6, 2022 Resubmitted June 16, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: WALLACE, BOGGS,** and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.
Jose Numan Carranza, a native and citizen of El Salvador, petitions this court
for review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his
application for asylum and withholding of removal, and protection under the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 Convention Against Torture (CAT). 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(l)(A), 1231(b)(3)(A); 8
C.F.R. § 1208.16(c).
When the BIA issues its own decision, while relying in part on the reasoning
of the immigration judge (IJ), we review the BIA’s decision and those parts of the
IJ’s decision upon which the BIA relies. See Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d
1025, 1027-28 (9th Cir. 2019). Questions of law are reviewed de novo. Rodriguez v.
Holder, 683 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2012). Factual findings underlying the BIA’s
determination that a petitioner is not eligible for asylum, withholding of removal, or
CAT relief are reviewed for substantial evidence. Fakhry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d
1057, 1062 (9th Cir. 2008). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252 and deny
the petition.
In 2007, Carranza left El Salvador after receiving threats from gangs and
corrupt law-enforcement officials as a result of his work as a narcotics police officer.
He entered the United States on a six-month nonimmigrant visitor’s visa in
December 2007. Carranza’s wife, who was already in the United States and working,
filed two adjustment-of-status applications based on her employment status. 8
U.S.C. § 1255(i), (k). Carranza sought adjustment as a derivative of his wife’s
applications.
In December 2008, while their adjustment applications were pending,
Carranza was convicted of indecent exposure. In January 2009, he was served with
2 Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 a Notice to Appear on grounds that he was unlawfully present for overstaying his
visa and had been convicted of a crime of moral turpitude. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B),
(a)(2)(A)(i). Carranza filed a motion to terminate proceedings based on his pending
adjustment applications. The IJ denied the motion and his removal proceedings
continued.
In 2011, after USCIS had denied all of his adjustment applications, Carranza
moved for de novo review of his wife’s applications by the IJ. However, in
December 2011, Carranza’s counsel discovered an error in Carranza’s wife’s
application and realized that she and Carranza were ineligible for adjustment under
§ 1255(i).1 On January 24, 2012, four years after entering the United States, Carranza
submitted to the immigration court an application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and CAT protection.
In September 2014, the IJ held that Carranza was not eligible for asylum
because his application was not filed within one year of his arrival in the United
States, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), and that he had not demonstrated changed or
extraordinary circumstances that would excuse his late filing, id. § 1158(a)(2)(D); 8
C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(4)(i), (a)(5). In February 2016, the BIA affirmed the IJ, and
1 Carranza’s wife had also applied for Temporary Protected Status, which she was granted in December 2011.
3 Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 Carranza timely filed this appeal.2
1. We hold that Carranza’s pursuit of other avenues of relief with USCIS and
the immigration court are not extraordinary circumstances and do not qualify him
for an exception to the one-year filing deadline for asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B).
He and his wife’s pending adjustment applications did not prevent, preclude, or
excuse him from also seeking asylum. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.4(a)(5). Even if it did, the
BIA held that the application was not filed within a “reasonable” period of time.
Petitioner has failed to show that substantial evidence compels a different finding.
8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(4)(ii), (a)(5). The BIA also did not err by not considering
Carranza’s argument that the country-conditions evidence established changed
circumstances because Carranza did not present that argument to the IJ. See
Honcharov v. Barr, 924 F.3d 1293, 1297 (9th Cir. 2019).3
2. The BIA also held that Carranza was not eligible for withholding of
removal. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). To be eligible for withholding, an applicant must
demonstrate past persecution or a clear probability of future persecution to the extent
that his life or freedom is imperiled because of his race, religion, nationality,
2 After oral argument in January 2022, the case was administratively closed in May 2022. In May 2025, the government filed a motion to reopen, and the case was resubmitted on June 16, 2025. 3 We decline to consider Carranza’s claim that the BIA violated procedural due process by failing to accept his application for asylum, because he did not exhaust that claim before the BIA. See Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550 (9th Cir. 2023); Sola v. Holder, 720 F.3d 1134, 1136 (9th Cir. 2013).
4 Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Id.; 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(b)(1). Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that the harm
Carranza suffered did not rise to the level of past persecution. See Duran-Rodriguez,
918 F.3d at 1028 (“Persecution is ‘an extreme concept that does not include every
sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.’” (quoting Nagoulko v. INS, 333
F.3d 1012, 1016 (9th Cir. 2003))).
The BIA held that Carranza’s claimed fear of future persecution based on his
membership in a disfavored social group of former narcotics officers of El
Salvador’s police force was not objectively reasonable as Carranza failed to present
sufficient evidence that it was more likely than not that gangs, corrupt police officers,
or anyone in El Salvador currently seeks to harm him. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(2); see
Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1060 (9th Cir. 2009). Carranza does not argue
that he is subject to a pattern or practice of persecution and instead concedes that he
must show some individualized risk. See Wakkary, 558 F.3d at 1065-66 (explaining
that, “absent a ‘pattern or practice’ of persecution,” a petitioner must provide
“evidence of individualized risk” to succeed on a withholding of removal claim).
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that there was not an
individualized threat to Carranza’s life or freedom because 1) the police had
responded to his one previous call for assistance while travelling; 2) Carranza failed
to provide documented corroboration concerning a fellow officer’s arrest; 3) his
5 Carranza v. Bondi 16-70575 testimony regarding threats in El Salvador was “extremely general;” and 4) he had
voluntarily returned to El Salvador several times. See Halim v. Holder, 590 F.3d
971, 978 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[E]ven where an applicant has shown membership in a
disfavored group, he or she must still present some evidence of individualized
risk.”).
To prevail on his CAT claim, Carranza must show that it is “more likely than
not” that he will be tortured “by, or at the instigation of, or with the consent or
acquiescence of, a public official acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R.
§§ 1208.16(c)(3), 1208.18(a)(1). Carranza did not present any evidence other than
that presented as part of his withholding claim and, lacking more, his CAT claim
fails.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.